Guide to the Ancient World History. I. History and Historiography 1. Introduction History History...

Guide to the Ancient World History Guide to the Ancient World History

I. History and HistoriographyI. History and Historiography

1. Introduction 1. Introduction HistoryHistory

Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events;Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events; limited Sense: is the known past. limited Sense: is the known past.

Historiography: The written record of Historiography: The written record of What is known of human lives and societies in the past; What is known of human lives and societies in the past; How historians have attempted to understand them. How historians have attempted to understand them.

Historian: Historian: To collect and record facts about the human past;To collect and record facts about the human past; To discover new facts. To discover new facts.

I. History and HistoriographyI. History and Historiography

2. Sources and Facts2. Sources and Facts SourcesSources

Testimony from living witnesses; Testimony from living witnesses; Narrative recordsNarrative records Previous historiesPrevious histories MemoirsMemoirs LettersLetters Imaginative literature; Imaginative literature;

I. History and HistoriographyI. History and Historiography

2. Sources and Facts2. Sources and Facts SourcesSources

Testimony from living witnesses; Testimony from living witnesses; The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious

institutions, or businesses; institutions, or businesses; The unwritten information derived from the physical remains of The unwritten information derived from the physical remains of

past civilizationspast civilizations ArchitectureArchitecture ArtsArts CraftsCrafts Burial GroundsBurial Grounds Cultivated Land.Cultivated Land.

I. History and HistoriographyI. History and Historiography

2. Sources and Facts2. Sources and Facts SourcesSources Evidence & FactsEvidence & Facts

Sources provide the evidenceSources provide the evidence To decipher facts from the evidenceTo decipher facts from the evidence

I. History and HistoriographyI. History and Historiography

3. Interpretation and Form 3. Interpretation and Form InterpretationInterpretation

Selection, arrangement, and explanation of historical factsSelection, arrangement, and explanation of historical facts Selection of a subjectSelection of a subject

Historiography and Literary ArtHistoriography and Literary Art

II. CivilizationsII. Civilizations

1. Definition: a developed or advanced state of 1. Definition: a developed or advanced state of human societyhuman society

2. Description2. Description People live in urban centers People live in urban centers People have productive survival, such as agriculture and People have productive survival, such as agriculture and

smelting metals smelting metals People have live in the complex political, economic and People have live in the complex political, economic and

social structure, under religious and law abiding social structure, under religious and law abiding People have developed a method of writing in all People have developed a method of writing in all

meanings of the word meanings of the word

III. Why Study Ancient World Cultures?III. Why Study Ancient World Cultures?

1. A part of a tradition of intellectual 1. A part of a tradition of intellectual developmentdevelopment

2. To Open Our Mind 2. To Open Our Mind We must always guard against the assumption that other We must always guard against the assumption that other

people think as we do -- or that they should. Reading people think as we do -- or that they should. Reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. These whose lives were surely different from our own. These differences may help us better to see -- and know -- the differences may help us better to see -- and know -- the limits of our culture and the limits of our language and limits of our culture and the limits of our language and experience. experience.

A culture includes both the dominant tradition and its A culture includes both the dominant tradition and its transgressiontransgression

IV. PrehistoryIV. Prehistory

1. Time before written records appeared1. Time before written records appeared

2. The Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron 2. The Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron AgeAge

3. The nature and events of prehistory can be 3. The nature and events of prehistory can be reconstructed through archaeologyreconstructed through archaeology

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

1. Introduction 1. Introduction Definition: Stone as the principal raw material for toolsDefinition: Stone as the principal raw material for tools 2 500 000 million - 5 000 years ago2 500 000 million - 5 000 years ago Distinguish between human and other animals: stone Distinguish between human and other animals: stone

tool-making and tool-usingtool-making and tool-using Beginning of the Stone AgeBeginning of the Stone Age

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

2. Study of the Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

2. Study of the Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" General Concepts General Concepts

Anthropology and ArchaelolgyAnthropology and Archaelolgy Stone ArtifactStone Artifact

Artifact: Objects that have been modified by human action, either intentionally or unintentionally.

