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Glossary
Ba Bu C J
Balinese Burmese Chinese Javanese
adtzt (MlJ) ahmu-dan (Bu) athi (Bu) babad (J) bandar (Ba) bangsa (MlJ) bendahara (M) chungin (K) cong dien (V) daga (Bu) han'gul (K) hulu (M) hulubalang (M) jajahan (M) kakawin (J) kidung (J) kyat (Bu)
kyol (K)
ladang (M) laksamana (M)
K M S V
Korean Malay Spanish Vietnamese
Custom Royal servicemen Commoners Chronicle Port officer, farming port revenues Descent. group, race, nation (Chief) minister Middle people, urban middle class Common land Donor, benefactor, e.g. of a pagoda (upaya-daga) Korean alphabet Head, upriver Headman, war-leader Fief Epic poems in Indian metres Romances in Javanese metric forms 16.3 g; 1 kyat = 4 mat = 8 mu; kyat ke = currency in standard weight of flowered silver Unit of acreage for taxation purposes which yields a crop equal to 100 chim [coolie-loads) or 10,000 chum [handfuls). The kyol system operated on the basis of charging the same amount of tax on first-rated through to sixth-rated arable lands, with the land area determined as folIows: 1st rated arable land = 0.99ha; 2nd rated arable land = 1. 16ha; 3rd rated arable land = 1.41ha; 4th rated arable land = 1.80ha; 5th rated arable land = 2.47ha; 6th rated arable land = 3.95ha Non-irrigated field, usually rotated with forest Naval commander
444
lontar (JIM) mau (K) myo (Bu) nanyang (C) negeri (M/J) ngawula (1) orang kaya (M) orang laut (M) paya-kyun (Bu) peranakan pikul (Picul) (M/J)
phu canh (V) perahu (M)
priyayi (1) puputan (Ba) raja (M) rial (S)
santri (1) sarong (M) shirhak (sirhak) (K) sok (K) sudagar (11M) syahbandar (M) tapa (1) tani (JIM) tarikat (M) thet-kayit (Bu) thu-gaung (Bu) thu-gyi (Bu) trang (V) tripang (M) ulama (M) van mieu (V) viss (Bu)
Glossary
Palm-leaf (manuseript) 0.36 ha District; myo-thu-gyi = distriet head 'South Seas', or Southeast Asia State, city Service of the king Rieh man, merehant-aristoerat Sea people Pagoda slaves
445
Locally-bom deseendents of Chinese, patemal only A man's load; a measure of weight widespread in eastem Asia, eontaining 100 catties, and standardised in nineteenth eentury at 133113 Ib avoirdupois or 60.4 kg Land owned by those outside the village General term for a variety of sailing vessels of the Arehipelago Hereditary aristoerat-offieials Ritualized suieidal attaek King Spanish dollar, weighing a eonsistent 25.5 g of silver through the period 1600-1840 Adepts, students of Islam, seholars Wrap-around lower garment
Praetieal learning Measure of volume, notably riee; equals 120 litres Merehant Harbourmaster, supervisor of trade Aseeticism, meditation Farmer Mystical order in Islam (Arabic: tarika) Written, dated eontraet (literally, [Burmese] year) Landlord Headman, hereditary official Estate Sea slug, beche de mer Islamie religious teaehers (plural of Arabic alim) Temple of literature Weight used in Southem India and Burma equal to about 1630 gm or 3112 lb: 1 viss = 100 kyat
446
wayang (MlJ) yangban (K) yang-di-pertuan (or yamtuan) (M) yang-di-pertuan muda (M)
Glossary
Drama, especially shadow-theatre Gentry, hereditary aristocracy
'He who is lord', ruler.
junior ruler, under-king.
Index
Abdul Samad al-Palimbani, 17, 200 Aceh, 7, 9, 17, 20-1, 38-44, 65-8, 77,
187, 195,235, 249, 406; decline 21, 217, 224; expansion, 235; literature, 17; pepper production, 38-9, 72-3; raja of Susoh, 73; sultan, 246
adat, 47, 330, 336-7 agriculture, 10, 74, 97-8, 141, 145, 150,
208, 317, 369, 380, 412, 418; agriculturalists, 86; changes, 249; commercial, 33, 40; cultivation, 107-9, 171-2; development, 120; expansion, 232, 254; extension, 33; farmland, 254; production, 105, 134, 144, 149, 180, 307; products, 118, 177, 389-90; technology, 3, 11, 29, 33, 113, 124, 302, 306, 316
Agung, Sultan of Mataram (1613-46), 6, 47, 329, 331
Ahmad Tajuddin, Sultan of Palembang (1757-74), 190, 194, 197-8, 203
Airlangga, 329 Alaung-hpaya, King of Burma
(1752-60), 31 Amangkurat I, King of Mataram
(1646-77), 47 Amarapura, 15, 30 Ambon, 372, 378; Ambonese, 324-5 America (United States 00, 3, 39, 73;
American, 72-4, 247-8, 425; trade, 11, 39, 42, 72-4, 67, 233; see also United States
Amoy (Xiamen), 66, 69, 86, 89 Ampenan, 356-7, 392-3, 398, 402-6 Anak Agung G'de, 395-6, see also Ratu
Agung Agung Ngurah Karagasem Anak Agung K'tut, 403-5 Anak Agung Made, 403 Angkor,6-7 Anglo-Burmese War, 31, 36, 45, 171,
176 Anglurah Gede Karangasem, 360-1 Anglurah Ketut Karangasem, 359-60 animism, 40, 271-2 Ansong, 122 Anu rebellion, 437-8 Arabia, 40, 251, 333; Arab, 17, 198-9,
207, 225-7, 398; agriculture, 254;
coffee, 60; immigration, 40, 48; monopoly, 233; population, 200; traders, 197;
Arakan, 20, 36, 159 art, 5, 14, 18,41, 314-16, 350; artists,
314-15,426; drama, 315; painting, 15, 314
Arung Bakung, 369, 380-2 Arung Palaka, 376 Asahan, 63, 227-8, 232, 235; trade, 231 Assam, 36 Ava, 15, 19, 30, 48, 177, 180; dynasty,
