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Great Lakes Region FAASTeam
Date: April 18, 2023
Federal AviationAdministration
Stabilized Approaches &
Landings
FAASTeamFAASTeam North Dakota
FAASTeamFAASTeam North Dakota
Stabilized Approaches & Landings2Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
LET’S TALK…I DON’T SING OR
DANCE, SO YOU NEED TO PARTICIPATE
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS, BRING THEM UP WHILE WE’RE ON THE SUBJECT
Stabilized Approaches & Landings3Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Purpose of this event:
Raise Awareness of the Issues
Communicate safe landing guidelines and
best practices
Stabilized Approaches & Landings4Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Here’s what we have learned…
• Stabilized Approach Criteria has successfully elevated the in-cockpit
awareness of risk during approaches.
• However, runway accidents are still at the top of the list.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings5Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Runway Excursion?...
Stabilized Approaches & Landings6Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
vs. Runway Incursion…A runway incursion is an incident at an airport
which adversely affects runway safety.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings7Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Approach & Landing Accidents:National: 2008 - 2011 Accidents – Approach and Landing
Stabilized Approaches & Landings8Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Environmental Issues:
Stabilized Approaches & Landings9Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Top Four Environmental Causal Factors:
• Wind (142)• Object / Animal / Substance (80)• Terrain (60)• Runway / Land / Takeoff /
Taxi / Surface (44)
Honorable Mention:• Temperature / Humidity /
Pressure (28)
Stabilized Approaches & Landings10Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
2008-2011 Human Factors
Stabilized Approaches & Landings11Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Top Five Human Factors:• Use of Equipment and information (58)• Action (37)• Information Processing and ADM (18)• Attention and Monitoring (12)• Planning and Preparation (12)
Honorable Mention:• Experience and Qualifications (9)• Perception, Orientation, or Illusion (7)
Stabilized Approaches & Landings12Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Runway Excursion Accidents…
Stabilized Approaches & Landings13Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Common results…
Stabilized Approaches & Landings14Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Approach & Landing data to date…
Stabilized Approaches & Landings15Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Runway Excursion Accidents…
Stabilized Approaches & Landings16Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Accidents last 5 years…
Stabilized Approaches & Landings17Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Excursion break down…
• Takeoff• landing
Stabilized Approaches & Landings18Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Related factors…
• The FSF cites the major risk factors in landing excursions were: go-around not conducted,
• long landings, • ineffective braking (contaminated runways), • gear malfunctions, and • fast approaches and landings.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings19Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Landing Certification Criteria…
• FAR Section 25.125 specifies the requirement to provide landing distances, defined as:
the horizontal distance necessary to land from a point 50 feet above a dry hard surface and come to a
complete stop.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings20Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
And…
• The aircraft must be in the landing configuration, having flown a stabilized approach at a speed of not less than VREF down to the 50 foot height,
amongst other requirements.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings21Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
And…
• The Flight Test Guide for the Certification of Transport Category Airplanes, Advisory Circular 25-7A, provides manufacturers with guidance to ensure compliance with the regulations.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings22Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Landing Certification…
• Distances are treated in two parts: – the airborne distance from 50 feet to touchdown,
and– the ground distance from touchdown to stop
Stabilized Approaches & Landings23Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Landing Certification…
• Airborne Distance – 3 or 3½ degree approach path– Sink rates as much as 8 feet per second at
touchdown (480 fpm)
Stabilized Approaches & Landings24Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Landing Certification…
• Ground Distance • Transition within 2 sec. • Based on FULL Braking
Stabilized Approaches & Landings25Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
FAA Opinion on Certification…“Landing distances determined during certification are aimed at demonstrating the shortest landing distances… Therefore, the landing distances determined under 14 CFR Part 23.75 and 25.125 are much shorter than the landing distances achieved in normal operations”.
(AC 91-79, App. 1, p. 8)
Stabilized Approaches & Landings26Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Stabilized Approaches & Landings27Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Threats to Safe Landings…
According to AC 91-79: •Un-stabilized Approach •Excess Airspeed •Excess Threshold Crossing Height •Landing Long (Beyond the touchdown zone) •Adverse wind conditions •Failure to assess required landing distance
Stabilized Approaches & Landings28Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Un-Stabilized Approach…
• There are strong associations with unstable approaches and long/hard/fast landings
• However data exists to show that landing risks exist following both stabilized and un-stabilized approaches
• Failure to Go-Around contributed to one-third of all landing excursion accidents.
• Could be avoided by a go-around as required with stabilized approach criteria
Stabilized Approaches & Landings29Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Un-Stabilized Approach…
Why do pilots continue to attempt to salvage un-stabilized approaches?