Tool: Something that has been used by a human for some purpose .. Human Evolution Human Evolution

Genus Homo and Genus AustralopithecusGenus Homo and Genus Australopithecus Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo Neandertals, HoHomo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo Neandertals, Ho

mo sapiensmo sapiens

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

2. Study of the Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" General Concepts General Concepts Stone Age Tool-making Technology Stone Age Tool-making Technology

TechniquesTechniques Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stoneCore, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

2. Study of the Stone Age 2. Study of the Stone Age The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" General Concepts General Concepts Stone Age Tool-making Technology Stone Age Tool-making Technology

TechniquesTechniques Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stoneCore, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone IndustryIndustry

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

3. Divisions of the Stone Age 3. Divisions of the Stone Age Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, the stage in which stone tools Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, the stage in which stone tools

were flaked.were flaked. Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, the period is characterized Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, the period is characterized

by the creation of implements.by the creation of implements. Neolithic: New Stone Age, the stage in which ground and Neolithic: New Stone Age, the stage in which ground and

polished stone tools became prevalent.polished stone tools became prevalent.

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

4. Lower Paleolithic 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year agoDate: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry

Stone ArtifactsStone Artifacts

Oldowan Tools

Oldowan Toolmaking

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

4. Lower Paleolithic 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year agoDate: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry

Stone ArtifactsStone Artifacts Other ToolsOther Tools SitesSites Hominids: Homo erectusHominids: Homo erectus Daily LifeDaily Life

To live near water sourcesTo live near water sources To transport stone several kilometers to other sitesTo transport stone several kilometers to other sites To Process Animals CarcassTo Process Animals Carcass

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

4. Lower Paleolithic 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year agoDate: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry

Stone ArtifactsStone Artifacts Other ToolsOther Tools SitesSites Hominids: Homo erectusHominids: Homo erectus Daily LifeDaily Life FoodFood

Meat from animal carcassesMeat from animal carcasses Hunting smaller animalsHunting smaller animals Plant foodsPlant foods

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

4. Lower Paleolithic 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year agoDate: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Acheulean Industry Acheulean Industry

Acheulean hand axeAcheulean hand axe

Early A

cheulean Handax

e

Late Acheulean Handaxe

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

4. Lower Paleolithic 4. Lower Paleolithic Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year agoDate: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago Oldowan Industry Oldowan Industry Acheulean Industry Acheulean Industry

Acheulean hand axeAcheulean hand axe Oval-shaped form, Bifacial Flaking, Soft-hammer Technique Not to replace Oldowan tools entirely Most of sites in Africa, Europe and western Asia, few in East Asia

SitesSites HuntingHunting FireFire

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago)5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) Levallois Produced ToolsLevallois Produced Tools NeandertalsNeandertals

Neandertal Bones

Neandertal and Modern Human Skulls

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago)5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) Levallois Produced ToolsLevallois Produced Tools NeandertalsNeandertals SitesSites

Germany: Neander ValleyGermany: Neander Valley Iraq: ShānidārIraq: Shānidār Israel: Tabun, AmudIsrael: Tabun, Amud China: Dali, MabaChina: Dali, Maba South Africa: FlorisbadSouth Africa: Florisbad

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago)5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) Levallois Produced ToolsLevallois Produced Tools NeandertalsNeandertals SitesSites HuntingHunting DailylifeDailylife

Fire use and Fire-makingFire use and Fire-making Evidence of housingEvidence of housing

Hominids’ Spread: Australia, by 40,000 years agoHominids’ Spread: Australia, by 40,000 years ago Culture: burials, ornamentsCulture: burials, ornaments

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago)6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago) Characteristics of Upper PaleolithicCharacteristics of Upper Paleolithic

Stone ArtifactsStone Artifacts Human’s Spread: American Continents (12,000-10,000 years ago)Human’s Spread: American Continents (12,000-10,000 years ago) Cro-Magnon ManCro-Magnon Man

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age)ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age)

Characteristics of Upper PaleolithicCharacteristics of Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic

ToolsTools Tools of bone, antler and ivoryTools of bone, antler and ivory LampsLamps Bow and arrowBow and arrow Composite technologyComposite technology

Hunting and gatheringHunting and gathering

Mammoth Hunt

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age)ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age)

Characteristics of Upper PaleolithicCharacteristics of Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Culture Upper Paleolithic Culture

Housing: hut or tentHousing: hut or tent Trade and transportTrade and transport BurialBurial

