View
219
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
1/14
1
ossaryos
BTM Buoyant Turret Mooring
Developed for typhoon or iceberg prone areas where a rapid disconnection/
reconnection is required.The disconnectable part of the turret is a submerged buoy which supports the
crude oil and gas risers and the mooring legs. In the operating mode, the mooring
buoy is connected to the turret by a structural connector. The turret structure is
located in the forepeak of the tanker and supported on a weathervaning bearing.
The turret extends up through the tanker with the reconnection winch, flowline
and control manifolds and fluid swivels located above the main deck. The
disconnection and subsequent reconnection is carried out from the tanker
without external intervention.
CALM Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring
A floating structure that performs the dual function of keeping a tanker moored
on a single point and transferring fluids (generally oil, gas or by-products) while
allowing the ship to weathervane. It consists of a circular floating buoy anchored
to the seabed by means of four, six or eight chain legs draped radially in a
catenary curve. The bottom ends of the chains are fixed to the seabed by either
conventional anchor legs or piles. The buoy itself is free to move up and down,
sideways and in pitching and rolling motions. The tanker is moored by hawsers
to a turntable attached through heavy-duty roller bearings to the top of the buoy.
This turntable is free to rotate through 360 degrees and is fitted with piping,
valves, mooring equipment, floating hose connections, navigation aids and, in
most cases, lifting facilities to support maintenance activities.
Condensates Liquids condensed from a gas stream, made up of a range of heavier
hydrocarbons. For gas fields, condensate typically refers to the hydrocarbon
liquid separated from the well stream fluid, which can be stabilised, stored and
exported as a high value liquid product.
Crane vessel A ship-shape vessel with one crane or semi-submersible vessel with one or two
cranes for lifting platform modules and structures at sea. The crane hoisting
capacities are substantial and range from 300 tons to 8000 tons. Cranes allow for
moving the hook-load vertically and horizontally (in a 360 degree radius).
Nowadays also frequently used to install heavy equipment on the seabed.
In medium water depths the crane vessel is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas
the vessel is dynamically positioned.
Cryogenic Low temperature processing, generally sub zero. For LNG this can be as low as
minus 162 degrees centigrade.
Technology creating value has been the motto of IHC Caland N.V. for several years. Sometimes however, theterms used to describe the Groups technology are not self-explanatory, and require clarification. Also certain
of the Groups key products deserve a detailed description, which should not be included in the body of the
Annual Report for one particular year. Accordingly, this Glossary of technical terms and product descriptions
has been produced to ensure that key terms and products are clearly explained and understood. An explanation
of some financial terms is included as well.
OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
2/14
2
DCU Dry Completion Unit
A floating facility carrying surface completed wells, i.e. the xmas trees are located
above the surface of the sea, on the floater, as opposed to the seabed.
The rigid pipes (tubing, casing etc.) that link the trees to the wells require high
tension to avoid buckling. A key feature of a DCU is therefore the need forconstant tension to compensate for the floating heave motion.
Generally, a DCU also carries basic drilling equipment to allow down-hole
intervention on a tender assist mode. It can also feature a full drilling capability.
Deepwater More than 300 metres water depth.
Desulphatation The removal of sulphate ions from seawater prior to use as injection water. This
operation is required when the formation contains barium and strontium and to
a lesser extent calcium to prevent re-agitation of sulphates which will cause
plugging of the flow-path of the produced fluids from the reservoir.
D.p. Dynamic positioning
A station keeping system for floating units which uses thrusters to compensate
wind, wave and current forces in a dynamic controlled mode to keep the unit on
a predetermined location and heading at sea.
Drill ship A ship-shape vessel for drilling and completing wells in medium to deepwater
applications. The drilling equipment onboard of the ship enables drilling the well,
running the protective casing in the well (preventing collapse of the drilled hole),
and installation of the subsea xmas tree.
In medium water depths the drill ship is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas the
ship is dynamically positioned.
Dry production trees See Surface (xmas) trees.
DSV Diving Support Vessel
A dedicated vessel, most frequently d.p., for assistance of subsea diving and
installation work.
DTU Dry Tree Unit
A motion stabilized floating vessel that supports vertical steel risers from sea floor
well-heads providing well access for drilling or work-over operation.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
3/14
3
Dwt Dead weight
The total weight of cargo, fuel, fresh water, stores and crew that a ship can carry
when immersed to her load line.