Four Possible Behaviors:
Excessive confidence in a quick recovery;Excessive confidence because of runway or
environmental conditions;Inadequate preparation or lack of commitment to
conduct a go-around; or,Absence of decision because of fatigue or workload
Stabilized Approaches & Landings30Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Excess Airspeed…• Excess airspeed has been a cause factor in
nearly 15% of landing excursion accidents • The performance data is normally based
upon Vref not Vapp at a height of 50 feet above the threshold – Corrections to Vref are meant to be bled off to arrive
at threshold on speed
• Excess Speed affects either airborne or ground landing distances – or both
Stabilized Approaches & Landings31Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE
Fargo, North Dakota
4620 Amber Valley Parkway
Fargo, ND 581041
Stabilized Approaches & Landings32Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Program Managers for North Dakota:
Jay M FlowersFAASTeam Program Manager
Operations, North DakotaJay.M.Flowers@faa.gov
Fargo FSDO (701) 492-5809
Jeffry BoeFAASTeam Program Manager
Airworthiness, North Dakota and South Dakota
Jeffry.R.Boe@faa.gov
Fargo FSDO
(701) 492-5817
Stabilized Approaches & Landings33Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
As Inspectors and FAA Safety Team Educators…
We care, and we need you to care. If that works for you, then aviation has a chance.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings34Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Aviation Award Support:___________
The following is a list of awards that are supported by the FAASTeam:
– Pilot Proficiency Program
(AC 61-91) (FAR 61.56(e))– Aviation Maintenance Technician Awards Program
(AC 65-25)– Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award
(AC 65-26)– Wright Brothers “Master Pilot” Award
(FAA/FS-I-8700-2)– Annual General Aviation Awards Program
Stabilized Approaches & Landings35Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Stabilized Approaches & Landings36Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Recognizes outstanding individuals in their field roles of promoting aviation safety, education and professionalism
Stabilized Approaches & Landings37Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Winners will be recognized:
Locally Regionally Nationally.
National winners will be recognized during:
EAA AirVenture in Oshkosh
Winners will receive gifts and merchandise provided by sponsors and contributors.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings38Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Contact your local FAASTeam Program Manageror Flight Standards District Office
for further information.
Jay M. Flower FAASTeam, OPS 701-492-5809
Or Jeffry R. Boe FAASTeam, AWS
701-492-5817Or
FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICEFargo, North Dakota / 4620 Amber Valley Parkway
Fargo, ND 581041
701-492-5800
Stabilized Approaches & Landings39Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
This Years Sponsors:______________
• Aircraft Electronics Association• Aviation Maintenance Technician Society• Aircraft Owners and Pilot’s Association• Aeronautical Repair Station Association• Experimental Aircraft Association• Federal Aviation Administration• General Aviation Manufacturers Association• National Business Aviation Association• National Association of State Aviation Officials• Society of Aviation & Flight Educators• Professional Aviation Maintenance Association• Women in Aviation International
Stabilized Approaches & Landings40Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
“I am convinced that human flight is both possible and practical."
Wilbur Wright, 1899
Stabilized Approaches & Landings41Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Wright Brothers/Charles Taylor:_____
The Wright Brothers had a simple fascination with flight as did their mechanic, Charles Taylor.
It is their passion for aviation that has inspired these awards.
Stabilized Approaches & Landings42Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award:Placed into effect on August 11, 2003, the FAA has a program to recognize those pilots who have 50 or more consecutive years of safe flight operations: the Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award Program. (FAA/FS-I-8700-2 (Rev. 1))
Eligibility:
• 50 years or more U.S. Piloting experience• Up to 20 of which may be military• 3 letters of recommendation from FAA certificates pilots who can attest to the applicants 50 years of experience.• U.S. citizen for 50 consecutive years• No disqualifying revocations, Civil Penalty, or Suspensions• If accidents, reviewed on a case by case basis• If pilot has passed away, have 2 years to receive posthumously
Stabilized Approaches & Landings43Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award:Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award:
Placed into effect on August 11, 2003, the FAA has a program to recognize those mechanics that have 50 or more years of aviation operations as a “master Mechanic”. The Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award Program is explained fully in AC65-26D.
Eligibility:
• 50 years or more in an aviation maintenance career• 30 of the past 50 must have been working on “N” numbered
aircraft.• 1 or more letters of recommendation from FAA certificated
mechanics or repairman who can attest to the applicants 50 years of experience.
• U.S. citizen• No revocations.• If pilot has passed away, have 3 years to receive posthumously
Stabilized Approaches & Landings44Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Where do I sign up?
Stabilized Approaches & Landings45Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
http://faasafety.gov
Awards:• Charles Taylor Master Pilot• Wright Brothers Master Pilot
WINGS “Safety Program Airmen Notification System” or SPANS Course acceptance and approvals Course notifications and aviation safety notices in general.
TFRs Workshops Aviation events
Stabilized Approaches & Landings46Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Stabilized Approaches & Landings47Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Stabilized Approaches & Landings48Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Stabilized Approaches & Landings49Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
Applications are available at:_______
www.generalaviationawards.org
- and -
www.faasafety.gov
Stabilized Approaches & Landings50Federal Aviation
AdministrationApril 18, 2023
The Great Lakes Region FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) values your input.
We would appreciate your feedback using the following link:
•http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/stakeholder_feedback/afs/field/
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