175; see also Kon-baung Ayutthaya, 6, 8, 10, 15, 19, 28, 30, 85,
95, 156
Babad, 330, 332; historiography, 338 Baabullah, Sultan of Temate, 374 Bacan,378 Badon, King of Burma (1782-1819),
157, 159, 162-3, 167-70, 175, 177, 179
Badung (Bali), 1, 346, 356-9, 362 Bajo, 372, 381 Bali, 1-2, 9, 16-19, 21, 39,41,43, 67,
75, 207, 345-63, 389; agriculture, 357; Balinese in Lombok, 7, 392-407; dynasty, 7; economy, 356-7; history, 345-63; literature, 348, 351, 352, 354, 360-3; market, 356; merchant, 332; population, 350; rajas, 389-406; trade, 357
bamboo, 138, 191, 199, 221, 231, 306, 325
Banda, 205 bandars, 357, 393, 398-9; see also
Chinese trade farmers Banggai, 370-7, 380, 382 Bangka, 12, 40, 46, 71, 88, 90-8,
191-8, 202, 206; miners, 92 Bangkok, 12, 30-7, 42, 48, 69-71, 281,
429-9; dynasty, 8, 19; population, 15, 34; see also Chakri
BangIi, 359 bangsa, 322, 328-9, 334, 338 Banten, 87, 193 barley, 116-17, 137-8, 306 Batak, 224, 231-2
447
448 Index
Batavia (Jakarta), 11, 19,65-71, 75-6, 87,93, 188, 193, 196, 199,203-4, 250, 335, 373, 398, 402-3
Battambang, 437 Batu Bara (Sumatra), 65, 220, 224,
227-8, 232, 235 Bayinnaung, King of Burma (1551-81),
59, 156 beans, 116-17, 177, 255 Beijing (Peking), 71, 251, 277, 308, 313 Belitung, 191, 194-5, 202-3 Bengal, 62, 67, 76, 224 Bengkalis, 220-2, 233-7 Bengkulen, 73, 196 benzoin, 232 bezoar stones, 219-21, 236 Bien Hoa, 283 Binh Dinh, 252, 276 Bintan (Island), 88, 94-5, 97, 193, 219;
see also Riau birds' nests, 191 Blambangan, 346-7 Bodawhpaya, King of Burma
(1781-1819), 31, 47 Bone (Sulawesi), 9, 21, 195, 367-8,
373-5, 381-2 Bomeo, 12, 38-43, 69, 71, 86, 88, 92-8,
226, 232, 260, 378 Bowring Treaty, 398 brass-ware, 122 Britain, 3, 20, 61, 247, 402, 425;
British, 10, 28, 40-6, 67-77, 97-8, 234-5, 378, 395, 403; colonial authority, 6, 153, 160, 175, 180, 230, 233; military, 11, 204; settlement, 98; Straits Settlements, 58, 228; trade, 226; traders, 11, 33, 35, 38-9, 62-3, 76, 204, 223-4; see also English
Brunei, 6, 7, 12, 71-3, 88, 95, 221 Buantan, 221 Buddhism, 40, 251, 257, 271; in
Vietnam, 279-90; in Siam, 430-40; Buddhist, 15, 17, 159, 165, 249, 312, 329
Bugis, 17, 41-6, 65, 97-8, 195-8, 203, 221-6, 357, 368, 399; leadership, 207; mi grants, 204; military, 373; miners, 90; traders, 63-6, 193, 372-8, 381-2
Bui Vien, 416-17 Bukit Batu, 220-1, 236-7 Buleleng, 346-7, 355, 359, 394 Bulu Cina, 231-2 Bungku, see Tambuku Burma, 5, 7, 12-21, 27-47, 59, 66, 75,
153, 156-80,429, 431-6; Burmese, 12, 30-48, 85, 95, 427, 438; art, 15; Buddhism, 162, 176; cotton, 33; historiography, 9; literature, 15; military regime, 9; population, 172; rebellions, 10; regression, 180; wars, 439; see also Kon-baung
Burmese-Siamese wars, 36 Buton, 370-1, 373, 379, 381, 384 n. 6;
cotton, 379; settlements, 373
Cakranagara (Lombok), 19, 66, 354, 360, 392, 395, 401-2, 404-5
Calcutta, 19, 66 Cambodia, 5-9, 20, 33, 36,68-75, 85,
191, 194, 205, 413, 429-30, 437-9 camphor, 219, 221, 232 Canton (Guangzhou), 61-71, 415 Cao Anu, 433, 437-8 capitalism, 2-3, 8, 78, 125, 228, 245 cash cropping, 39, 87 cassia, 39, 232, 237, 249 Catholicism, 11, 85, 124, 133, 300, 313 cattle, 161, 177 Celebes, see Sulawesi Celebes Sea, 41 centralization, 6, 10, 19, 21, 43, 47, 361 Ceram, 378-9 Ch'on-t'aek, 315 Ch'ungch'ong, 109, 113, 118, 307 Chakri (Bangkok) dynasty, 27, 30, 31,
45, 69-70, 429 Champa, 6, 256-7 Champassak, 430, 437-8 Chams, 257, 279, 285, 288, 290 Chantaburi, 71, 73, 85, 95 Chiang Mai, 431-4, 437-40 China, 7, 11, 14, 28-46, 59-62, 66-75,
85-8, 94-9, 103, 117, 124, 191, 194, 202, 208, 217, 223-4, 248-62, 270, 275,278, 287, 299-317, 357, 398-400,417,429-30,436; Chinese, 13-17, 32-47, 61-72, 84-100, 144, 175, 191-207, 228-36, 269-88, 303-16, 322-9, 372, 416, 431; commerce, 19, 70; coolies, 87-99, 259; economy, 13, 85; literature, 4, 251-2; market, 33, 38, 40, 44, 71, 95, 99, 371; merchants, 40, 46, 69, 85, 88,94, 177, 253; migration, 12, 27, 34, 39, 83-4, 86, 194-5, 437; mining, 46, 71, 88, 92, 99, 259; population, 4, 12-13, 28, 34, 87,97, 194, 259; rulers, 6, 28, 87, 124, 246, 248, 252;
Index 449
settlements, 83-98; tea, 38, 60-1; trade, 12, 33, 38, 44, 59, 75, 86, 87, 99, 193--6, 198, 228, 230,.253, 378, see also junks; trade farmers, 392, 398, see also bandars
Chinese War (in Java), 87, 335 Chinju, 122 Cholla, 109, 111, 113, 118 Chong Yag-yong, 313-14 Chongjo, King of Korea (1724-76),
309-12,316 Chonju, 122 Choson dynasty (1392-1910) in Korea,
8, 103-26, 299-317 Christianity, 63, 208, 246, 252; in
Vietnam, 279, 413-20 Chu Van An, 285 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam (Rama V),
21, 421 cinnamon, 59 cities, 15, 17-18, 118, 120, 122-3,
307-9 climate, 103-7, 136, 140 cloth, 39, 44, 60, 66, 70, 76, 176-7,
191, 194, 198-9, 217, 222-37, 306; imports, 76-8, 170, 237, 399
cloves, 59--60 coal, 138 Cochinchina (Dang-trong), 59, 68, 75,
253, 270-1, 277-9, 282, 286-9, 412 coffee, 38-9. 60-72. 219. 232-7. 249.
