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High-strength heavy platesWeight savings combined with excellent weldability
voestalpine Grobblech GmbH
www.voestalpine.com/grobblech
We follow the dynamics of the markets and offer solutions to our customers to increase their performance. This is the
mission of voestalpine Grobblech. For innovative solutions we use our technological experience from the energy branch.
Moreover we are “on top” in processing technology – especially in thermomechanical rolling. The result: our high-strength
and wear-resistant steels.
High-strength and wear-resistant steelsvoestalpine Grobblech quantity trend
Business year
Quantity
S355 S460 S550 S690
Weight reduction achieved by high-strength steels
Strength grade
Weig
ht
[%]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
S960
2001 2005 2008 2012
wear-resistant
high-strength
„Energy and mobility change our world. We have the materials.“
2
Our expertise meets customer requirements in demanding branches.
High-strength steels are a strategic niche of voestalpine Grobblech
with strong growth. We promote thermomechanically rolled high-
strength steels and have developed a highly advanced online
accelerated cooling process. This aims in high-strength heavy
plates with excellent weldability, very high toughness and good
surface.
Typical fields of application
Mobile cranes
Concrete pump trucks
Vehicles and trailers
Mining equipments
High-pressure pipes
Offshore platforms
The market
3
4
x 2
Things get bigger – often double size. If you double the size of a construction (double length, width and height), then
weight increases by factor 8 while the cross section is raised by factor 4. Therefore the stress in the component material
is doubled.
High-strength steels
Why high-strength steels?High-strength steels can bear
higher stresses than normal-
strength steels. For a given load
respectively a fixed stress in the
component high-strength steels
lead to smaller cross-sections and
therefore to reduced weight which
results in decreasing costs.
Weight: (2 l x 2 w x 2 h) x � = x 8Cross-section: (2 l x 2 w) = x 4
Stress: weight / cross-section = x 2
Higher strength
Smaller cross section
Reduced weight
Reduced costs
l length
w width
h height
� specific weight
... double size means double stress ...
5
24 %
42 %
Reduced thickness
Reduced weld volume
S355
S460
50 m
m38
mm
Reduced thickness leads to superproportionally reduced weld volume.
Cost benefitsReduced steel weight leads to
Reduced purchasing volume
Reduced costs for transport, assembly and foundations
Reduced costs during further processing, especially in welding
• Less filler material
• Less welding time
• Less expense for checking the welds
What about high strength?
Reduced thickness leads to superproportionally reduced weld volume.
NR normalising rolled
TMCP thermomechanical control process
Q+T quenched and tempered
T tempered
min. Yield strength Delivery voestalpine
(MPa) condition brand
Standard 355 NR, TMCP
Medium strength 420 - 550 TMCP
High strength 700 TMCP
700 Q+T
960 TMCP+T
6
TMCP
Tem
pera
ture
TNr
Ar3
Ar1
Ms
MAE
TM1 TM2 ACC DIC
(+T)
Rolling
Cooling
TM Thermomechanical rolling
ACC Accelerated cooling
DIC Direct intensive cooling
T Tempering
TNr Recrystallisation-stop-temperature
Ar1 End of phase transformation
Ar3 Start of phase transformation
MS Martensite-start-temperature
MAE Microalloying elements
TMCP- (Thermomechanical Control Process) steels
are fine grain steels with
High strength combined with high toughness
Excellent weldability
Best formability
High reliability in welded structures
– High toughness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ)
– High resistance against cold cracks
TMCP-steels from voestalpine Grobblech
are produced with
Very pure steel (low S-, P-, tramp element level)
Low carbon content and low carbon
equivalent (CE)
Microalloying
High-quality processing during melting, casting,
rolling and accelerated cooling
Different rolling and cooling processes
7
Carbon equivalent CE
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
Yie
ld s
treng
th [
MP
a]
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
N
QT
TM
TM+ACC
plate thickness
+ Alloyingelements
+ Microalloyingelements
TM+DIC
Cooling rate
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15 according to IIW
N Normalising rolled
QT Quenched and tempered
TM Thermomechanically rolled
ACC Accelerated cooled
DIC Direct intensive cooled
N + air cooling TM + air cooling TM + ACC TM + DIC
CEIIW=0.41 CEIIW=0.33 CEIIW=0.41 CEIIW=0.43 CEIIW=0.55
S355 alform 420 M alform 500 M alform 500 M alform 700 M alform 960 MCEIIW=0.41
50 μm 50 μm 50 μm 50 μm 50 μm 50 μm
The effect of finer grain:
higher strength
higher toughness
better weldability
and formability
The same yield strength
level is possible on different
CE levels depending on the
delivery condition. Low car-
bon equivalent (CE) is most
important for good weld-
ability.