Upper Paleolithic ArtUpper Paleolithic Art

Cave Painting

Cave Artin southeastern France

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

7. Mesolithic (ca 10,000 – 7,000 years ago)7. Mesolithic (ca 10,000 – 7,000 years ago) FoodstuffsFoodstuffs Technological InnovationsTechnological Innovations

Stone Point for Making Spears

Jōmon Pottery

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago)8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of humanRevolution in the history of human

More permanent settlementsMore permanent settlements Much Larger PopulationsMuch Larger Populations Accumulation of surpluses and wealthAccumulation of surpluses and wealth Development of more profound status and rank differences within Development of more profound status and rank differences within

populationspopulations Rise of specialized craftsRise of specialized crafts

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago)8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of humanRevolution in the history of human Tool-makingTool-making

Blade and bladelet technologiesBlade and bladelet technologies Ground and polished axesGround and polished axes Grinding Stones for the Processing of Cereal FoodsGrinding Stones for the Processing of Cereal Foods Use of Pottery for Surplus Food Storage and CookingUse of Pottery for Surplus Food Storage and Cooking Construction of Granaries for Storage of GrainsConstruction of Granaries for Storage of Grains Use of Plant for TextileUse of Plant for Textile Weaving TechnologyWeaving Technology

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago)8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of humanRevolution in the history of human Tool-makingTool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming

The reasons of farmingThe reasons of farming Population pressure or changes in environmentPopulation pressure or changes in environment Region where it was relatively easy to domesticate wild plants and Region where it was relatively easy to domesticate wild plants and

animalsanimals Function of social changeFunction of social change

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago)8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of humanRevolution in the history of human Tool-makingTool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming

The reasons of farmingThe reasons of farming CropsCrops

Near East: wheat, barley, legumes, grapes, and olivesNear East: wheat, barley, legumes, grapes, and olives China: millet and riceChina: millet and rice Africa: millet, African rice, and yamsAfrica: millet, African rice, and yams Southeast Asia: Rice, bananas, coconuts, and yamsSoutheast Asia: Rice, bananas, coconuts, and yams Americas: corn, squash, beans, potatoes, peppers, sunflowersAmericas: corn, squash, beans, potatoes, peppers, sunflowers

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago)8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of humanRevolution in the history of human Tool-makingTool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming

The reasons of farmingThe reasons of farming CropsCrops Domesticated animalsDomesticated animals

Eurasia: dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and water Eurasia: dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and water buffalobuffalo

Americas: dogs, turkeys, llamas, alpacasAmericas: dogs, turkeys, llamas, alpacas Africa: cattle, sheep, and goatsAfrica: cattle, sheep, and goats

Architectural developmentsArchitectural developments

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago)8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) Revolution in the history of humanRevolution in the history of human Tool-makingTool-making The Rise of Farming The Rise of Farming Neolithic Social Change Neolithic Social Change

Wealth for some individualsWealth for some individuals Social differentiationSocial differentiation Trade between different areasTrade between different areas More complex social organizationMore complex social organization

V. Stone AgeV. Stone Age

9. The End of the Stone Age 9. The End of the Stone Age Metal tools: copper, BronzeMetal tools: copper, Bronze The rise of the earliest state societies and civilizationsThe rise of the earliest state societies and civilizations

VI. Bronze AgeVI. Bronze Age

1. Bronze Age, the time in the development of 1. Bronze Age, the time in the development of any human culture, when most tools and any human culture, when most tools and weapons were made of bronze. weapons were made of bronze.

2. Bronze came into use, and was again 2. Bronze came into use, and was again replaced by iron, at different times in replaced by iron, at different times in different parts of the world.different parts of the world.

Middle East: 4500 BCMiddle East: 4500 BC Asia Minor: 3000 BCAsia Minor: 3000 BC Greece: 3000 BCGreece: 3000 BC China: 1800 BCChina: 1800 BC Americas: AD 1000Americas: AD 1000

VII. Iron AgeVII. Iron Age

Iron Age, period in the development of any Iron Age, period in the development of any culture, when iron was commonly used for culture, when iron was commonly used for making tools and weapons.making tools and weapons.

What are the reasons for the late What are the reasons for the late beginning of agriculture?beginning of agriculture?

What forced the change to agriculture What forced the change to agriculture between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago?between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago?