Grafting in Horticulture - Szent István...

Prof. Dr. Károly Hrotkó

SZIU Faculty of Horticultural Science

Grafting in Horticulture

Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 2

Grafting Horticultural practice, where tissues, organs of two or

more plants grow into each other so that the process results in developing a composite plant, consisting of two or more components (graft).

Grafting as horticultural practice is more than a propagation method: multifunctional application!

Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants

impossible or difficult to propagate on own roots).

Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.

Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)

Changing the cultivar in orchards

Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)

Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding

Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection

impossible or difficult to propagate on own roots).

impossible to propagate on own roots).

Magic bonsai: fast „industrial” produced

Changing the cultivar in orchards.

Dr. Hrotkó Károly

Grafting, graft union formation

Crab apple as pollinator

Bridge grafting

Bridge grafting using seedlings

Dr. Hrotkó Károly

Technical terms related to grafting Rootstock or understock

(seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)

Intergrafting (interstem)

Rootstock

Interstock, interstem

Root grafting

Nurse grafting

Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking

Bench grafting

Graft unit

Dr. Hrotkó Károly

Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)

Rootstock

Root grafting

Nurse grafting

Bench grafting

Graft unit

Technical terms related to grafting

Rootstock

Root grafting

Nurse grafting

Bench grafting

Graft unit

Rootstock

Root grafting

Nurse grafting

Bench grafting

Graft unit

Rootstock

Root grafting

Nurse grafting

Bench grafting

Graft unit

Technical terms related to grafting Rootstock or understock

(seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)

Scion Intergrafting (interstem) Rootstock Interstock, interstem Root grafting Nurse grafting Grafting in root collar, high

working, topworking Shoot grafting Bench grafting Graft unit

Rootstock

Root grafting

Nurse grafting

Shoot grafting

Bench grafting

Graft unit

Shoot grafting: grafting of currants or goosberry on Ribes aureum rootstock

Topworking

Topworked Fraxinus ornus ’Mecsek’

working, topworking Shoot grafting Bench grafting Graft union

Graft union

Graft union in cross section

Overgrowth of rootstock Overgrowth of scion

Dr. Hrotkó Károly

Major steps in graft union formation

Making cuts and fitting the components

Wound callus formation

Formation of callus bridges

Closing cambial ring

Differentiation of vessels

Development into composite plant (graft)

Dr. Hrotkó Károly

Graft union formation at T-budded Citrus lemon (Mendel 1936)

First cell division 24 hours

First callus bridges 5. day

Differentiation of cambium in callus of

rootstock and scion

10. day

15. day

Xilem tracheids occure in rootstock

and scion

15. day

20. day

Complete lignification of callus on rootstock

bark and under the scion chip

25-30 day

30-45. day

Cleft grafting of winegrape in cross section

Factors influencing callus formation (formed mainly from young xylem and phloem cells)

Temperature (depends on species): possible control in closed systems (bench grafting) or appropriate selection of time.

Water content.

Hormonal supply of components.

Correct fitting and tying.

Exclude pathogens.

Factors influencing the decomposition of necrotic layer

Enzyms Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, (PAL, fenil-ammonium-aliase)

Optimal temperature required for enzyme activity

Optimal water content

Contacting cells in the grafting union: formation of callus bridges

Adhesion between cells - Lectine: (glykoproteids) recognition, decision on acceptation, and sticking the cell walls (adhesion) - Complexes consisting of pectine, carbohydrates and proteines (signalling role of pectine in recognition?)

Dictiosomes along the cel walls adjacent to the necrotic layer or cell partners: secreting lectine to the space between cell walls?

Dr. Hrotkó Károly

Cambial bridges, closed cambial ring formation

In the cambial zone of callus meristematicly active cells occure: cambial bridge is forming; later the whole cambial ring is closing

Influenced by: - fitting the cambial part of the graft partners - supply of hormone (auxine)

Vessel differentiation

Xylem and phloem cell are formed in the callus along the cmbial bridge, contacts between adjacent cells, vessel formation (tracheas, tracheids)

Influencing factors - Auxine supply - Homeogenetic induction

Vessel differentiation in Cichorium intybus root / callus block

Fitting of tissue elements at T-budding and chip budding

Apricot budded on Prunus tomentosa: lignificated callus kept the components only

Lack of vessel differentiation at apricot on myrobalan root

Walnut on Pterocarya fraxinifolia root

Sectorial vessel differentiation disorder at apricot on myrobalan root

Graft union formation of composite tree lasts until the tree is alive!

In each moment as new cells are formed from the cambium they have to recognize, accept each other and the contacted cell should develop into normal vessels.

Any disadvantageous changes in metabolism or environmental stress may disturb the graft unit formation – may lead to incompatibility.

Importance of polarity in fitting of graft components

In shoot system: apical end of rootstock – basal end of scion

Grafting into root: basal end of root – to basal end of root

Disadvantages of inverz connections - no problem at nurse grafting - reduced growth at bridge grafting - at T-budding the shoot turns upright - at grafts reduced vigor, but the basal bud may turn upright - as interstem the invers connection results stunted growth.

Grafting in Horticulture - Szent István...

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