Growth of nanotechnology

GROWTH OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY -SUMIT KUMAR

20120959UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF-

Asst. Prof. ATUL SHANKER MANI TRIPATHIMANGALAYATAN UNIVERSITY

Indexo Nanotechnologyo Historyo Synthesis o Applicationso Advantages and Disadvantageso Futureo Conclusions

Nanotechnology ???o Nano is a Greek word means Dwarfo Nanoscience and nanotechnology are

the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science and engineering.

o Nanotechnology is the art and science of

manipulating matter at the nanoscale.

Nanoscaleo Indeed, they are all about the size of

a nanometero Nano = 10-9 = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 /

Billiono A nanometer is about the size of ten

atoms in a row. Basically, Nanoscience is study of nanometer size things .

o Magical Point on Length Scale, for this is the point where the smallest man-made devices meet atoms and molecules of the natural world

oJust wait, the next century is going to be incredible. We are about to be able to build things that work at the smallest possible length scales, atom by atom . These little nanothings will revolutionize our industries and our lives.

History of nanomaterials

o 1600 year old Roman goblet shines differently from different angles

o Contains gold and silver nanoparticles(50 nm)

HISTORYo1974 The word Nanotechnology first coined by Nario Taniguchi, Univ. of Tokyo --- production technology to get ultra fine accuracy and precision – 1nm

o1985 new form of carbon discovered --- C60 buckminister fullerene 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere made of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons

.

o1981 IBM invented STM scanning tunneling microscope which can move single atoms around.

o1991 carbon nanotubes discovered “graphitic carbon needles ranging from 4 nm – 30 nm and up to 1 micron in length”.

o1993 First high quality quantum dots prepared --- very small particles with controlled diameters of CdS, CdSe, CdTe

.

o 2000 First DNA motor made similar to motorized tweezers may make computers 1000 more powerful.

o DNA motors can be attached to electrically conducting molecules – act as basic switches.

.o 2001 prototype fuel cell made with nanotubes .

o 2002 Nanomaterials make stain repellant trousers Nano-care khakis have nanowhiskers (10-100 nm in length) .

Synthesiso Atom-by-atom assembly

-Like bricklaying, move atoms into place one at a time using tools like the AFM and STM.

o Chisel away atoms-Like a sculptor, chisel out material from a

surface until the desired structure emerges.

.o Self assembly

-Set up an environment so atoms assemble automatically. Nature uses self assembly (e.g., cell membranes).

IBM logo assembled from individual xenon atoms

Polystyrene spheres self-assembling

Top-Down Approacho Making smaller devices by using

larger ones to direct their assemblyo Start with large structureso Slowo Generally expensiveo Examples: Ball milling, Lithography

etc.

Bottom-Up Approacho Self-assemblyo Makes use of physical forces down at

atomic/molecular levelo Start with atoms or moleculeso Less expensiveo Found inherently in natureo Examples: sol-gel processing,

Chemical vapour deposition etc.

Research centers in India

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

.

Electronics

o Nano Transistors

o Nano Diodes

o OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) 

o Quantum Computers

Energy

o Batteries

o Fuel Cells

o Solar Cells

Materialso Nano Tubes

o Aerogel

o Nano Particles

Life Scienceo Targeted Drug Delivery

o Artificial Retina

o Tissue Regeneration

Advantages

Materials :

o Stronger

o Lighter

o Cheaper

o Durable

o Precise

Industrialo Computers can become a billion

times faster and a million times smaller

o Automatic Pollution Cleanup

o Manufacturing at almost no cost

Medical

o Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)

o Body Sculpting (i.e. change your appearance)

o End of illness( i.e. Cancer, Heart disease )

Disadvantageso Loss of jobs (in manufacturing, farming, etc)

o Carbon Nanotubes could cause infection of lungs

o Oil & Diamonds could become worthless

o Atomic weapons could be more accessible and destructive

Future of Nanotechnology

o “Nanotechnology products worldwide will be $2.6 Trillion or 15% of global manufacturing output.” Investing in Nanotechnology -- Jack Uldrich

o Enablers and tools: Hysitron, Imagoo Nanomaterials: Carbon

Nanotechnologies, Aspen Aerogelso Fortune 500 Companies: 3M,

Affymetrix, Cabot, Dow, Dupont, Kodak, Texaco, AMD, GE, HP, IBM, Intel, Motorola, NEC

o Disrupters: Bioforce Nanoscience, Nanosolar

Risks of Nanotechnology

o Health issues-Nanoparticle could be inhaled swallowed,

absorbed through skin, or deliberately injected

-Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system

o Environmental issues-Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil,

water, plants; traditional filters are too big to catch them

o New risk assessment methods are needed-National and international agencies are

beginning to study the risk; results will lead to new regulations

References

o Nanoscale Engineering Radiation Lab- Dr. Yu-Bin Chen

o Morph: Nokia’s Nanotechnology Concept Phonehttp://tini.us/morph

o Wikipedia NT Portalhttp://tini.us/nano

www.worldresearchreport.com

o Image Credits http://sxc.hu/

Conclusions The power to collect data and manipulate

particles at such a tiny scale will lead too New areas of research and technology

design o Better understanding of matter and

interactionso New ways to tackle important problems

in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology

o A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away

Thanks for Watching