E/P or E&P Exploration and Production
EPCI Engineer, Procure, Construct, Install
A form of contracting that provides for turnkey delivery of facilities.
FEED Front End Engineering and Design
A study used to analyse the various technical options for new field developments
with the objective to define the facilities required.
Flowlines Pipelines carrying reservoir fluid on the seabed from wells to risers.
FPDSO Floating Production, Drilling, Storage and Offloading system
For a description refer to the FPSO, add the capability to drill, complete andworkover wells from this facility. Generally this term applies to systems receiving
the production stream from several subsea completed wells and where the unit is
capable of intervention on (or drilling of) one well while production continues to
flow from the others.
The Group has patented a concept to accommodate dry trees on board the
FPDSO.
Also see TLD.
FPSO Floating Production, Storage and Offloading system
An FPSO is a floating facility installed above or close to an offshore oil and gas
field to receive, process, store and export hydrocarbons.
It consists of a floater (a newbuild or converted tanker) permanently moored on
site. The cargo capacity of the vessel is used as buffer storage for the oil produced.
The process facilities (topsides) and accommodation are installed on the floater.
The mooring configuration may be of the spread mooring type or a single point
mooring system, generally a turret.
The high pressure mixture of produced fluids is delivered to the process facilities
mounted on the deck of the tanker, where the oil, gas and water are separated.
The water is discharged overboard after treatment to eliminate hydrocarbons.
The stabilised crude oil is stored in the cargo tanks and subsequently transferred
into shuttle tankers either via a buoy or by laying in tandem to the FPSO. The gas
is used for enhancing the liquid production through gas lift, and for energy
production onboard the vessel. The remainder is either flared, or compressed and
transported by pipeline to shore or reinjected into the reservoir.
Fractionation The process to separate a mixed hydrocarbon stream by distillation, making use
of the difference in boiling points of the components to be separated. The lower
boiling point components are recovered from the top of the fractionation column,
and the heavier boiling point components from the bottom. This process is used
in LPG processing systems to separate products such as propane and butane.
FSRU Floating storage and re-gasification unit, a floating vessel that has the capability
to be permanently moored at a site where it receives LNG from carriers, stores
and re-gasifies the LNG at a rate required by natural gas users.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
4/14
44
GAP Gravity Actuated Pipe
A concept developed by the Group, consisting of a bundle of mid water pipes
floating between surface and seabed to minimise pipeline length and temperature
problems in deepwater developments. These pipes typically connect a DCU to a
floating production facility and carry the flow of gases, oil, water and controlsignals over large distances. The bundle is stabilised vertically and horizontally by
maintaining tension at each end, created by gravity from suspended masses.
Gas and water injection To enhance the crude oil recovery by maintaining sufficiently high reservoir
pressure throughout the production life, it is becoming usual to inject water
and/or gas to replace the produced volumes. This reinjection performed above
reservoir pressure requires heavy-duty pumps and compressors consuming large
amounts of energy. The associated production gas is normally used as fuel.
Gas lift It is becoming normal practice on FPSOs, particularly for heavy crudes, tofacilitate the flow of live crude from the wells by injecting gas either at xmas tree
level or down-hole to lower the back pressure on the wells. In fact, the lift gas is
the associated gas from the field, which is treated, compressed and re-circulated
into the flow system.
GTL Gas To Liquids conversion
A process, based on Fischer Tropsch technology, which polymerises several gas
molecules into a longer chain hydrocarbon molecule that can exist in liquid phase
at ambient conditions. This process is being developed as a competitor to LNG for
commercialisation of remote gas reserves.
HAZID/HAZOP HAZard IDentification/HAZard and OPerability analysis
Systematic design review methods to identify and address hazards to ensure that
the necessary safety measures to eliminate or mitigate hazards are incorporated
in the design and operation of the unit.
Heave compensation system Working offshore often includes working in inclement weather and rough seas.
The lifting and lowering of loads from barges and vessels is affected by these
conditions and can cause uncontrolled upswing movements in vertical direction,
which can lead to damage of the load. To suppress the movements of the load a
mechanical system, often referred to as heave compensation system, is devised
to dampen and control vertical movements. Two methods of heave compensation
exist; passive systems and active systems.
Heavy load skidding system A system specially developed by MSC to move a heavy drilling package on the
deck of a jack-up drilling rig.
The cantilever and drill floor structures have been combined to one fixed package,
which can be skidded both longitudinally and transversely relative to the deck of
the drilling jack-up.
The main advantages of the system are a larger reach of the drilling tower,
simplified handling of drilling equipment and minimum obstruction of the deck
of the drilling jack-up.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
5/14
55
Hydrocarbons Oil, gas and other chemical components carrying hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Jack-up drilling rig A mobile drilling unit, which can elevate itself well above the sea surface on three
or more legs to become a stable seabed supported drilling platform. Drilling jack-
ups can operate in water depths up to 150 metres. On most jack-up drilling rigsthe drill tower is placed on cantilever beams such that wells supported by an
adjacent platform can be drilled in work-over mode by skidding the cantilever
over that fixed platform.
J-lay tower A pipe-lay method used in deepwater to allow the pipe to leave the pipe-lay unit
at a vertical departure angle. The tower supports the up-ended pipes.
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
Natural gas (mainly methane) refrigerated to reach liquid phase suitable for
transportation in specialised vessels (LNG carriers).
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Butane and propane mixture, separated from well fluid stream. LPG can be
transported under pressure in refrigerated vessels (LPG carriers).
Manifolds A pipe spool in which a number of incoming pipes are combined to feed to a
common output line.
MARPOL MARine POLution
International regulations produced by the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as adopted by the International
Conference on Marine Pollution convened by the International Maritime
Organisation, which is the regulatory body in respect of pollution by oil, noxious
substances, harmful substances in packaged forms, sewage and garbage.
Mid water pipe A pipeline to transfer fluids or gases between two floating facilities when ultra-
deepwater makes sea bottom pipe configurations uneconomical or technically
unacceptable. Typically, a mid water pipe would be configured at a depth of
100 to 300 metres.
MMSCFD Millions of standard cubic feet per day.
A commonly used unit to measure gas flows.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
6/14
66
MPV Multi-Purpose Vessel
A dedicated vessel that is able to perform multiple tasks for offshore installations.
MSV Multi-Service Vessel
A dedicated vessel which is able to perform multiple maintenance services on
platforms, floaters, subsea wells, pipelines and risers.
Non-flaring operations Operations where the produced gas from an oil field is not allowed to be flared
and therefore either has to be transported, used as a fuel source or reinjected.
Pipe-lay barge A flat-bottom, ship-shape or semi-submersible vessel for the offshore installation
of subsea pipelines. Individual pipe joints are welded together on the vessel (to
make a continuous string) and subsequently laid onto the seabed in a controlled
manner.
In medium water depths the pipe-lay barge is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas
the barge is dynamically positioned.
Risers Steel or flexible pipe, which transfer well fluids from the seabed to the surface.
ROV Remote Operated Vehicle
An underwater robot.
SALM Single Anchor Leg Mooring
The configuration of a SALM is highly elastic over a very wide range of
waterdepths. This inherent elasticity enables cargo transfer operations to
continue under adverse weather and sea-state conditions. This built-in resiliency
also enables the SALM to yield in the event of collision thus minimising impact
forces and structural damage.
A SALM can also be employed as an unmanned tanker loading or discharge
terminal with multiple fluid transfer circuits.
SCR Steel Catenary Riser
A steel pipe hung in a catenary configuration from a floating vessel in deep water
to transmit flow to or from the sea floor.
SeaStar See TLP + mini TLPs.
Semi-submersibles A floating unit, with its deck supported by columns to enable the unit to becomealmost transparent for waves and provide a favourable motion behaviour.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
7/14
7
Spar A deep draft cylindrical and vertical floating production unit (single column) with
possible storage for crude oil in small quantities inside the column. This facility,
although not heave-restrained, can accommodate surface completed wellheads.
SPM Single Point Mooring system (e.g. CALM)
Spread mooring In the case of a spread moored FPSO/FSO, the tanker or process barge is moored
in a fixed heading with up to 12 anchor lines distributed over the bow and stern
of the vessel, to anchor points situated on the seabed around the vessel. The
chosen heading is determined by the prevailing sea and weather conditions. The
spread moored FPSO/FSO can only be used on locations where currents, waves
and winds are very moderate or normally come from a prevailing direction.
