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8/10/2019 Greek and Roman Compiled
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Greek and Roman Compiled Note
2014-11-04
Classical Greek Art
Maddy Bull2014-10-21
Athens Kouros, c. 525 BCE
Aka the Metropolitan KourosKouros (girl version = Kore)
1. Images of gods2. Decorate temples3. Historical scenes
4. Heroes/athletes models5. Funerary monuments
- Initially made of wood, ivory or bronze- Greeks had MARBLE which no one else had – it holds detail- All sculptures were covered in plaster and paint- Closed hands- Sculpture „in the round‟ – very similar to archaic Egyptian
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- Unlike Egyptian, he is nude – wanted to achieve perfection in theirunderstanding of the human anatomy
Kore
- Found in Auxerre query in South France- Looks Egyptian, taking many of their ideas from Egypt- Not naked for another 100 years, women were expected to be docile,
virgin mothers and caretakers
Athens Kore
- Understanding of female form, some thigh showing- Fine drapery is showed – detail- Sculpture in the round
Athens Male- Details in the ankles, knee caps- Everything carved away from the body, separate- Bronze rods are keeping him upright
- Sculpture in the round
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pp Boy, c. 500 BCE
- Contraposto pose: body rests on one supporting leg, shoulder abovesupporting leg is lower than other shoulder
- Depicted in motion- Understand how anatomy works and moves
Charioteer from Delphi
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- Equestrian group: held the reigns to ride horses
- Cire Perdue: „lost wax‟ Start with clay model
Completely coat in wax
Encase the whole thing in plaster
Heat bottom and wax falls out
Cooling – clay and sand falls out, leaving a hollow metal lump
„Chasser‟ makes the details- Feet and head separate- Purposefully elongate him so people from below can see him on his
pedestal and chariot
Bronze Poseidon
- Patina: the natural oxidation of bronze no polishing bronze because itgives it its value, still want to get away the encrustation
- Finger curled because he is throwing his trident
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Myron: Discus thrower
- “Nothing in excess” is another Greek philosophy - A violent physical act being depicted as a graceful dance- The circle theme repeated in the dick, head arc of the arm, thorax…
Polyplitis: Bronze Dorith.. 450 B.C.E- Wanted to create the „most perfect‟ male figure
The Canon- Socrates said that no man could be found that was perfect, instead you
must use the perfect features from various men- Contrapostal pose- The ancient Greeks used this as the model for all boys and men- The hand holding the lance(?) is tensed and the leg on the same side is
walking forward
Hegeso Stele- Shaped like a house- Beloved wife is sitting in an elegant chair, elegant pearls presented by
servant – shows wealth, how much she is loved she is slumped overand without expression = dead
- Functional drapery : drapery maneuvered to reveal anatomy beneath
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Painting- Ancient Greek painting was slow at this point- Zeuxis: one of the most famous Greek painters was challenged to a
painting duel Take 6 months to paint whatever they want Meet in the agora Challenger Illusionistic grapes, Zeuxis wins by his illusionistic
drape over the painting- No longer Horror Vacuii- Human figures were the main feature- Painters signed their works
Zeuxis: Troy urn- We are heroes because Ajax and Achilles played checkers too- Makes mundane magnificent
Urn- Dioscuori: Twins Castor and Pollux – sons of Helena of Troy- Leaving for Troy, show sublimity of family life
Zeuxis: Kylix- Dionysius – wants sailors to take him to the next island (he is showing
people how to make wine) and they agree – turn out to be pirates,Dionysius reveals himself to be a god turns into a lion
- Turns the pirates into dolphins and the mast into a grape vine- Metamorphosis theme
Hera of Samos- Evolution of female figure- Thin drapery shows the anatomy, linen pleated fabric like Egyptians
3 different fabrics to show up the boobs, butt and stomach
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Classical Greek History
2014-11-28
480 B.C.E – Peloponnesian War (Civil War with Sparta)
Delos
Delos: supposedly where Artemis and Apollo were born Delian League: Athens used money to build the temples on the acropolis
Acropolis: “High” “town”
Erectheus: mythological first king of Athens AND Athenao Original megaron of Erectheus (house) was there
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Athena – Practical wisdom: patroness of Athens
Persians burnt down the first temple of Athena
