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Global aquaculture: Opportunities & Challenges / Potentials and limitations
Sadasivam (Sachi) KaushikEuropean Reserach Area (ERA) Chair « EcoAqua », ULPGC
Past Director of Research-INRA
Past-President, European Aquaculture Society (EAS)
International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) Blue Bioeconomy SessionMadrid, 14 -15 Nov 2017
Seafood production is the only food production sectorwhere wild harvest & farming complement / competewith each other
• Low Calorie / High Protein– Ideal amino acid Composition, High Biological Value– Free amino acid levels high– Soluble protein levels low
• Rich in w3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids– source of DHA, essential for human development and health
• Rich in micronutrients
• Potential contaminants – Anthropogenic : aquatic, feed
Importance of fish as food in human nutrition is well recognised
FAO, 2016
Aquaculture is increasing while fisheries is at best stable
Total seafood production volume is getting above that of beef, pork or poultry, taken individually, thanks to Aquaculture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Poultry Pork Beef Fisheries Aquaculture Fisheries +Aquaculture
Million tons *
2010 2020
Kaushik, 2013, based on OCDE, 2012
Relative contributions from different sources to
protein & fat supply
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
Per capita protein supply (kg/yr)
Seafood
Animal
Plant
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
Per capita fat supply (kg/yr)
Seafood
Animal
Plant
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
Per capita protein supply (kg/yr)
Seafood Animal
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
Per capita fat supply (kg/yr)
Seafood Animal
Proteins from seafood
7 to 20 % of total animal protein
Fats from seafood
2-5 % of total animal fats
Proteins from seafood
4 to 8 % of total protein
Fats from seafood
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bu
lga
ria
Hu
ng
ary
Ro
ma
nia
Cze
ch
Rep
ub
lic
Slo
va
kia
Slo
ve
nia
Au
str
ia
Esto
nia
Ge
rma
ny
Gre
ec
e
Ire
lan
d
Latv
ia
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Ita
ly
Po
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m
Cy
pru
s
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ma
lta
Fra
nc
e
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
Lit
hu
an
ia
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
No
rwa
y
Seafood Milk Eggs Meat Plant
Europe:
Contribution of seafood to Total protein supply
Aquaculture: Diverse farming systems
Extensive to Intensive Systems
Oysters, Ponds,
raceways,
Floating pens, Off-shore cages, Recirculatedsystems
Oysters & Mussels, relying on natural productivity
Aquaculture deals with a number of groups of Plants and Animals
Wild harvest : 7.4 million tonsCulture : 16.5 million tons
Plants : Seaweeds, macro- or micro-algae
Aquaculture deals with a number of groups of Plants and Animals
Wild harvest : < 1 million tonCulture : >29 million tons
Microalgae : 3 major species(2 from freshwater)
« Food, Feed, Fuel?? »
Freshwater fish: Ponds, Lakes, Rivers, Raceways…
Aquaculture deals with a number of groups of Plants and Animals
Wild harvest : 10.6 million tonsCulture : 44.1 million tons
Sea pen or cage culture
RecirculatedAquaculture Systems
Open waters
Marine fish farming : differences in species, scales, systems
Aquaculture deals with a number of groups of Plants and Animals
Wild harvest : 67.5 million tonsCulture : 7.8 million tons
Shrimp farming : differences in scales, systems
Aquaculture deals with a number of groups of Plants and Animals
Wild harvest : 6.6 million tonsCulture : 7.4 million tons
« Seafood » production (mio. Tons) Inland waters vs the Oceans
Inland Waters Marine & BrackishWaters
Total
Capture Fisheries
of which FinFish
11.4
10.6
82.8
67.5
93.7
78.0
Culture
of which FinFish
47.8
44.1
58.1
7.8
105.9
51.9
Total
of which FinFish
59.3
54.7
140.4
75.3
199.7
130.0
S. Kaushik, 2017, Based on data from FAO, 2017
Seafood : Inland waters contribute about 30%Finfish represents about 65%
Capture fisheries : Finfish from the oceans predominate, >70%Aquaculture: Finfish from freshwater, >40%
Food from our Oceans
Marine AquacultureMainly « Plants », then bivalvesFinfish farming in the seas is still very low
Based on data from FAO, 2017
BUT< 5 species represent 50% of volume produced< 25 species represent 90% of volume produced
Cyprinids > 60% of volume Majority of fish from low trophic levels
Traditional farming systems changing : intensification, emerging diseases, environmental concerns, reliance on feeds, emerging markets …
Cyprinidae61%Cichlidae
9%
Salmonidae6%
Pangasiidae4%
Chanidae2%
Clariidae2%
Ictaluridae1%
Others15%
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
% d
e to
tal
Nbre d'espèces
Aquaculture deals with > 300 species
ASIA > 80%
Global fish supply: projections
S. Kaushik, 2016
Trends in fish nutrition/fish feeds
Growth aquaculture sector mainly in fed species
Source: FAO, 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture .
Increasing aquaculture production leads to greater demand for aquafeed production
,0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
x 1000 tons
Global fed Prdn
Global feeds
Global production
Feed resources limited :
Reliance on fish meal and fish oil
derived from capture fisheries
Competition with other animal
productions
BUT, Aquaculture is Efficient
By 2050: if we need to produce 80 Mio tons more, we will need 2-3 Mio tons of more feeds per yearDigestible protein required : 0.5 to 1.2 Mio tons / yr
Fatty acids, micronutrients…
Feed resources limited : Reliance on fish meal and fish oil derivedfrom capture fisheriesCompetition with other animal productionsBUT, Aquaculture is Efficient
Under aquaculture, we can tailor flesh composition
• Amino acid profiles No• Free amino acids, amines Yes, transitory• Fat level Yes• Fatty acid profile Yes• Minerals, trace elements +/-• Vitamins +/-
• Reduction of contaminantsPOPs, heavy metals Yes
Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs (fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a reality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
% Fishmeal in the feed
Bream &
BassSalmon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
% Fish oil in the feed
Bream &
BassSalmon
(Recalculated by Sachi Kaushik from Tacon & Metian, 2008, 2015; FAO, 2014)
Ytrestøyl et al. 2015. Aquaculture 448: 365-374.Sprague et al. 2016. Scientific Reports | 6:21892 |
DOI: 10.1038/srep21892
LC-PUFA levels in the fleshEvolution of salmon feeds over the past 25
years
Finishing feeds to tailor FA profiles:
there is science behind.
Practice ??
Reduction in PAHs….
Reduced reliance on capture fishery derived feedstuffs (fish meal & fish oil) in fish feeds is a realityNot without consequences, but solutions are there
Aquaculture is an efficient animal production sector
Feed / Gain ratio 1.2- 2.0
?
1.8 – 2.2 3.0 – 3.5 4.2 – 9.8
Protein retention, % 25 – 40 20 - 22 18 - 20 15
Edible yield,
kg per 100 kg feed
35-60* 20 - 22 17 - 20 4 - 10
Water use,
m3 / kg edible meat
1.5 ?? 4 6 15
Waite et al. 2014
But not all aquaculture systems perform
equally well
There is still much room for improvement
in terms of KPIs, resource use and
efficiency
Increase supply of « Food from the oceans »
Harvest :
More from the lower levels in the food chain, reduce discards, IUUs…
Mariculture:
Competition for resources, space, water… with other sectors
Integrate with land production systems
Increase Resource utilization efficiency
Reduce the trophic levels of farmed seafood: “Marine agronomy”Reduce its reliance on fish oil and fish meal derived from “forage” fisheries
Feeds from low trophic levels : plant-based, already well under way
Encourage Integrated Multi-trophic aquaculture systems
Risk management, Social responsibility ?
Organic aquaculture, Circular economy, Slow Food, “FISH MILES” ?…
Need for a Holistic “Ecosystem Approach”
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