356; exports, 236; trade, 233 Cokorda, 393-5 colonialism, 28, 339, 345, 349, 412,
425; anti~olonialism, 188; colonial historiography, 2, 5-7, 275, 339-40; decolonization, 340
commerce, 6, 8, 27-9, 37, 57-8, 64, 69-71, 97, 99, 180, 191-4, 208, 222, 232, 253, 415, 418; development, 262; domestic, 39; expansion, 28, 32, 40-1, 58, 62, 254, 259; international, 44, 60, 70,259
commercialization, 3, 10, 21, 78, 117 Confucianism, 15-7, 123, 248--64,
277-90, 300-17, 411-21; neo-Confucianism, 16, 32, 37, 40, 48, 123,263,266,269-70,275-86,301,314
cong dien, 134, 145, 151 copper, 59, 86, 90, 93, 259; see also
money copra, 382 corn, see maize Coromandel coast, 77, 236
cosmology, 15 cotton, 28-9, 39, 75, 116-17, 125, 177,
201, 237, 307, 379 currency, 121, 125, 157; coinage, 121,
163. 173-9, 259--63
Da Nang, 414, 418 dammar, 382 Dang Huy Tm, 415-16 Dang-trong, see Cochinchina Danish traders, 63, 74, 223 Dayak,92 Deli (Sumatra), 73, 224, 227, 231, 235,
237 Dewa Agung of Klungkung, 346, 350-1,
358--60, 364 (n. 12) Dewa Agung Sakti, 353 Dinh Van Dien, 414-15 Dipanagara, Pangeran, 7, 47, 48, 340 Doan Khue, 414-15 Dong Zhongshu, 278 dragon's blood, 219, 224, 232 Dutch, 2, 5--6, 17-20, 38-48, 58-77,
87-98, 124, 188-208, 219, 223-38, 322, 326-40, 345--62, 367-8, 373-82, 389, 390, 394-407; administration, 222; artists, 255; commerce, 97, 223; Bast India Company (VOC), ll, 41, 58--62, 65, 72--6, 97, 187-8, 190--6, 200-8, 223-4, 235, 348, 370-8; Bast Indies, 339; history, 339; Indies. 328; military, 1, 235, 348, 358, 362, 403-4; monopoly, 58-9,76, 97, 193, 196, 224, 227; settlements, 11; see also Netherlands
eagle-wood, 220 economy; of Burma, 31--6, 156-190;
cash, 151; change, 4, 19,27, 29, 245-9, 258, 300, 390, 401, 437; of China, 13, 85; decline, 316; development, 43, 305, 309, 414, 418; growth, 9, 11-14, 32-5, 57, 60-78, 91, 95-7, 246, 251-7, 263, 265, 389, 400-1; of Java, 39-40, 71-2; of Korea, 103-23, 125--6, 299-309; peasant, 155; of Vietnam, 245; see also agriculture, commerce
Edo, 3-4, 8, 14; see also Tokugawa elephants' tusks, 224, 228; see also ivory English, 17,38,45--6, 59-77, 188,
326-38, 356, 418; East India Company, 61, 196; see also British
entrepöts, 41-3, 63, 65, 66, 188, 238
450 Index
exports, 11, 33, 38, 57, 60-2, 89, 207, 219-22, 224, 228, 231,234, 237, 263, 356-7, 371, 378-9, 389, 392-'3, 399-400; boom, 75; growth, 67, 71-5, 78; value, 74; see also trade
Fafontofure, 373, 375 firearms, 19, 41, 44, 59,70, 196, 199,
393; flintlocks, 35; muskets, 203; rifles, 394, 399, 401, 404; swivel guns, 203, 230; see also weaponry
fish, 191,217,220 forest produce, 38,41, 66, 191, 193,
195, 207, 217, 219, 220, 222-4, 228, 231-2, 236; export, 221
forests, 38,219; hinoki, 138; pine, 138; see also timber, wood
Formosa, see Taiwan France, 20, 61, 326, 425; French, 1, 5,
7, 28, 36, 61-3, 133, 188, 196, 250, 255, 266, 270, 275, 283, 317, 325, 337, 411-14, 416-18, 420-2, 438; colonialism, 261; govemment, 417; revolution, 425
Fujian, 59, 69, 71, 86
Gajah Mada, 345, 390 gambier, 38-40, 71-2, 86, 88, 90-9,
219, 228, 232, 236-7 Gelgel (Bali), 345-6, 350-3 Gia Dinh, 75, 273, 283, 287, 418 Gia-Iong, Emperor of Vietnam
(1802-20), 31, 251-2, 263, 269-75, 278, 280-7, 411-12
Gia-mieu, 272 Gianti Treaty, 9-10 Gianyar, 359 ginger, 117 ginseng, 306-7 Giri (Java), 47 gold, 43, 66, 86, 88-94, 201, 223-6,
261-2; imports, 223; mining, 97-8, 371; trade, 219
Gorontalo, 372-5 Guangdong, 69, 71, 256, 259 Guangzhou, see Canton Guizhou,28 Gujarat, 76, 324 gunpowder, 35, 196, 206, 393-4, 399 guns, see firearms Gusti K'tut Karangasem, Raja of
Mataram (Lombok), 392-5 Gusti Ngurah K'tut, Raja of Lombok
(1839-70), 396
guua-percha, 222, 237
Ha Bac, 136 Ha Tien (Kangkau), 20, 70-1, 194, 205 Ha Tinh, 133 Hai Duong, 136, 137, 276 Hakka,92 Han'gul script, 315, 319 n. 29 Hamgyong, 109, 111, 113 Hamhung, 123 handicrafts, 29, 120-5, 199 Hanoi, 8, 15, 138, 254, 276, 281, 284-5 herbs, medicinal, 118, 306-8 Hinduism, 15, 17, 335, 401 historiography, 2-7, 28, 48, 187-8,
245-66, 269, 330, 338-40, 389-90, 425, 433, 436; genealogies, 256; periodization, 208
Ho Quy Ly, 252, 262 Ho Xuan Hong, 16 Hoang Ngu Phuc, 283 Hoi An (Faifo), 71, 253-4 Hokkien, 46-7, see also Fujian Holland, see Netherlands Holy War, 48 honey, 219-21 Hue, 9, 12, 29-30, 34, 37, 48, 75, 246,
248, 263, 276-89, 418 Hwanghae, 109, 113
Ida Gede Rai of Banjar, 359 Ida Ratu, 393, 396 Illanun, 98, 204 imports, 33, 57, 60, 62, 66, 75, 223,
230, 236, 258, 357, 399; see also trade