Pericles – President rebuilds the temple to Athena
4 buildings are:
Monumental gateway – Ionic (tall and elegant) on outside, whileDoric (manly and stout) is on the inside: meant to bring IonianGreeks and Athenians together
Painting gallery
Athena Nike: had loot form ships and conquered countries: Ionicorder
Sculpture gallery Salamis Bay Temple: building faces towards that famous battle
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Parthenon: self-born = Athena who came from Zeus‟ head
Poseidon and Athena had a contest, Po gave them water and Athenagave them an olive tree from which they had shade, wood and olives forfood and trade
The Acropolis was like being in the realm of the gods, couldn‟t see the city
Pristine, white marble Irregular site, 3 personages – house to house Erectheus‟s temple and the
2 temples of Athena
Bronze rods in the middle, for give during earthquakes
Erectheum facing Parthenon: Menusecles made a “Porch of Maidens” Caryatid: women sculptures used as columns: functional drapery –
looks like it‟s wet and reveals shape These women represent the women from the traitor town that sided
with Persians who were brought to the side of the burnt Parthenonto see the shame their men had brought
Front of Parthenon was were sunrise came through – represents Athenabeing born at dawn
Panathenaic Festival (every 4 years): peplos was a yellow shawl that thevirgins carried to the alter of Athena
4 types of sculptureo Pedementso Metopes: between tripoleso Cella (Na-os is Greek)o Outside wall of Na-os: bas-relief
Most perfect example of Western architecture, done for Athena who couldsee and would smite them if it wasn‟t built correctly
Is built inwards so that when you were right in front it didn‟t give theillusion of falling on you
Stylobates are higher a the center for illusion
Opisthodomus: treasury
Alexander the Great hung the Persian shields on the Parthenon and builta circular temple
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Metopes: battle of the gods, Greeks and Amazons, Troy: mythology – civilization triumphs over barbarians Phidias: low-bas, middle relief and high relief Leans out so people at all angles can see it
Allegory: symbolism and history make truth, everyday images, people
could relate Lapiths: were friends with the centaurs, got into a war over a raped bride
to be and represents the winning of reason over brutality
Western pediment: depiction of the birth of Athena being told to all thegods and goddesses
Panathenaic procession: bringing tribute to Athena during the festival Start in agora, end up in the Parthenon Peristyle temple
Iambic pentameter lines repeating from the columns to the vertical toparea – horse makes this pattern when it walks, as you would hear duringthe procession
Panathenaic frieze of olive carriers, same faces, different actions
Persian frieze in Persepolis where archers look identical suppressed forthe good of the whole – individualism in the Western, one person canmake a difference
Nashville:
Chryelephanine – wooden armature and ivory covered in gold
Classical Art Continued
Maddy Bull2014-10-30
- Peloponnesian war romanticism art – the ideal male/female figure,carried the meaning of courage, victory or god-like BUT NOW there is adreamy look to the art-work
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Praxiteles
Hermes with Infant Dionysius, c. 350 BCE
God of commerce and communication
Commerce of the wine industry – Dionysius is the god of wine
Languid figure: NOT contropostal pose
S-curve of the body and thorax Looks like a well-oiled athlete, smooth ad shiny – sensualism
Hair is very detailed and comes away from the head
- No longer monuments and ideal, the sadness and grief for the loss of thegolden age
Aphrodite III of Cnidos, c. 350 BCE
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Aphrodite born out of the foam: Roman copy first found of the original
Greek sculpture of the first female figure
Was first to be given to a temple in _______ who didn‟t want it
Became a tourist attraction in Cnidos
This made his career
Nude = doesn‟t know others are watching, or gives the impression shedoesn‟t know
Phryne: beautiful whore of Praxiteles
Alexander the Great
Macedonian, not Greek
Takes over his father‟s army (Phillip) and his dream was to destroy thePersian Empire
The Greeks called themselves the Hellenes therefore calls this period theHellenistic Period
Creates the largest and greatest empire at that time, didn‟t kill the peopleof the cities he conquer ed, let them “retire” and marries the royals‟daughters with their generals expansion of Greeks morals and ideas Culture: philosophy, art, bathing houses and new cities Monuments built as propaganda
Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens, c. 174 BCE
