High-Rise Research

HIGH-RISE RESEARCH

High-Rise ResearchNicole HovestPeter LandSpring 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

North America pg. 1-19

1000 Feet Tower- Lev Zetlin- Milwaukee, WI1500 Feet Tower- Lev Zetlin- New York, NY500 Story Tower- Robert Sobel- Houston, TXChicago Spire- Santiago Calatrava- Chicago, IL [proposed]Citicorp Center- Hugh Stubbins & Associates- New York, NYClean Technology Tower- Adrian Smith Gordon Gill- Chicago, IL [proposed]Hearst Tower- Norman Foster & Partners- New York, NYHooker Building- Cannon Design Inc.- Niagra Falls, NYInland Steel Building- SOM- Chicago, ILJohn Hancock Building- SOM- Chicago, ILLever House- SOM- New York, NYManitoba Hydro Place- KPMB Architects- Winnipeg, CanadaMarina City- Bertrand Goldberg Associates- Chicago, ILNew York Residential Tower- Santiago Calatrava- New York, NYNew York Times Building- Renzo Piano- New York, NYPepsi-Cola Building- SOM- New York, NYSears Tower- SOM- Chicago, ILWorld Trade Center- Minoru Yamasaki- New York, NYWTC[2]- Norman Foster & Partners- New York, NYWTC[3]- Richard Rogers Partnership- New York, NY

Europe pg. 20-37

Commerzbank Tower- Norman Foster & Partners- Frankfurt, GermanyDaiwa Finance Headquarters- Richard Rogers Partnership- London, EnglandGlass Skyscrapers- Mies Van Der Rohe- Berlin, Germany [proposed]GSW Headquarters- Suarerbach and Hutton- Berlin, Germany122 Leadenhall St- Richard Rogers Partnership- London, England [proposed]Lloyds Building- Richard Rogers Partnership- London, EnglandLloyds Register of Shipping- Richard Rogers Partnership- London, EnglandPost Tower- Murphy/ Jahn Architects- Bonn, GermanyPotsdamer Platz- Renzo Piano- Berlin, GermanyProject 112- Future Systems- London, EnglandRWE Headquarters- Ingenhoven Overdiek, Kahlen & Partners- Essen, GermanySkyhouse- Marks Barsfield- London, England [proposed]Strata SE1- BFLS- London, EngladSwiss Re Tower- Norman Foster & Partners- London, EnglandThe Shard- Renzo Piano- London, EnglandTour Sans Fins- Jean Nouvel- Paris FranceTurning Torso- Santiago Calatrava- Malmo, SweedenWind Tower- Sinisa Stankovic- United Kingdom

Asia pg. 38-55

Bank of China- I. M. Pei Partners- Hong Kong, ChinaBurj Khalifa- SOM- Dubai, United Arab EmiratesCentury Tower- Norman Foster & Partners- Tokyo, JapanHong Kong Bank- Norman Foster & Partners- Hong Kong, ChinaLighthouse Tower- Atkins Global- Dubai, United Arab Emirates [proposed]Linked Hybrid- Steven Holl- Beijing, ChinaLippo Centre- Paul Rudolph- Hong Kong, ChinaMenara Mesinga Tower- Dr. Ken Yeang- Selangor, MalaysiaMillenium Tower- Norman Foster & Partners- Tokyo, JapanNakheel Tower- Woods Baggot- Dubai, United Arab Emirates [proposed]National Commercial Bank- SOM- Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaNara Tower- Dr. Ken Yeang- Tokyo, JapanKabuki-Cho Tower- Richard Rogers Partnership- Tokyo, JapanSino Land Tower- Paul Rudolph- Hong Kong, ChinaTreasury Building- Hugh Stubbins & Associates- SingaporeTurbine Tower- Richard Rogers Partnership- Tokyo, JapanWorld Trade Center- Atkins Global- Bahrain, Saudi Arabia

Australia pg. 56-58

Australia Square- Harry Seidler & Associates- SydneyGrollo Tower- Harry Seidler & Associates- MelbourneMLC Center- Harry Seidler & Associates- Sydney

pg. 2-22

pg. 23-41

pg. 42-59

pg. 60-63

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NORTH AMERICA

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1000 FEET TOWER Lev ZetlinMilwaukee, WI1960

