Growth and Development. Concepts of growth and development n Psychosocial development: Erikson n...
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- Slide 1
- Growth and Development
- Slide 2
- Concepts of growth and development n Psychosocial development:
Erikson n Cognitive development: Piaget n Moral development:
Kohlberg n Sexual development: Freud
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- Improving child health by having knowledge of definitions n
health maintenance n preventive health
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- Definitions n Mortality: the # of deaths/100,000 n Morbidity:
used to express the ratio of sick to well in a community n Infant
mortality: # of children per l000 live births who die before 1st
birthday.
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- Major causes of death during infancy and childhood (these
represent death rates for the ages of l-l4 yrs per l00,000) n
Accidents n Congenital abnormalities n Cancer n Homicide n Heart
disease n Pneumonia & influenza n Suicide n Human
immunodeficiency disease
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- Principles of Growth & Development n occur in an orderly
sequence n occur continuously but rates vary- growth spurts n
highly individualized rate from child to child n vary @ different
ages for specific structures n process involving the whole
child
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- Assessments of development n DDST (Denver II) DOES NOT MEASURE
IQ n Classic screening tool to assess development n Personal, fine
motor skills, language, gross motor n Basic assessment includes the
following nursing assessments: hx taking, developmental screening,
growth measurements, parent teaching
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- Functions of Play on Growth & Development n Physical
Development n Cognitive Development n Emotional Development n
Social Development n Moral Development
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- Periods of greatest growth n fetus n birth n infancy n
puberty
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- Factors that Influence Growth and Development n Genetics n
Environment n Culture n Nutrition n Health Status n Family
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- Genetic influences on growth and development n pattern, rate,
rhythm and extent: n governed by genes interplaying with
environment n intrauterine life extremely important in growth and
healthy development of the child
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- Understanding the genetic link n Genes defined n Chromosomes n
autosomes n sex chromosomes n the genomes discovered in 2000! This
was a project funded by the U.S. Genome project and one of the most
important single finding in mankind
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- Genetic screening n Done during the 1st trimester of pregnancy
n Methods: n blood studies from parents check carrier status n
measure level of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in mothers blood for
incomplete development of brain or spinal cord: suggestive of
neural tube defect (spina bifida)
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- genetic screening, cont. n later in pregnancy: n amniocentesis:
@ l2-l6 weeks n chorionic villa sampling: @ l0-11 weeks n role of
the genetic counselor
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- Examples of environmental influences on a child n family
composition n family position in society n family socioeconomic
status n knowledge of the family n availability of healthy diets n
housing n diseases present in family and child
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- Family relationships (environmental) and the impact on child
growth and development n Critical in growth and development, esp.
emotional growth n Intellectual growth must be included here as
well n Chronic illness can be combated with a loving environment
and close family relationships
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- Cultural influences n Must be considered when assessing growth
and development n Customs vs. work demands from different
cultures
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- Nutritional influences n Begins during the prenatal period n
LBW/preterm can result from poor prenatal nutrition n
Socio-economics may impact growth
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- Comparison of nutritional needs InfancyToddler Pre- schooler
SchoolAgeAdolescence Breast, formula PhysiologAnorexia Diet similar
to toddler Resp. for prep calories Avoid Certain foods Variety
Meals are social event Good time to teach re nutrition Fast foods
Intro of solids Alarm of parents Enjoy helping Visual learners Peer
groups imp. Egg yolk last food Intake sufficient Food jags Hands-on
Social event
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- Dental needs of the child from infancy to adolescence n Caries
in infancy due to nurse for long periods of time n See text for the
sequence of eruption of teeth n Braces may be indicated at the time
of puberty n See p. 1115 oral care and dental care
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- Health status of the child n Certain diseases may affect g
& d n Endocrine and cardiac status included here
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- Growth and development, cont. n Methods to evaluate growth: n
charts: compare to norms n compare to self over time n xrays n
teeth n height, weight, head circumference n size of head and legs:
length of bones
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- physical growth, cont. n Intervals @ which birth weight
changes: n doubles by end of fifth month of age n triples by end of
1st year n cephalocaudal n proximo-distal n prehensile
behavior
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- Intellectual Development n review material on Piaget n
intelligence n habituation n Reflect on the process of habituation
and its possible role as a predictor of intelligence
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- Importance of Play n Allows child the learn about themselves
and relate to others.it is work for the child
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- Stages of play n Practice play n Symbolic play n Games
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- Types of play n Solitary play n Parallel Play n Associative
play n Cooperative Play n Onlooker Play
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- Growth of Emotions n Emotion defined n All emotions contain: n
feelings n impulses n physiological responses n reactions (internal
and external) n Subjective data: n Objective data:
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- Emotions, cont. n Love: n includes persons who help them meet
their needs, share their pleasure and achievements n when the child
receives love, he can give love
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- Emotions, cont. n Fear: n exhibited by crying, running, or
hiding n fear can diminish; do not laugh-give love and help them
feel safe
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- Anger, cont. n Ways in which anger may be displayed: n shouting
n screaming n acts of disobedience n temper tantrums n act out
when. n act better when.
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- emotions, cont. n Anger: do infants have anger? n expected
responses that indicate anger:
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- Jealousy n A combination of anger, fear, and love n A child 1st
loves something, counts it as his own and 2nd perceives that it has
been taken away or interfered with n The loss may be real or
perceived, ie., sibling rivalry
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- Emotions, summarized n Emotions will come out one way or
another n How can the nurse help the child respond constructively
to these feelings?
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- Parenting: rule #l n PARENTS MUST BE CONSISTENT AND PARENT IN A
STYLE APPROPRIATE TO THE CHILD
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- Discipline n Techniques: n The model is to teach by example! n
Listening skills n passive n acknowledgement n door openers n
active listening
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- discipline, cont. n Techniques, cont. n reality principle n
distractions or substitutions n time out n positive practices n
point systems with rewards for good behavior n promotes self esteem
in children
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- discipline, cont. n CLEAR n C: n L: n E: n A: n R:
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- The End!