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The largest temple built by the Greeks in the Helenistic period
Corinthian = largest, has base and fluting and the capitol is made up ofascanthus leaves (plant growing in the Mediterranean)
Stoa of Attalos, Athens, c. 130 BCE
- Agora was the centre of commerce and culture- Stoa: covered marketplace on ONE side – gift to the people of Athens
from King Attalos- One of the first example of a monument built for a non-religious purpose- Doric on bottom floor and Ionic on top floor – first and only uncovered
example classical order used in a nonclassical way- Bottom columns are not fluted, perhaps because people would kock off
the fluting in passing – practical: Athena
Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, c. 180 BCE
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Pergamon
- Theatre, most famous was the alter of Zeus – seat of Satan located here,eternal fire going
- On top was the palace of the kings- Ionic order columns and sculptures like on the Parthenon, but reversed
here because the sculptures dominate the alter, not the columns- Gigantomachy: Battle of the gods and the giants: at the Parthenon they
were winning, here they are losing – shows the Helenistic Age and a newtime where someone is ruling them: mercy of the state and king, nodemocracy
3 Themeso Realismo Theatricalityo Elegance
- No longer interested in perfection or ideal
Dying Gaul, c. 230 BCE
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- Pergamon made sculptures of the barbarian Gauls after they tried to
conquer Pergamon and fought so bravely and courageously- Realism- Different bodies: straight shocks of hair, breast bone has definition and
stomach- Has an open wound bleeding out, first example of this- The realization they are no longer in control of their own lie- Tor: made of rope around his neck, accessory
Drunken Woman, c. 200 BCE
Realism
Nike of Samothrace, c. 200 BCE
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Dramatic contrast of light and shadow
Athena fighting in the battle of the monsters
Phantasmagoria: a visual “trip”, images that race towards your eye and goback, amazing, enormous, over-the-top
Gods are losing – transformation of democracy to monarchy Dynami
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Laocoon, c. 50 BCE
Trojan priest who told the Trojans not to let the horse in
Gods punished him and his sons by turning themselves into snakes andkilling them
Sculpture in the round – but functions like high relief, because from theback doesn‟t make sense, art for art’s sake
Roman Art
Etruscan Art- Leave Greece to Italy- Atruscans – from Atruria: Florence and others – maybe from Turkey- Tuscany was named after this- Had kings but confederation- Romans tried to genocide the Atruscans- Burial ceremonies are very similar to Egyptian buried with their furniture
to use in the later life- Pro-style Greek architecture, raised on a podium (which is new)- Difference: Here you need to go up the stairs to enter the place of worship- Base, shaft, neck and abicus- Appropriated and incorporated Greek sculptures- Terracotta: Used baked clay
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Etruscans and Romans
2014-11-04
Etruscans – last kings of Rome Greeks were established in the south
Tomb furniture
Celli Cella plural
Raised podium and was approached from the front to go inside to worship
Ornaments on the front of the building
Etruscan Gateway
Megalithic architecture: big stones
Romans conquered and added shields to the gateway
Loge – “Loggia” renaissance porch
Tombulus: beehive-shape tomb made of stone, held chieftains
Cineary Urn: held the ashes of (sometimes) burnt bodies
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Tomb of a husband and wife
Sarcophagus “flesh-eater”
Close relationship
Was seen as peculiar by the Romans and Italians – they thought familliawas most important
Long nose, high cheekbones
Man and death (woman)[NOT THE PIC HE SHOWED IN CLASS, THEY WERE YOUNGER AND
PRETTIER THAN THIS]
Idealizing of torso and face influenced by Greek Classic Period, not likethe elongated figures from beforehand
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Realistic Man and Wife
No idealism – very realistic
Ancestor worship: took wax masks of dead to make statues
Theory: They preserved portraits of exactly what they look like
Apollo Statue
Baked terracotta hollow clay
Support b/w legs to hold up
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Clothed koros figure
Functional drapery (around groin)
Appropriated Greek gods
Interested in action, not human musculature
Cire Perdue: bronze production – famous for
Fresco
Figures moving through landscape