Height: 1,000 feetMaterial: steelStructure: 5 hyperbiolic shaped drums (60-90 feet diameter) stacked/ dynamic staking system with cablesEnergy Concept: tension vs. compression resist wind loadsOther Info: Drums made of straight, intersecting steel pipe segments and horizontal tension rings

3

1500 FEET TOWER Lev ZetlinNew York, NY1960

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500 STORY TOWER Robert Sobel/ Nat W KrahlHouston, TX1975

Height: 5,000 feetLevels: 500Material: steelStructure: 16, 200 foot bundled tiangular tubes, ta-pered from botom to topOther Info: The base was proposed to cover nearly 16 city blocks (250 feet by 250 feet)

5

CHICAGO SPIRE Santiago CalatravaChicago, IL2009

Height: 2,000 feetLevels: 150Material: steel/ glassStructure: curtain wall systemEnergy Concept: spiral floor plates decrease wind load on buildingOther Info: Each floor is rotated 2 degrees from the one below/ totaling 270 degrees

6

CITICORP CENTER Hugh Stubbins & Associates/ William LeMessurier AssociatesNew York, NY1977

Height: 915 feetLevels: 50Floor to Ceiling Height: 12’-9”Material: steel/ glassStructure: diagonal steel bracingOther Info: tuned mass damper to control wind sway movement

7

CLEAN TECHNOLOGY TOWER Adrian Smith Gordan GillChicago, IL2012

Energy Concept: wind turbines/ photovoltaic cells/ net-zero energy/ LEEDOther Info: a domed double roof cavity captures air, creating a wind farm/ negative pressures ven-tilate the interior/ wind turbines at the corners cap-ture wind at its highest velocity

8

HEARST TOWER Norman Foster & Partners/ WSP Cantor SeinukNew York, NY2006

Height: 597 feetLevels: 42Floor to Ceiling Height: 13’-6”Material: steel/ glassStructure: steel truss frame/ triangulated structure/curtain wallEnergy Concept: 80% recycled steel and designed to consume 25% less energyOther Info: no vertical steel beams are used above the base of the building 9

HOOKER BUILDING Cannon Design Inc.Niagra Falls, NY1980

Height: 120 feetLevels: 9Material: steel/ glassStructure: double glass facadeEnergy Concept: ventialtion space is located be-tween sepperate glass panes, where air is drawn in from the bottom and released at the buildings top/ louvers are also located between the panes of glass to adjust the level of natural light into the building, keeping it cool in the summer and warm in the winter 10

INLAND STEEL BUILDING SOMChicago, IL1957

Height: 332 feetLevels: 19Material: steel/ glassStructure: stainless steel curtain wallOther Info: the design of the curtain wall was the first of its kind/ coulumns are offset from the glass curtain wall

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JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING SOM/ Fazlur KahnChicago, IL1969

Height: 1,127 feetLevels: 100Floor to Ceiling Height: 8’- 8”Material: steel/ glassStructure: exterior columns and spandrel beams reinforced by diagonal bracing and structural floorsOther Info: the form of the building tapers from bottom to top

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LEVER HOUSE SOM/ Weiskopf and PickworthNew York, NY1952

Height: 307 feetLevels: 24Material: steel/ glassStructure: steel frame/ curtain wallEnergy Concept: heat resistant glassOther Info: major renovation in 1998 replaced existing facade with aluminum glazinf channels, stainless steel mullions and caps, and new glass

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MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE KPMB Architects/ Crosier Kilgour and Halcrow YollesWinnipeg, Canada2009

Height: 377 feetLevels: 21Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: double wall/ insulated curtain wallEnergy Concept: consumes 88 kWh/m per year/ solar chimmney/ geothermal HVC/ 100% fresh airOther Info: column free space

2

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MARINA CITY TOWERS Bertrand Goldberg Associates/ Severud AssociatesChicago, IL1962

Height: 587 feetLevels: 65Material: concrete/ glassStructure: 35 foot diameter concrete structural coreOther Info: cylindrical core stabalizzes tower 15