With this type of FPSO/FSO no turret or swivel stack is required, as the vessel
does not change heading in relation to the risers connecting the tanker with the
wells on the seabed. This means that a greater flexibility exists in the number of
risers from the wells and manifolds on the seabed that can be connected onto the
FPSO/FSO than would be the case with a turret moored vessel. One disadvantageis however that for spread moored FPSOs/FSOs a separate tanker loading facility
should be provided, as the offtaking tanker cannot safely moor in tandem to the
FPSO/FSO, due to changing current, wind and wave direction, possible
interference with the FPSOs/FSOs anchor lines, and high risk of collision.
STL Submerged Turret Loading
STP Submerged Turret Production
Subsea facilities Sub-sea xmas trees, manifolds, control boxes, valves, pipelines, risers, umbilicals,
cables, etc.
Subsea (xmas) trees The xmas tree completing the well is located on the seabed.
Surface (xmas) trees The xmas tree completing the well is located either on a fixed platform (shallow
water) or on a floating platform (deepwater DCU) such as a SeaStar, Spar, TLD
or TLP.
Swivel stack The component on a full weathervaning FPSO that allows for continuous transfer
of fluids, gas, controls and power from the static mooring to the facilities on the
rotating part of the FPSO.
SYMO Soft Yoke Mooring and Offloading
Combines a solid structural mooring with a hard-piped/swivels fluid transfer
system. It can be connected and operated in much higher sea states than other
LNG offloading systems. The SYMO can be used in a variety of LNG transfer
applications:
The SYMO is used to moor an LNG carrier in tandem to the stern of an FLNG
(Floating LNG production system) offshore or at the stern of an FSRU near
shore.
The SYMO is used to moor temporarily an LNG carrier to an import terminal
in shallow water. LNG is either transferred to shore via a cryogenic pipeline or
alternatively re-gasification takes place on the terminal allowing high-pressure
gas to be exported.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
8/14
8
TLD Tension Leg Deck
A passive system for tensioning risers on floating deepwater production facilities.
The concept uses gravity as the tensioning means unlike other systems such as
spars or TLP's which use buoyancy. This unique system, proprietary to SBM, is
being developed for integration into FPSO's.
TLP + mini TLPs Tension Leg Platform
A floating platform, positioned and stabilised by at least three separated, vertical
tendons anchored to the seabed. The tendons are tensioned using the buoyancy of
the underwater hull of the platform. Subjected to wave, wind and current action,
the platform moves sideways, but remains horizontal due to the parallel actions
of the tendons. The vertical motion (heave) is eliminated and the facility is
therefore suitable for surface completion of the wells.SeaStar developed by Atlantia Offshore, is the state-of-the-art example of an
TLP, using a monocolumn structure as opposed to multicolumn (typically four)
developed by ABB, McDermott, Modec, etc.
Topsides See FPSO.
Turnkey supply Delivery of an operational system.
Turret mooring The turret system is integrated into or attached to the hull of the tanker, in most
cases near the bow, and allows the tanker to weathervane around it and thereby
take up the line of least resistance to the combined forces of wind, waves and
current. A high pressure oil and gas swivel stack is mounted onto the mooring
system. This swivel stack is the connection between the risers from the subsea
flowlines on the seabed to the piping onboard the vessel. It allows the flow of oil,
gas and water onto the unit to continue without interruption while the FPSO
weathervanes. For reasons of size and cost, the number of swivels is kept to a
minimum, and therefore the flow of oil and gas has to be manifolded in the turret
area, particularly when the system produces from a large number of wells.
The turret mooring and high pressure swivel stack are thus the essential
components of an FPSO.
ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier
Oil transportation vessel from 320,000 to 600,000 dwt.
Ultra-deepwater More than 1000 metres water depth.
Umbilicals Flexible cables carrying electrical and instrument wiring, hydraulic tubing and
chemical tubing.
VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier
Oil transportation vessel from 200,000 to 320,000 dwt.
Xmas trees See Subsea (xmas) trees.
Internal turret External turret
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
9/14
9
Boosters Pump-station, used when the discharge distance is too great for the dredgers own
pump capacity.