Inderagiri, 205-6,217, 219, 223-4 India, 44-5, 62-3, 66, 70, 77, 99, 191,
250, 256, 350, 355, 378, 431; cloth, 59-62, 69, 76, 196; literature, 15; opium, 60; traders, 193, 224, 324-5
indigo, 39, 60, 356 industrialization, 125, 259, 317 inflation, 29 Iranun, 378, 383 iron, 191, 217, 222, 259, 371 Irrawaddy River, 29, 33-5, 43, 169-70,
177,179 Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh
(1607-36), 6, 42 Islam, 10, 17,40, 194, 198-200, 246,
249, 251-2, 261, 266, 328-29, 332, 334, 337, 348, 352, 372-3, 406; Kabah, 331; pilgrimage, 200;
Index 451
rebellion, 47-8; Sayids, 197, 200; Sufism, 200; see also Koran, Mecca, Muslim, Padri, Wahhabi
Ismail, Raja of Siak (1770--1781), 225-6 ivory, 219-22, 231-2, 236-7; see also
elephant tusks
Jailol0, Raja, 375, 379 Jakarta; see Batavia Jambi, 65, 91, 207, 223 Japan, 2-4, 20--1, 58, 60-1, 103, lIl,
117, 253, 299-301, 304, 307-8, 317, 398, 417, 421; colonialism, 2, 126; Hideyoshi, 299; historiography, 3-4, 5, 8; market, 61; Meiji, 401, 421; military occupation, 340; monopoly, 300; Tokugawa, 3-4, 8, 14, 58, 60, 103, 124-5, 259
Java, 6-12, 15, 17-18,20, 39-46, 59, 61-77, 87, 93, 191-207, 224, 228, 230, 321-40, 348-68, 376, 427, 432, 440; adat, 334; dances, 199; economy, 39-40, 71-2; govemment, 45, 204; historiography, 329-40; imports, 230; literature, 321-40, 351, 354; military, 335; pilgrims, 200; population, 39-40, 87; wayang, 199; writers, 17,45
Java War, 43, 47, 336 Jembrana, 359 Jenggala, 323 Jesuit missionaries, 124 Jogjakarta, see Yogyakarta Johor, 89, 93, 187, 193-5, 217-25;
authority, 221; migrants, 220; jurisdiction, 222
jungle, see forests junks (Chinese), 33, 35, 69, 70--1, 85,
87, 194, 196, 376
Kabun, 219 Kadiri (Java), 354, 356 Kaesong, 118, 120--3, 307 lwkawin, 17, 340 n. 2, 354-5, 360--3 Kalengsusu (Buton), 379-80 Kaliyuga, 330 Kalukubulang, 377 Kampar (Sumatra), 221, 231, 236 Kanggyong, 118, 122 Kanghwa Treaty, 317 Kangwon, 109, lIl, Il3 Karangasem (Bali), 346-7, 354-5,
359-62, 392-3 Karo Bataks, 73 Kartasura, 335
Kedah, 9, 12,41-2,48, 95, 98, 196, 223-4; entrepöt, 66
Kelantan, 71, 88, 92, 95 Kendari (Sulawesi), 374-5, 381-2 Khmer, 19, 29, 37, 430 Kiai Gede, 91 kidung, 323, 353, 355, 362 Kim Su-jang, 315 King, George Pockock, 392-3, 394-6 Kinh Bac, 136 Klungkung, 346-7, 350, 353, 355,
357-63; dynasty, 345 Komering (Sumatra), 201-2 Kon-baung (Ava) dynasty of Burma
(1752-1885), 27, 30--2, 35-6, 42, 45, 153-80
Konawe, 372, 380 Kongju (Korea), 122 kongsi, 89, 93-9, 194 Koran, 200, 245, 329; see also Islam,
Mecca, Muslim Korea, 5-6, 8, 10, 13-16, 19-21,
103-29, 299-317, 417; climate, 103-7; monarchy, 58; population, 111-13, 122-3; trade,) 18-23, 300, 307-8; writers, 15, 3Il-16
Koryo,311 Krawang,87 Kuantan (Sumatra), 217, 236 Kubu, 222, 231 Kuta (SaH), 356-9, 392; Kuta Peace,
348 Kyonggi (Korea), 109, 111, 113, 122,
307 Kyongjong, King of Korea (1720--24),
309 Kyongsang, 109, 111, 113, 118, 122,
307
lacquer, 70, 122, 199, 224 Lampung, 201 Lan Na, 36, 431 land abandonment, 133-51;
accumulation, 170; alienation, 172; arable, 109, 111; categories, 107, 171-2; distribution, 144; donations, 252; glebe (religious), 34, 162, 165, 166, 168, 175; mortgage, 157-79; official, 172, 174-5; ownership, 161, 175, 397; private, 147-8, 150, 166, 168, 172, 175; privatization, 167, 175, 178-9; productivity, 113, Il7-18, 125; reform, 252, 313, 316; registration, 145; royal, 34; system,
452 Index
land abandonment - continued 123, 145; tax, 254; tenure, 165, 175, 180, 361; transactions, 170, 175
landholding, 134, 139, 144-51 Lang Son, 135-7, 146 Lange, Mads, 392, 396 Langkat (Sumatra), 231, 235 Lanona, 373, 375, 379, 382 Lao, 19, 36, 258,429-30,435-8;
population, 437 Le dynasty, 261, 263, 265 Le dynasty in Vietnam (1418-1804),
137, 150, 270, 276-7, 281-2, 284 Le Quy Don, 253, 255-8 Le Thanh-ton, 6, 285 Le-Trinh government in (northern)
Vietnam, 259-61 Leube Dapa, 73 Iignum aloe, 219 Lingga, 207, 234 literacy, 14, 17, 32, 35, 199, 361,430 literati, 30, 255, 260, 278, 279, 283,
284,285 literature, 11, 14-18, 41, 46, 250, 252,
256, 422, 426; censorship, 312; c1assicism, 251; c1assics, 270, 288, 312, 313, 314; drama, 15; encyclopedia, 256, 265; interpretation, 275,312; Javanese, 17, 199,321-40; Korean, 15, 311-16; kraton, 40; Malay, 17, 199-200; manuscripts, 349, 354, 360-1, 426, 433-4; Palembang, 17,199-200; poems, 315, 322, 355; printing, 17, 312; prose, 15, 258, 315, 352; Sanskrit, 250, 323; Thai, 14-15, 430-5; translation, 275; Vietnamese, 15-16, 279, 283-5, 413, 416
Lombok, 7, 9, 17, 19-21, 39, 41, 75, 347, 354, 356-63, 389-406; historiography, 389; population, 399
Luang Prabang, 430, 434, 437-8 Luwuk (Sulawesi), 374, 377
Macao, 66, 415 Madras, 76 Madura, 43, 207 Magindanao, 378-83 Mahabharata, 331, 335 Mahmud, Raja of Siak (1746-60),
223-5,227 Mahmud Baha'uddin, Sultan of
Palembang (1774-1804), 193, 196, 199-200, 203-4
Mahmud Badaruddin 11, Sultan of
Palembang (1804-13, 1818-21), 88, 91, 94, 188-90, 197, 204
Mahmud, Sultan of Johor (1685-1699), 220
Mahmud 11, Sultan of Johor, 65, 89 Mahmud III, Sultan of Johor 98 maize, 177, 255-7, 325, 379 Majapahit, 7, 345, 351-2, 354-6, 371,
390 Makasar, 195, 196, 367-8, 372, 374-7,
380; traders, 372, 381; raiders, 375-7, 387
Malacca Straits, 19, 62-6, 69, 191, 193, 196-7, 203-4, 228
Malay, 32, 72, 78, 83, 86-7, 90-8, 190, 203-4, 220-5, 232, 236-7, 327, 437; authority, 219; decline, 6; Iiterature, 17, 199-200; mining, 90; monopoly, 233; planters, 72, 92; populace, 221-2; population, 43; statecraft, 222, 225; states, 5, 32, 40-8, 62-68, 78, 198, 217-38; traders, 198, 220, 230, 233
Malayan Peninsula, 36, 42, 67-9, 73, 98, 191, 201
Maluku (Moluccas), 378, 382 Mampura, 225 Manchu, see Qing dynasty Mandalay, 246 Mandar, 195, 198, 372-6; miners, 95 Mangkubumi, Sultan of Yogyakarta
(1755-92), 329, 331 Manila, 11, 19,61, 69, 75, 95 Manipur, 10, 29, 36 Mansur (Ibrahim), Sultan of Aceh
(1838-71), 20, 42 Mansur Syah, Sultan of Melaka
(d. 1417), 219 market, 3, 39-40, 60, 62, 72, 76, 87,
89-91, 93, 96, 99, 118, 120-2, 125-6, 177, 191, 198, 224, 231-2, 236, 253-4, 307-8, 311, 339, 356, 370-2, 382, 398, 400, 437; ethnic, 46; free, 67; integration, 35; internal, 220, 225; international, 4, 62, 219, 317; rural, 33; urban, 33; western, 99
Marxist historiography, 3, 7-8, 14 Mataram kingdom (Java), 10, 43, 329,
331, 335-6, 354 Mataram dynasty (Lombok), 19, 358-61,
363, 389-406 Mecca, 40, 48, 200, 266; pilgrimage,
249, 251; see also Islam, Koran, Muslim
Index 453
Medan (Sumatra), 73 Meiji dynasty, see Japan Mekong delta, 12, 20, 29, 34, 36-7, 40,
248,253 Mekong River, 33, 36, 70, 437 Melaka (Malacca), 73, 88, 98; British,
42, 73, 196-7; Dutch, 62-8, 201, 223-4, 228-30; exports, 224; sultanate, 6, 46, 217-18, 220; trade, 62-5, 193, 223, 225, 228-31, 233-4, 237; see also Malacca Straits
Mengwi (Bali), 346-7, 355, 359 Mentuk, 198 merchants, see traders metals, 34, 35, 121, 199 migration, 29, 33, 38, 84, 86, 94-5,
122-5, 195,200-1,221,248; coolie, 86 military, 29, 44, 250; administration,
411; armies, 31, 262, 300, 374; expenditure, 401; leaders, 30; technology, 19; war, 20, 34, 59, 65-72, 93, 98, 107, 115, 159, 176, 179, 222-3, 322, 326, 336, 370--6, 381, 389-96, 403--6, 411-22, 437; see also weaponry, firearms, steamships
millet, 116, 125, 137-8, 306 Minangkabau, 20, 39-40,47,65, 91,
196, 217, 219-28, 236, 245, 249, 251; migrants, 91, 201, 221, 227; trade, 219, 221, 232
Minbu, 157 Mindanao, 41 Mindon, King of Burma (1853-78), 9,
20, 158-9, 175 Ming dynasty (1368-1644) in China, 84,
284, 299-300 Minh-mang, Emperor of Vietnam
(1820-41), 20, 31-2, 37, 70, 246, 248-50, 252, 255, 262-3, 270, 280, 284--6, 287, 288, 411-13
mining, 89-91, 95, 124, 194, 258--61; miners, 12, 40, 86, 88-97, 202; mines, 29, 38, 95, 260, 261; techniques, 90, see also copper, gold, iron, silver, tin
Mondono, 371, 374, 377 monetization, 34-5, 157-9, 175, 179, 180 money, 29, 39, 121, 161-8, 171,
174-80, 261-2, 307, 324, 327, 383, 399; circulation, 180; copper, 157; paper, 262; silver, 157; system, 124, 263
money-Iending, 120, 155-74, 180 monopolies, 6, 35, 59--62, 67, 70, 72,
76, 120-1, 125, 177, 179, 193, 198,
221-3, 231, 236, 313, 399; see also Arabia, Dutch, Japan, Malay
Mons (of Lower Burma), 10, 29, 32, 37 Muhammad Ali, Raja of Siak (1765-79),
225-7,230 Mughals, 10 Muna, 381 Munshi Abdullah, 17, 230 Muslim, 27, 38,40,44-8,61,92, 194,
249, 339; rebels in Lombok, 402-4; see also Islam, Koran, Mecca
Nagasaki, 58 Naju (Korea), 122 Nan, 431-2, 436-8 Naning, 224 Nanyang, 33, 69, 85 Napoleonic Wars, 188, 426, 428 Narai, King of Siam (1657-88), 59, 432 narcotics, 60; see also opium Narmada (Lombok), 402 nationalism, 38; nationalist
historiography, 7-9, 390 Netherlands, 59, 188, 196, 204, 340,
402, 425; see also Dutch Netherlands Indies, 99, 402--6; army,
390; government, 389, 398, 402-4, 406
New England, 73, 248 Nghe An, 133, 276 Ngoc-Tu, Princess, 287 Nguyen Anh, 75; see Gia-Iong Nguyen Dang Giai, 280, 290 Nguyen Dang Tuan, 280 Nguyen dynasty (1802-82) in Vietnam,