NEW YORK RESIDENTIAL TOWER Santiago CalatravaNew York, NY2006

Height: 826 feetLevels: 56Material: steelStructure: steel frame/ cubes offset from eachotherOther Info: each cube consists of 4 levels that makeup a single family home

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NEW YORK TIMES BUILDING Renzo Piano/ Thorton TomasettiNew York, NY2004

Height: 1,140 feetLevels: 50Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: braced core and four exterior braced X-framesEnergy Concept: exterior sunscreenOther Info: double curtain wall

17

PEPSI-COLA BUILDING SOMNew York, NY1960

Levels: 13Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: curtain wall/ 10 steel columns/ concrete floor platesOther Info: 9’ x 13’x 1/2” glass panels were the largest obtainable at the time/ the building appears to be supported by the two piers at the ground level

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SEARS TOWER SOM/ Fazlur KahnChicago, IL2004

Height: 1,450 feetLevels: 110Material: steel/ glassStructure: bundled-tube structural system/ steel exoskeletonOther Info: tubes vary at height and the building form tapers from bottom to top

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WORLD TRADE CENTER Minoru Yamasaki/ Leslie E Robertson & AssociatesNew York, NY1973

Height: 1,353 feetLevels: 110Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: rigid hollow tube of closely spaced steel columns/ floor trusses extended across a central core/ columns 18.75” wide and 22” apartOther Info: towers were destroyed in 2001

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WTC[2] Norman Foster & Partners/ Cantor Seinuk GroupNew York, NY2014

Height: 1,764 feetLevels: 98Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: steel frame/ curtain wall/ triangular diagrid Other Info: towers act jointly to resist wind loads

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WTC[3] Richard Rogers PartnershipNew York, NY2014

Height: 1,168 feetLevels: 80Material: steel/ glassStructure: diamond shape bracing/ load sharing systemEnergy Concept: Other Info:

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EUROPE

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COMMERZBANK TOWER Norman Foster & Partners/ Ove Arup and PartnersFrankfurt, Germany1997

Height: 980 feetLevels: 53Material: steel/ concreteStructure: triangular, reinforced concrete slabs supported by steel columnsEnergy Concept: every office is daylit and has operable windowsOther Info: atrium and gardens divide the floor plan and facade

24

DAIWA FINANCE HEADQUARTERS Richard Rogers Partnership/ Ove Arup and PartnersLondon, England1999

Height: 246 feetLevels: 18Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: curtain wallEnergy Concept: triple glazed windows (minimum solar gain/ maximum daylight) photocellsOther Info: atrium and gardens divide the floor plan and facade 25

GLASS SKYSCRAPERS Mies Van Der RoheBerlin, Germany1921

Levels: 20Material: glassStructure: curtain wallOther Info: composed of three towers

26

GSW HEADQUARTERS Suarerbach and Hutton/ Ove Arup and PartnersBerlin, Germany1999

Height: 267 feetLevels: 22Material: steel/ glassStructure: double skin facadeEnergy Concept: natural ventilation, reduced solar gain, daylighting, passive strategy for sun screen-ing, air cross ventilation, thermal storage, stack heating 27

122 LEADENHALL STREET Richard Rogers Partnership/ Ove Arup and PartnersLondon, England2003

Height: 728 feetLevels: 47Material: steel/ glassStructure: perimeter based mega frame tube structureOther Info: ladder frame 28

LLOYD’S BUILDING Richard Rogers Partnership/ Ove Arup and PartnersLondon, England1986

Height: 289feetLevels: 14Floor to Ceiling Height: 9’-9”Material: steel/ glassStructure: steel frame/ curtain wallEnergy Concept: triple glazed solar control glass (minimum solar gain/ maximum daylight)/ ventilated cavity

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LLOYDS REGISTER OF SHIPPING Richard Rogers Partnership/ Anthony HuntLondon, England2000

Height: 190 feetLevels: 14Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: steel frame/ concrete floorsEnergy Concept: minimum solar gain/ maximum daylight/ photocells/ 30% less emissions