Wanted to preserve the happier things in life
There IS a landscape
Outlined with dark lines like Egyptians – maybe influenced
Sacrifice of Trojans
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Play of light and shadow
Contrapostal poses Naturalistic
Greek key motif in third dimension to signify death
Lucius Junus Brutus: Roman republican Republican is up until Ceasar the first emperor In bronze, made by Etruscan Naturalism – function as ancestor worship
Old Republican
Very realistic, for both the living and dead
Senator
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Because he wore a toga: fashion for men
Symbolized you were a citizen and fell gracefully and hid nudity
Showed you were rich – servants draped it
ROME
Julius Caesar: was able to make decisions for everyone because thesenate in place could not make the difficult choices
Murdered in 1st c. B.C.E – didn‟t want REX or king
No leader and civil wars begin
Nephew of Julius Caesar Octavian emerges from the civil war as themost powerful military leader and elected by senate as the first emperor
Imperator – Emperor: Augustus Caesar
Augustus
Wanted to reestablish morality
Pontefix maximus: high priest and head of religion
Functional drapery: knee and thigh emerge
When he dies – he becomes a GOD: soul of emperor lived on
Old Augustus - Propaganda
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Romans practiced ancestor worship – believed spirits of dead lived in
cemeteries and places of worship
Augustus of Prima Porta
All subsequent generals and emperors were in this pose
Breastplate: images of victorious battle
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Holding baton – power
Cupid on back of dolphin beside him
Combo of historical and allegorical to “make truth” which was Greek andis seen here too
The Caesars traced their heritage back to Aeneas (founded the Latin race)
was a prince of Troy and his mother was Venus therefore he istechnically a God
Cupid represents Venus‟ son as he is too – riding dolphin because Venuswas born from sea foam
Marcus Aerelius
All bronze – rare
Orator pose
Holding a baton
Christians, when they found this, thought it was Constantine – RomanEmpire now
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Ara Pacis
Alter of Peace, established in Rome
Senate was to appear AND the Imperial family in a wooden enclosure withbull skulls and garlands – this enclosure of stone is recreated in stone – like Greek: garlands and wood painted on the inside
Relief carvings, Imperials: family of Augustus
Roman senate on other side
4 allegorical scenes: 2 at front and 2 behind Romulus and Reamus: sons of Mars (god of war) and Romulus
founded Rome all Romans are gods = manifest destiny Rinceaux: Campus leaf garlands – symbolizes fertility, what the
Imperials and emperors promised their people Realism – middle and high relief: propaganda of Imperial family:
wife Livya and infamous daughter Julia Woman dressed in armour on one side - Roma Lyvia depicted as the mother of Italy
Titus
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Destroyed Jerusalem
Emperor
Made architectural features into monuments
Yoke: made the vanquished bow down turned into the monument arch
2 relief carvings:
1. Recreated the victory parade, coming back to Rome – stolen Menoraas booty Illusionism, arc disappears See the weight with the struggle
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2. Setting sun: triumphant progression Lady Victory, Lady Courage –
he is dead and so is being escorted by gods Flat, frontal, 2D – will be copied in centuries to come
Apotheosis: carried up to Heaven
Column of Tragent
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Who is an emperor
Used columns usually used as support for a monument
Relief carving on the defeat of the Dacians (Romanians)
Bottom: erected a trophy – assemblage of the arms of the vanquished,wreaths, loot
Roman: marriage of Etruscan and Greek architecture
Nimes: most perfectly preserved temple turned church – temple originallyfor Augustus Pro-style: Etruscan steps to go inside Engaged columns – don‟t hold anything up, for decoration and
repeating the style
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Roman style was engineered
Highway, aqueduct and bridge system: fresh water brought
Aqueduct in Nimes “Gard”
Roman exploited the arch conquered space through the use of the arch
Roughened up the surface: Rustication – made it appear stronger than it
was
Flavian – later called the Coliseum
Poured concrete: invention of Romans
Dependence on the arch, pier and vault
3 orders: doric, ionic, Corinthian Pilaster: flat column that doesn‟t hold anything
Pier: major (maybe decorated) holding the columns up
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