7-8, 9, 12, 30-2, 36-7, 42, 45, 68, 70, 75, 85, 137, 145, 246, 248, 251-4, 263--6, 269-90, 411-20
Nguyen Hoang, 274, 287 Nguyen Lo Trach, 414-15 Nguyen lords. of Dang-trong
(Cochinchina) (17th-18th centuries), 28, 29-30, 68, 253, 259, 279
Nguyen Phuc Khoat, 249 Nguyen Phuc Tan, 288 Nguyeh Truong To, 414-15, 417-20, 422 Nguyen Van Thanh, 252, 281, 283 Ninh Hai (Haiphong), 416 nipah palm, 191 Nuku, prince of Tidore, 378-9 nutmeg, 59, 237
oil, 176, 177 onions, 177
454 Index
opium, 41, 44, 60-70, 76, 94, 98-9, 196, 201-2, 222-33, 236, 333, 337, 400; import, 233, 399
Opium War, 398 orang laut, 98, 191, 203, 204, 220, 224,
227
P'yongan, 109, 113, 122 P'yongyang, ll8, 120, 122, 123, 307 Padang (Sumatra), 233 Padri movement (Sumatra), 40, 47, 235,
249-51 Pagan, 6, 7, 156, 165; dynasty, 170,
period, 160, 165, 169, 180 Pagarruyung (Sumatra), 219-20 Pagesangan (Bali), 392, 405 Pagutan (Bali), 392 Pakubuwono, Susuhunan, 200 Palembang, 7, 9, 12, 17, 20, 40-2, 46,
65, 88, 90-7, 187, 197-209, 223, 230, 233; economy, 203, 206; entrepöt, 207; history, 206, 209; trade, 196, 199, 207, 208
Palu, 376 Panai (Sumatra), 64-5, 231, 232 Pandawas, 331 Pangkalan Kota Barn, 232 paper, 40, 121, 306 Parigi, 374 Pas ai (Sumatra), 65 Pasemah (Sumatra), 201-3 Patani,42 Patapahan (Sumatra), 219, 224; trade,
225 Payakumbuh (Sumatra), 232 peas, 177 peasantry, 7, 339, 397; Burmese,
159-69, 175-80; Korean, ll6-17, 121-6, 303, 307, 313-17; Vietnamese, 133-51, 254-5, 260; see also land
peddlers, 121, 194 Pegu, 6 Pekan Baru (Sumatra), 227, 232, 237-8 Peking, see Beijing Pelalawan (Kampar, Sumatra), 221, 226,
233-7 pepper, 38,42, 59, 94, 177, 198-9, 201,
203, 228, 231, 235-6, 249; exports, 38-9, 60, 67, 71, 73, 88, 193, 219, 231; plantations, 72-3, 85-6, 89-92, 97-9, 195-8, 217
Perak, 88, 90, 97, 217, 223-4, 226 peranakan (Chinese), 47, 88, 92-6,
194-5
Pham Phu Thu, 421 Phan Huy Chu, 250-2, 259-66 Phan Liem, 414-15 Phan Thanh Gian, 1-2 Phan Thuc Tru'c, 281 Philippines, 11-12, 39, 61, 67, 71-2, 75,
85, 95, 99, 378 Phnom Penh, 437-8 Phrre (Siam), 431, 434 phu canh ricefields, 145-51 Phu-xuan, 289 Phuket, 66, 71, 88, 95 pigs, 39, 356 Piju, 392 Pinang (Penang), 38-9, 42, 44, 65-9,
73,77, 196, 226, 228, 231-6; govemment, 231, 233; merchants, 39, 232
piracy, 6-7, 42, 44, 98, 203-4, 208, 226-7, 233-4, 369, 374-6, 382; antipiracy, 42, 227; IIanun, 204
political economy, 35, 46, 228, 369 Pontianak, 69, 95, 97, 98 population, 4, 10-12, 15, 27, 29-32, 57,
59, 85-97, 160, 172, 179-80, 198, 208, 219, 221, 236, 301-11, 337, 369, 370, 373, 380, 393, 399; census, Ill, 133, 179, 304; density, 113; growth, 10, 28-9, 32-3, 35, 39-40, 78, 111, 125, 133-4, 150, 180, 378, 389, 399, 401; Korean, 107, 109, 111-13, 122-3, 125-6; overpopulation, 33, 133-4; registers, 33, lll, 264; stagnation, 111, 126, 133, 151; urban, 122-3, 128 n. 30, 307, 308, 315; Vietnamese, 133-4, 150-1
porcelain, 191, 194, 199 Portuguese, 59, 63, 219 potatoes, sweet, 29, 255 pottery, 121, 138, 306; see also
porcelain printing, 17, 426 priyayi, 321, 325, 332-8 Protestantism, 248, 252 puputan, 1-2, 21-2, 359 Pusan, 300, 307
Qienlong Emperor of China (1736-95), ll,13
Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644-1911), 84-6, 94, 103, 260, 300-1
Quang Nam, 253, 279 Quang Ninh, 136, 137 Quang Tri, 287
Index 455
Quang Trung (Tay Son ruler), 8, 276, 278 Quang Yen, 137, 138 Quangdong, 61; see also Canton
Raden Kajoran, 47 raiding, 369-70, 372-3, 376-83 railways, 57 Raja Alam of Siak, 223-8 Raja Haji of Riau, 65, 98 Raja Kecil of Siak, 22~, 227 Rama I, King of Siam (1782-1809), 8,
12, 31, 69 Rama 11, King of Siam (1809-24), 31 Rama 111, King of Siam (1824-51), 70,
433, 438 Ramayana, 245 Ranau (Sumatra), 202 Rangoon, 34; entrepöt, 66 rattan, 191, 206, 219, 228, 232, 236,
237, 382 Ratu Agung Agung Ngurah Karangasem,
Raja of Lombok (1870-94), 390, 396-405
Ratu Gusti Ngurah Panji, Raja of Karangasem-Lombok (1835-38), 393-5
Ratu Ngurah Panji, Raja of KarangasemLombok (d. 1835), 392-3
Rawas (Sumatra), 199-202 rebellion, 7, 10, 28-9, 31,47, 190,260,
272, 277, 282, 309, 331-2, 340, 345-6, 359, 378, 437; Cao Anu, 437-9; Chinese, 91-3; East Sasak, 402-6; Padri, 40, 47, 235, 249, 251; Taiping, 99; Tay Son, 10, 29, 75, 95, 271, 273, 278, 287; Tonghak, 126, 316; Trunajaya, 335
Red River, 255, 270 Red River Delta, 133 refugees, 368, 378, 380 religion, 15-18, 37-8, 40, 245-50; see
also Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Protestantism,
resins, 191,219, 224, 237 Restoration myth in Vietnam, 270-89 revolution, 247, 425; French, 3 rhinoceros horn, 70, 219, 237 Riau, 12, 17, 38, 40,42, 44, 63, 65-7\,
88,90-8,190-6,203,207,217, 221-8, 368; entrepöt, 65, 67
Riau Archipelago, 72, 220 Riau-Johor, 9, 12, 41-3, 46, 65, 71, 73 rice, 10, 29, 38-9, 60, 70, 75, 91,
116-17, 125, 134-51, 159-60, 176, 191, 194,201, 226, 228, 236, 254-7, 302-8, 325, 356-7, 380, 389-400; exports, 75, 217, 399-400; imports, 33; paddy, 161-9, 173-7, 236, 254; production, 75, 86, 113, 306, 400
Rokan (Sumatra), 220 rubber, 75
Sado, 309 saffron, 228 Sagaing, King of Burma (1819-37), 158,
167-8 sago, 219, 380 Saigon, 1, 12,69-75,417; see also Gia
Dinh salt, 66, 70, 161, 177, 191, 197-8, 206,
217, 222, 230, 236, 257 Salween River, 36 Samal, 46 Sambas, 95-8 Sangju (Korea), 122 Sanskrit, see literature santri, 40, 47, 324, 329, 336-8 Saraburi, 437 Sarawak,99 Sasak, 7, 397, 399; population, 402,
404; rebellion, 397, 402-6 Sayid Abdul al-Rahman, 226, 234 Sayid Abdullah, 233 Sayid Ahmad, 234 Sayid Akil, 235 Sayid Ali, 197,227-34 Sayid Alwi (Tengku Lung Putih), 234 Sayid Hussain Aidit, 235 Sayid Ibrahim, 235 Sayid Uthman Syahabuddin, 226-7 Sayid Zin, 233-4 sea produce, 38, 41, 193-5, 207,
217-19, 221, 236; pearls, 378, 380; seaweed, 191, 220, 306, 378; shells, 191; see also fish
Sejong, King of Burma (1418-50), 6, 319 (n. 26)
Selangor, 44, 63, 65-6, 226 Seoul (Soul), 15, 111, 113, 118, 120,
122-3, 307-8 Serdang (Sumatra), 227, 231-2, 235 settlements, 29, 33, 35, 83-98, 140-1,
226, 233, 369-82; kongsi, 89-96 Shan, 19, 29, 36, 177, 430; merchants,
177 ship-building, 69, 233, 237 shipping, 11, 62-71, 205-8, 227-33,
456 Index
shipping - continued 254, 307; Acehnese, 66; American, 39, 67, 73, 417; Arab, 66, 197, 208, 230; British, ll, 39, 62, 65-6, 196, 226, 394; Bugis, 65-6, 195; Chinese, 11, 28, 63-70, 208; Danish, 65, 67; Dutch, 58, 65, 67, 196, 394; European, 20, 61, 63, 67, 69, 196; Fren.:h, 65-6; Indonesian, 63; Japanese, 300; Javanese, 197; Makasar, 195; Malay, 11, 65, 66, 197, 230; Palembang, 194, 196, 203; Portuguese, 58, 65-6; Sulawesi, 195-6; see also junks
Shwebo, King of Burma (1837-46), 158, 167-8
Shirhak, see Sirhak Siak, 9, 12, 18-19, 28, 41, 63-7, 98,
187, 197, 217-38; pirate state, 217; trade, 224-35
Siam, 8-21, 27-48, 59-78, 85, 99, 398, 411, 413, 437-9; literature, 15, 35, 430; military, 35; settlements, 95; statecraft, 19-21, 27, 246, 429-40; trade, 191, 194, 206, 208; see also Thailand
silk, 70, 141, 232 silver, 59, 226, 259, 261-2; see also
money Singapore, 20, 38-9, 42, 44, 93, 98-9,
207, 228, 232-7, 356, 374, 378; trade, 65-77, 393, 398-403
Singasari, 354 Singora, see Songklah sinicization, 37, 269-72, 275, 281,
284-6 Sirhak thought in Korea, 8, 123-5,
312-16 Siti Jenar, 47 slavery, 6, 38, 46, 61, 87, 90, 96, 195,
203-4, 232, 356-7, 369-71, 378, 416; in Burma, 156-7, 162-6, 169-71, 179; in Korea, 123, 125, 301-4, 309; slave-raiding, 220
Solo, 406 . Son Nam Province, 144-5
Son Tay, 256 Song dynasty (960-1126) in China, 85,
257, 262, 264, 284 Songklah (Singora), 98, 237 Soul, see Seoul soy beans, 116 Spain, 11, 38-48, 85, 95, 421, 425;
Spanish dollars, 62, 66-75, 236
spices, 60, 195 Srivijaya, 7, 188, 221, 228, 232, 390 steamships, 10, 19-20, 57, 412 stick-Iac, 219, 232 sugar, 38-9, 60-2, 70-2, 85-9, 97, 175,
228, 255-6; cane, 29, 236; production, 86
Sukhothai, 7 Sulawesi (Celebes), 9, 18, 41, 195, 207,
367-83; migrants, 198; traders, 195, 198 Sulaiman, Sultan of Riau (1722-60), 223 Sulu, 9, 11-13, 19, 21, 28, 38, 41-2, 71,
98,200-1,217, 369, 370, 374, 378 Sulu Sea, 38, 41 Sumatra, 38-40, 43, 65-8, 72-3, 86,
188, 191, 195-6, 200-2, 207-9, 217, 224, 231-8, 245, 249, 251-2; Muslim, 251; pepper, 42
Sumatra Treaty, 235 Sumbawa, 346, 378 Surabaya, 196, 205-6 Surakarta, 15,41,43,46,200,322-3,331 Surat, 224 Syeik Abdul Kadir, 230
T'ongyong (Korea), 118, 122 Tabanan (Bali), 359 Taegu, 118, 122, 123, 308 Taewon'gun, 8, 317 Tai people, 18, 32, 37, 429-40 Tai Yuan, 430 Taiping rebels, 264 Taiwan, 61, 84, 86-8; settlements, 89 Tak (Thailand), 434 Taksin, King of Siam (1767-82), 12-31,
31, 85 Tambuku (Sulawesi), 369-75, 378-83;
agriculture, 373; population, 373 Tamiang (Sumatra), 72, 217, 221, 227,
231, 235 Tamil Sepoys, 324 Tanah Datar (Sumatra), 219 Tanjung Karang (Lombok), 392 Taosug, 38, 46, 378 Taratakbuluh, 233 Taung-ngu (Toungoo) dynasty (Burma),
10, 28-9, 178, 180; restored, 156-7, 169
tax, 29, 31, 34-5, 39, 41, 91, 105-9, 118, 145, 159, 165, 169, 174, 176, 232, 254, 259-64, 287, 301, 306, 310-17, 324, 382, 437; collection, 144; import, 222; military, 310; reform, 37, 310; revenue, 109
Index 457
tax-fanning, 437 Tay Son rebel dynasty, 7-8, 29, 137,
139, 249, 251, 274, 276-80, 282, 288, 411, 413; see also Quang-Trung, rebellion
tea, 29, 60-1, 70, 161, 176-7, 223; trade, 258
telegraphs, 57 Tempasuk, 98 Tenasserim, 20 Tengku Hashim of Pelalawan, 226, 234 Teochius, 61, 73 Terengganu, 9, 12, 41, 64, 66-72, 88,
93, 95, 205, 217, 226 Ternate, 204, 367, 371-80, 382 textiles, see cloth Thai Nguyen, 136-7,256,259 Thailand, 8, 14, 180, 349, 421, 428-40;
Thai, 46, 83, 427, 430, 433; literature, 15, 430-5; peasants, 436; see also Siam
Thanh HoB, 133, 256, 279, 289 Theravada (Buddhism), 32, 37, 48 thet-kayit (contracts) in Burma, 155-77 Thibaw, King of Burma (1878-85), 158,
175 Thieu-tri, Emperor of Vietnam
(1841-47), 265, 270, 274, 280, 286, 288-90
Thonburi, 8, 30 Thuan Hoa, 279 Tiandihui, 93 Tidore (Maluku), 378 Tien Vu'o'ng, 272 timber, 219, 223, 228, 233; see also
wood, forests tin, 38-43, 46, 70, 86, 88, 90-9, 194-6,
203-6, 217, 219, 223-4, 231; imports, 223; mines, 91, 194; mining, 90, 94-5, 97-8, 191, 193; trade, 194, 223, 226
Tiworo, 381 tobacco, 29, 38-9,117,125,176-7,201,
228, 235, 237-8, 258-60, 307, 389 Tobelo, 375, 382 Tobungku, see Tambuku Togean, 375 Tokugawa period (Japan), 3, 60, 103;
see also Edo, Japan Toli-toli (Sulawesi), 378, 381-2 Tong-so'n, 272 Tong-tinh, 259 Tonkin, 34, 59, 245, 254, 256, 259, 412;
mining, 249 tortoise shell, 191, 371, 378, :WSO
Toungoo dynasty, see Taung-ngu trade, 27-45, 58-78, 84, 86, 98, 118-25,
161, 170, 177, 179-80, 193-209, 223-37, 250-63, 300-9, 369-83, 412, 418; Arab, 197, 225-6; bans, 84; barter, 177; Bugis, 63-6, 195-6; Chinese, 11-14, 63-71, 94-100, 194-5, 228-32; European, 70, 196-7; external, 27, 227, 356-7, 392; foreign, 34, 58, 121, 180; free, 237; growth, 61-78; interior, 29, 222, 223; international, 44, 59-60, 191, 237, 357, 361, 389, 393, 398-401; junk, 12, 70-1, 84, 98; maritime, 33, 35, 194, 198,203, 204; privileges, 198; regional, 191; routes, 44, 66; wholesale, 120-1; see also exports, imports
traders, 12, 15, 17,41, 58-60, 86, 97, 118, 120-6, 191, 194, 199, 223, 308, 322, 371-6, 381
Tran dynasty in Vietnam, 133, 279, 285 Tran Thu'o'ng, 283 trang villages, 137, 139, 150 Trat, 85,95 Treaty of London, 402 Trinh lords in northern Vietnam, 12, 28,
30, 86, 93, 253, 276, 279, 283-4 Trinh Dang-Ngoai, 279 Trinh Hoai Duc, 255 tripang, 371-2, 378-381 Trunajaya, Raden, 47, 336 Truong Quoc Dung, 255 Tu-duc, Emperor of Vietnam (1848-83),
7, 278, 286-7, 289, 290, 413, 416-18, 421-2
tubers, 379, 380 Tuyen Quang, 136, 137
United States, 257, 416-17, 421, 425; see also America
vegetables, 89, 117, 125, 257, 307 Vientiane, 430, 433, 437, 439 Vietnam, 5-21, 27-46, 34-48, 59-78,
85-99, 133-6, 144, 180, 191, 194, 245-66, 269-90, 411-23, 427, 430, 433, 438; agriculture, 149, 254, 255-6; culture, 258; economy, 245; government, 144,252,262, 263, 265, 270; governments, 254; identity, 257; landlords, 253; literature, 15-16, 250, 279, 283-5, 413, 416; migration, 133-50, 248; mines, 258; peasants,
458 Index
Vietnam - continued 145, 254-5, 260, 278; tax, 144-5, 254, 259--61, 264, 287
Visayas, 41 Vung Bac Son, 136 Vung Tay Bac, 136
Wahhabi, 40, 47, 48 Wat Phra Sing, 434 Wat Phrachetuphon, 433 Wat Sung Men, 434, 435 wax, 191,219, 221-2, 224, 231-7, 371,
380; beeswax, 378 weaponry, 371, 418, 426; arms, 223,
230, 232, 234, 400; cannons, 1, 35, 203, 230, 401; kris, 1, 199, 322, 395; lances, 395, 405; spears, 2; swords, 371; see also tirearms
women, 1-2, 15-16, 100, 194, 200-1, 204, 207, 221, 282, 286-7, 322-3, 375, 395, 405; cult, 279; traders, 254; wives, 253, 258, 274, 286, 301, 325, 351, 395
Wonsan, 118 wood, 138, 191,219, 232, 237; carving,
199; gaharu wood, 221; see also forests, timber
Wosu,373
Xiamen, see also Amoy
Yahaya, Raja of Siak (1781-91), 225-6, 227,234
yangban, 301-16 Yasadipura I, 335 Yasadipura 11, 322, 328-39 Yen Lang mine, 138 Yi Ik, 313 Yi dynasty (Korea), 310, 312, 300 Yogyakarta, 15, 41, 43, 46, 200, 323,
329, 331, 406 Yongjo, King of Korea (1776-80), 309-11 Yongjo Kim, 315 Yu Hyong-won, 313 Yudanagara, 334 Yunnan, 28, 75, 86
Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), 59, 84, 87 Zhou period, 249
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