30

POST TOWER Murphy Jahn Architects/ Werner SobekBonn, Germany2003

Height: 498 feetLevels: 42Floor to Floor Height: 11’-8”Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: double skin facade/ concrete core/ composite structure/ pile foundationEnergy Concept: minimum solar gain/ maximum daylight/ natural ventilation/ solar energy/ 60% less cost/ programmable blinds

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POTSDAMER PLATZ Renzo Piano/ Ove Arup and PartnersBerlin, Germany1999

Height: 196 feetLevels: 17Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: curtain wall

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PROJECT 112 Future SystemsLondon, England1984

Height: 2,132 feetLevels: 152Material: steel/ concreteStructure: central structural core and outer geodesic framework of structural members

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RWE HEADQUARTERS Ingenhoven Overdiek, Kahlen & Partners/ Hochtief AG Hapt-niederlasseny Rhein-Ruhr, Hoch-end IngenieurbauEssen, Germany1996

Height: 416 feetLevels: 32Material: steel/ glassStructure: double skin facade/ twin shell/ fully glazedEnergy Concept: daylighting/ naturally ventilated

34

SKYHOUSE Marks BarsfieldLondon, England2010

Levels: 40Energy Concept: wind turbines/ solar collectors/ rainwater and greywater collection/ CHP system/ photovoltaicsOther Info: 3 leaf plan channels wind through the building’s center into turbines.

35

STRATA SE1 BFLS/ WSP GroupLondon, England2010

Height: 486 feetLevels: 43Material: steel/ glassStructure: post tension slabs/ triple layer facadeEnergy Concept: wind turbines/ biomass CHP centers/ grey water collection

36

SWISS RE TOWER Norman Foster & Partners/ Ove Arup and PartnersLondon, England2003

Height: 590 feetLevels: 41Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: perimeter steel diagrid of intersecting columns and horizontal hoops around building circumfrenceEnergy Concept: building shape allows for reduced wind load

37

THE SHARD Renzo Piano/ Ove Arup and PartnersLondon, England2010

Height: 1,016 feetLevels: 66Floor to Ceiling Height: 9’-0”Material: steel/ glassStructure: tapered steel beamsEnergy Concept: 33% less energy costs/ double ventilated facade/ dry-air cooler/ tapered form reduces wind load

38

TOUR SANS FINS Jean Nouvel/ Ove Arup and PartnersCourbevoie, France1989

Height: 1,396 feetLevels: 100Material: steel/ glass/ concreteStructure: steel and glass facade/ concrete coreEnergy Concept: tuned mass damper

39

TURNING TORSO Santiago CalatravaMalmo, Sweeden2004

Height: 623 feetLevels: 50Material: steel/ concreteStructure: circular reinforced concrete structural core/ steel truss exoskeletion/ curtain wall/ pile foundationEnergy Concept: building for reduces wind load 40

WIND TOWER Sinisa StankovicUnited Kingdom2001

Height: feetLevels: Material: Structure: Energy Concept: Other Info:

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ASIA

42

BANK OF CHINA I.M. Pei Partners/ Leslie E Robertson AssociatesHong Kong, China1990

Height: 1,205 feetLevels: 70Material: glass/ steel/ concreteStructure: composite steel and concrete floor slabs/ columns braced by steel diagonalsEnergy Concept: structure designed so that less steel had to be used

43

BURJ KHALIFA SOM/ Hyder ConsultingDubai, United Arab Emirates2008

Height: 2,716 feetLevels: 162Material: glass/ steel/ concreteStructure: hexagonal central core with upward spiral-ing massEnergy Concept: low wind impact/ reflective glass/ cooler concrete mixtureOther Info: y-shaped floor plan allows for max light and views 44

CENTURY TOWER Norman Foster & Partners/ Ove Arup & PartnersTokyo, Japan1991Height: 341 feetLevels: 21Material: steel/ glassStructure: diagonal bracing linking every floor/ curtain wallEnergy Concept: seismic engineering (rollers)

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HONG KONG BANK Norman Foster & Partners/ Ove Arup & PartnersHong Kong, China1985Height: 586 feetLevels: 44Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: steel tube columns with cross bracingEnergy Concept: daylighting/ sun shades