Heat treatment and forming
No heat treatmentNormalising deteriorates the microstructure of TMCP-steels
and thereby their properties.
Hot forming and stress relief annealingTMCP-steels are generally intended to cold forming. Hot forming
and stress relief annealing is possible up to 580 °C. Mechanical
properties may change due to heat input.
8
Applications of TMCP-steels
voestalpine Grobblech has been among the pioneers in the field of
the development of TMCP-steels. We have invested in the most mo-
dern accelerated cooling line in Europe and operate a highly advan-
ced cooling process. Some 500,000 tons of TMCP-steels we produce
year by year with increasing tendency. TMCP is our daily business.
Thermomechanically rolled steels are widely
used in different applications:
Oil and gas pipelines onshore and in deepwater
Offshore platforms
Bridge building and mining equipments
Buildings and structural steel work
Mobile cranes and vehicles
Plate rolling Plate finishingAccelerated cooling
LD-converter Continuous castingVacuum-degassing
9
Production route of TMCP-steels
Our plates run online through water – no heat treatment
10
TMCP-steels provide best weldability
Low risk of cold cracksDue to the low-alloyed chemical composition and the low carbon equivalent (CE) TMCP-steels are perfectly weldable.
Especially the low carbon content results in excellent resistance against cold cracks after welding.
Carbon equivalent CE
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Carb
on c
onte
nt
[%]
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ZONE IIIHigh under
all conditions
ZONE IIDepends onconditions
ZONE I*Safe under
most conditions
Risk of cold cracks
*High strength welding consumables may require additional care
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15 according to IIW
Fabrication benefits of TMPC-steelsRemarkable reduction or elimination of preheating
– Great savings in fabrication costs
– Improved working environment for operators
Reliable welded joint
– Almost no additional repair welding
evenwithout preheating
High heat input welding
– Major reduction of welding pass
– Far lower welding costs
– Much shorter fabrication time
Easier surface cleaning due to thin, homogeneous scale
11
For information about welding of “voestalpine high-strengthheavy plates” please choose a Brand and follow the link sequence described:
www.boehler-welding.com
> Industry Focus> voestalpine high-strength heavy plates
www.t-put.com
> Products> Product Search> voestalpine high-strength heavy plates
T-PUT –welding solutions at its best…
Böhler Welding – Welding consumables for high demanding industries
We are the World of Welding Solutions.www.boehlerweldinggroup.com
Brands
We offer special high-strength heavy plates as voestalpine brands according to our technical terms of delivery.
TMCP
Thermomechanically rolled fine-grain steels
Steel grades: alform 700 Malform 960 M
Online production by thermomechanical
rolling and accelerated cooling directly after
hot rolling – no bottle-neck.
Quenched & tempered
Offline production by conventional quenching
and tempering: annealing with subsequent
water-quenching and following tempering. The
double heat treatment may lead to a bottle-neck.
Quenched and tempered fine-grain steels
Steel grades: aldur 700 Qaldur 700 QLaldur 700 QL1
12
13
BenefitsHigh-strength alform®-steels are thermomechanically rolled and
accelerated cooled.