Cable layer A vessel capable of laying trans-ocean communication cables, or power cables.
Cutter suction dredger Stationary dredger using a special cutting device for the loosening of the soil in
front of the suction inlet, and moored by means of anchors and/or spuds (poles).
Large centrifugal pumps transport the dredged soil as a fluid mixture (slurry)
through a pipeline to the dumping site, or discharged into barges. Specific
applications for this equipment are the dredging of channels and rivers, thebuilding of dams, roads and reclamation sites for industrial, airport or living area
development.
The main advantages of this type of vessel are its ability to operate in shallow
water and to dredge a wide range of materials including rocks, as well as being
able to produce a uniform bottom level.
DTPS Dredge Track Presentation System
Fully intelligent integrated Combined fully automatic control of navigation and dredging operation.
bridge and dredging control
Grab hopper dredger A grab hopper dredger is a self-propelled vessel with a hopper. The hopper will be
loaded by means of an on board placed grab crane. Unloading of the hopper takes
place by means of bottom doors. The grab hopper dredger is ideal for maintaining
small harbours and for working along the quays and other constructions.
Hydraulic dredgers Dredgers with centrifugal pumps for the suction and transport of the dredged soil
as a slurry. For the loosening of the soil in front of the suction head various types
of equipment are used such as cutters, wheels, dragheads and high pressure water
jets. Examples are trailing suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers.
Hydrohammer Offshore and onshore hydraulic pile hammers.
DREDGER/SPECIALISED SHIPBUILDING ACTIVITIES
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
10/14
10
IHC Beaver standard IHC Hollands range of standard types of cutter suction dredgers.
Mechanical dredgers Equipment with which the soil is loosened and transported by mechanical means
such as grabs, dippers and buckets.
Various types are bucket dredgers, backhoe dredgers and grab cranes.
Offshore supply vessel A vessel for assistance to and supplying of offshore production or exploration
units.
Product tanker A tanker used for transporting various products.
Ro-Pax ferry A vessel for transport of cars and/or trucks which can drive on and off the vessel
as well as for transport of passengers with passenger accommodation (cabins).
Ro-Ro ferry A vessel for transport of large lorries and cars, which drive on and off the vessel
and are parked on special car decks during transport.
Rpm Revolutions per minute.
Splittrail The IHC Splittrail is an example of this type of trailing suction hopper dredger.
The halves are swung apart to permit discharge and are then closed and secured
with the aid of hydraulic rams.
Submerged dredge pump Pump under water, working close to the sea or river bed.
Suction tube Pipe through which slurry is transported into the hopper of a dredger.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
11/14
11
Trailing suction hopper A dredger used to remove and transport soil from water bottoms by dragging a
dredger long suction tube with a draghead over the bottom, loosening the soil in front of
the suction head. Big centrifugal pumps transport the dredged soil as a slurry to
the hopper, from which it is later dumped (released via the vessels keel) or
pumped (through a pipeline or rainbowed) to a reclamation area.Specific activities in this field includes the construction or deepening of harbours
and waterways.
The main advantages of this type of vessel are its relative immunity to weather
and sea conditions and the ability to transport soil over long distances.
Furthermore it can operate independently with hardly any interference to other
shipping traffic. A unit with a capacity of around 20000m3 or more is often
referred to as a jumbo hopper dredger.
Tunnelling equipment Tunnelling equipment or more precisely; a tunnel boring machine is a machine
that excavates underground tunnels (with a diameter of 6 up till 15 meters) for
highways or railways.
Wheel dredger The wheel dredger, like its conventional counterpart the cutter suction dredger, is
a hydraulic dredger, which implies that the spoil is drawn up with the aid of a
centrifugal pump.
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
12/14
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
13/14
13
Value of production Total output of the Group, including delivered orders, the value added to tangible
fixed assets (relates mainly to FPSOs/FSOs in the lease fleet), plus the increase
or decrease in stocks and work in progress.
WACC Weighted Average Cost of CapitalThe overall cost of the capital employed, consisting of the after-tax interest cost
of long-term debt and the cost of equity, calculated as the risk-free rate of return
on long-term government bonds, plus the market risk premium multiplied by the
company stocks beta (indicating relative volatility of the stock versus the market
index).
7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas
14/14
Recommended