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LIGHTHOUSE TOWER Atkins Global/ IBE Consulting EngineersDubai, United Arab Emirates2012Height: 1,319 feetLevels: 64Energy Concept: wind turbines/ solar panels/ re-duced energy 65%/ reduced water 40%

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LINKED HYBRID Steven Holl/ Guy Nordenson & AssociatesBeijing, China2009Height: 223 feetLevels: 21Material: steel/ glass/ concreteEnergy Concept: geothermal walls for heating and coolingOther Info: 8 towers linked by sky bridge

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LIPPO CENTRE Paul RudolphHong Kong China1998Height: 564 feet/ 610 feetLevels: 44/ 48Material: steel/ concrete/ glass

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MENARA MESINGA TOWER Dr. Ken Yeang/ Reka Perunding Sdn BhdSelangor, Malaysia1993Height: 206 feetLevels: 15Material: concrete/ glassStructure: central core/ curtain wallEnergy Concept: solar panels/ sky gardens/ natural ventialtion/ daylit/ shades to reduce solar gain

50

MILLENIUM TOWER Norman Foster & Partners/ Ove Arup & PartnersTokyo, Japan1989Height: 2,775 feetLevels: 170Material: steel/ glassStructure: helical bands around conical massEnergy Concept: wind and solar generators/ aerodynamic shape to reduce wind loads

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NAKHEEL TOWER Woods Baggot/ WSP GroupDubai, United Arab Emirates2008Height: 3,300 feetLevels: >200Material: steel/ glassStructure: 4 central coresEnergy Concept: wind passes through core open-ings reducing wind load/ black water treatment/ storm water harvesting/ solar panels/ wind turbines

52

NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK SOM/ SOMJeddah, Saudi Arabia1983Height: 400 feetLevels: 27Material: travertine facadeOther Info: 3 triangluar courtayrds interrupt solid facade

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NARA TOWER Dr. Ken YeangTokyo, Japan1993Height: 2,887 feetLevels: 210Structure: spiral massEnergy Concept: bioclimatic skyscrapers/ vertical gardens clean air, muffle sound, and cool building

54

ROVER BUILDING Richard Rogers/ Umezawa Design OfficeTokyo, Japan1990Levels: 12Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: steel cables between concrete floorsOther Info: Kabuki Cho Building

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SINOLAND TOWER Paul RudolphHong Kong, China1989Height: >1,000 feetLevels: 90Structure: 4 columns frame building massOther Info: first 150 feet of building are open/ seperated into 8 blocks, consisting of 10 levels/ each block is seperated by a floor housing mechanical systems

56

TREASURY BUILDING Hugh Stubbins & AssociatesSingapore, Republic of Singapore1977Height: 770 feetLevels: 52Floor to Ceiling Height: 9’-3”Material: steel/ concrete/ glassStructure: mat foundation/ curtain wall/ central core and outrigger

57

TURBINE TOWER Richard Rogers Partnership/ Ove Arup & PartnersTokyo, Japan1992Energy Concept: wind turbines/ photovoltaic/ naturally daylit and ventilatedOther Info: wind tunnel tested form

58

WORLD TRADE CENTER Atkins Global/ WS Atkins & PartnersBahrain, Saudi Arabia2008Height: 787 feetLevels: 50Material: steel/ concrete/ glassEnergy Concept: wind turbines between towers/ solar panelsOther Info: skybridges hold turbines/ building shape funnel wind to turbines

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AUSTRALIA

60

AUSTRALIA SQUARE Harry Seidler & Associates/ Pier Luigi NerviSydney, Australia1967Height: 557 feetLevels: 50Material: concreteStructure: tapering columns/ curved screen wallsOther Info: world’s tallest lightweight concrete building

61

GROLLO TOWER Harry Seidler & AssociatesMelbourne, Australia2000Height: 1,837 feetLevels: 113Material: steel/ prestressed concreteStructure: diagonal bracing

62

MLC CENTER Harry Seidler & Associates/ Pier Luigi NerviSydney, Australia1978Height: 748 feetLevels: 60Floor to Floor Height: 11’-4”Material: reinforced concreteStructure: octagonal floor plan/ 8 load bearing columns/ curtain wall/ tube in tube system

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