These special grades of voestalpine provide:
Excellent cold formability
– Smaller edging radius compared to standard steels of same
strength
Best weldability
– Due to low carbon content and carbon equivalent
– Reduced preheating or even no preheating necessary
Clean surface due to thin, homogeneous secondary scale
Wide range of steel grades and dimensions
– Steel grades: alform 700 M up to alform 1100 M
– Thickness: 2.5 - 60 mm
– Width: 900 - 2,500 mm
Productsvoestalpine produces and delivers hot-rolled high-strength
alform®-steels in form of:
Hot-rolled wide strips
Sheets of hot-rolled wide strips
Heavy plates
The different production routes result in specific advantages of the
different products. The exact properties and guaranteed values of
these products you will find in the technical terms of delivery at
www.voestalpine.com/stahl and www.voestalpine.com/grobblech.
Hot strip mill Heavy plate mill
14
alform 700 M and alform 960 M – heavy plates
Thermomechanically rolled high-strength fine-grain steels with a
minimum yield strength of 700 MPa and 960 MPa.
voestalpine special grades alform 700 M and
alform 960 M are mainly used in branches with a
high extension of manufacturing, when weight
savings are the main goals to reach. This is typi-
cal in the field of mobile cranes, concrete pump
trucks and vehicles.
15
Production process
Dimensions
You will find more information in our technical terms of delivery. Subject to change pursuant to further development.
The current version is available at www.voestalpine.com/grobblech
alform®-steels are produced by thermomechanical rolling with accelerated cooling directly after the rolling process.
Conventional quenching and tempering in heating furnace and quenching device is no longer necessary. This type of
steel provides a fine-grained, homogeneous structure with high tensile strength and excellent toughness.
Benefitsalform®-steels show benefits in comparison with
conventional quenched and tempered steels as
following:
Best weldability because of low C-equivalent,
low C-content, easy edge preparation, reduced
or abolished preheating, high resistance against
cold cracks because of high toughness in the
heat-affected zone (HAZ).
Best bending properties because of the very
fine grained structure, smallest bending radius
and insensibility against cracks during bending.
Best surface because of a homogeneous, thin
secondary scale which is easily to remove. No
scale scarred from hardening process.
Steel grade Min. Max.
Thickness alform 700 M 8 mm 60 mm
alform 960 M 10 mm 15 mm
Width 2,500 mm
Length 12,750 mm
Weight per order item 20 mt
Weight per plate 11.7 mt
Comparison of values for carbon content and carbon equivalent
Thickness C CEV1) CET2)
Steel grades Values mm % % %
alform 700 M typical 15 0.04 0.43 0.26
alform 700 M typical 40 0.06 0.47 0.26
S690QL max. � 50 0.20 0.65 0.59
alform 960 M typical 10 - 15 0.08 0.56 0.31
S960QL max. � 50 0.20 0.82
1) CEV = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15 according to IIW
2) CET = C + (Mn+Mo)/10 + (Cr+Cu)/20 + Ni/40 according to SEW 088
16
Chemical composition
Carbon equivalent
The lean chemical composition is designed for best weldability. Therefore we provide very low carbon- and carbon
equivalent values.
Heat analysis
Guaranteed values mass %
C Si Mn P S Alges. Cr Mo Ni V Nb Ti B
Steel grades max. max. max. max. max. min. max. max. max. max. max. max. max.
alform 700 M 0.12 0.60 2.10 0.020 0.008 0.020 1.50 0.50 2.00 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.0050
alform 960 M 0.12 0.60 1.70 0.020 0.008 0.020 1.50 0.70 2.00 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.0050
17
Mechanical properties
1) Tensile test in accordance with EN 10002 on transverse samples.
2) Notch impact bending test in accordance with EN 10045 on Charpy-V longitudinal samples at –40 °C.
The mean value from 3 individual sampels must fullfil the specified requirements. No individual value below 70% of the guaranteed
mean value. For thicknesses < 10 mm, samples similar to Charpy-V with dimensions of 10 x 7.5 mm are tested. The guaranteed value
is reduced in proportion to the sample cross-section.
Yield Tensile Fracture Notch
Plate strength strength1) elongation1) impact
thickness YS min. TS Ratio A5 min. energy2) min.
Steel grades Values mm MPa MPa YS/TS % J
8 � 15 700 770 - 1,050 10 40
alform 700 Mguaranteed > 15 � 50 680 770 - 1,050 12 40
> 50 � 60 650 770 - 1,050 12 40
typical 15 800 950 0.84 12 250
S690QL acc. to EN 10025-6 690 770 - 940 14 3
alform 960 Mguaranteed 10 � 15 960 980 - 1,150 10 30
typical 12 1,020 1,050 0.97 12 80
S960QL acc. to EN 10025-6 960 980 - 1,150 10 30
As-delivered conditionPlates of alform 700 M are delivered in a thermomechanically rolled condition with accelerated cooling.
Plates of alform 960 M are delivered in a thermomechanically rolled condition with accelerated cooling and tempering.
18
Safety at overloadalform 700 M provide a low ratio of yield strength to tensile strength. This aims in additional safety in case of overload.
Excellent toughnessalform 700 M provide excellent toughness down to very low temperatures. Skillfully welded this aims also in high
toughness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) for a reliable welded joint.
Item 1
With beginning overload alform 700 M strengthens
more, but with less elongation than S690QL.
Item 2
Increasing overload reaches the tensile strength for
S690QL while alform 700 M is still strengthening.
Item 3
While alform 700 M is still strengthening, the tensile
strength of S690QL is already passed.
600
S690QL
alform 700 M
1.000
800
sa
fety
Elongation
Stress strain curves (detail)
Str
ess [
MP
a]
Testing temperature [°C]
No
tch
im
pa
ct
en
erg
y [
J]
20-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Typical toughness-temperature curves
alform 700 M
S690QL
19
Optimal Welding
Reduced preheating
The very low carbon- and carbon equivalent values reduce the preheating temperature significantly or even make pre-
heating not necessary. This saves fabrication costs and improves the working environment of the operator.
Lower hardeningDue to the lean chemical composition the hardening in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) during welding ist remarkable
lower compared with conventional quenched and tempered steels. This results in lower risk of cold cracks and a reliable
welded joint.
90
Plate thickness [mm]
Min
imu
m p
reh
ea
tin
g t
em
pe
ratu
re [°C
]
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Preheating
0 5040302010
S690QL
alform 700 M
100807060
Arc energy [kJ/mm]
Max.
hard
ne
ss in
HA
Z [
HV
10]
475
450
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
Hardening in heat-affected zone [HAZ]
0.7 1.41.31.21.00.90.8 1.1
alform 700 M
S690QL
CEV CET
% %
alform 700 M 0.46 0.26
S690QL 0.59 0.37
Calculation according to SEW 088:
welding: MAW
arc energy: 1.0 kJ/mm
H-content: 3 ml/100g welding material
C Mn CEV CET
% % % %
S690QL-1 0.154 0.88 0.47 0.30
S690QL-2 0.172 1.23 0.59 0.37
alform 700 M 0.05 1.95 0.44 0.27
MAW – welding, 12 mm thickness
20
Tests for alform 700 M: plate thickness of 10 mm, bending direction parallel to rolling direction
Q+T steel plates: Quenching & tempering leads
to thick scale from the furnace. During levelling
there is a risk of getting marks of impressed
scale.
alform®-plates: TMCP provides thin homogene-
ous scale from hot rolling. The risk of scale im-
pressions is reduced.
Best bending propertiesThe fine-grained structure of alform®-steels provides very good cold formability. We recommend a minimum die-radius of:
3 x plate thickness for alform 700 M (EN 10025-6: 4 x)
4 x plate thickness for alform 960 M (EN 10025-6: 5 x)
Less scale on surfaceDue to the TMCP online-production with accelerated cooling alform®-plates provide a thin homogeneous scale. This
results in less scale during processing in the costumer’s workshop.
measured inner radius / thickness0.7
(cra
ck le
ng
th /
bend
ing
le
ng
th)
x
100
[%
]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Bending performance
10 mm 10 mm
22
aldur 700 Q, QL, QL1
Quenched and tempered high-strength fine-grain
steels with a minimum yield strength of 700 MPa.
Quenched and tempered high-strength aldur®-steels are used in
advanced welded constructions. Weight reduction and reliabilty in
operation at low temperatures are very important goals.
aldur®-steels are mainly used for mobile cranes and vehicles, mi-
ning and high-pressure pipes as well as for offshore applications.
23
Production processaldur®-steels are melted according to the LD process (oxygen
top blowing process). The combination of high strength and
BenefitsHigher tensile strength in comparison with common structural
steels result in weight reduction. In the field of mobile cranes
and vehicles higher payloads are possible. Cost efficient con-
structions give additional benefit.
Toughness
Excellent weldability as a result of low carbon
equivalents: high resistance against cold cracks
in the heat affected-zone (HAZ), lower prehea-
ting temperatures in processing and high relia-
bility of components due to high toughness in
the welded seam.
You will find more information in our technical terms of delivery. Subject to change pursuant to further development.
The current version is available at www.voestalpine.com/grobblech
good toughness is achieved by water quenching
and tempering.
We offer 3 different grades of toughness
Design temperature
aldur 700 Q –20 °C
aldur 700 QL –40 °C
aldur 700 QL1 –60 °C
Dimensions
Min. Max.
Thickness 12 mm 100 mm
Width 3,000 mm
Length 12,750 mm
Weight per order item 20 mt
Weight per plate 11.7 mt
24
Steel grades
Carbon equivalentDepending on the analysis employed, the following carbon equivalents result for varying plate thicknesses.
As-delivered conditionPlates of aldur 700 Q, QL and QL1 are delivered in water-quenched and tempered condition.
Direct hardening after hot rolling is permitted.
Chemical composition
Carbon equivalent
%
plate thickness in mm
Steel grades < 30 > 30 < 50 > 50 < 70 > 70 < 100
aldur 700 Q, QL, QL1 CEV1) max. acc. EN 10025-6 0.65 0.65 0.77 0.77
CEV1) standard value 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.54
CET2) standard value 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.35
1) CEV = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo +V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15, carbon equivalent according to IIW
2) CET = C + (Mn + Mo)/10 + (Cr + Cu)/20 + Ni/40, carbon equivalent according to SEW 088
Designation according
Steel grades to EN 10025-6 Material number
aldur 700 Q S690Q 1.8931
aldur 700 QL S690QL 1.8928
aldur 700 QL1 S690QL1 1.8988
Heat analysis
Guaranteed values
Steel grades mass %
C Si Mn P S Altot. N Cr Ni Mo Cu V Nb Ti B Zr
max. max. max. max. max. min. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max.
aldur 700 Q, QL, QL1 0.20 0.80 1.70 0.020 0.010 0.018 0.015 1.50 2.00 0.70 0.50 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.0050 0.15
25
Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties at ambient temperature
Yield strength YS Tensile stength TS Fracture elongation
MPa, min. MPa A5
Material plate thickness in mm plate thickness in mm min.
Steel grades number < 50 > 50 < 100 < 50 > 50 < 100 %
aldur 700 Q 1.8931
aldur 700 QL 1.8928 700 650 770 - 940 760 - 930 14
aldur 700 QL1 1.8988
BendingWe recommend a minimum die-radius of 4 x plate thickness.
Notch impact energy
Notch impact enery AV
Sample J, min.
Steel grades direction testing temperature in °C
–60 –40 –20 +0
aldur 700 Q longitudinal – – 27 30
aldur 700 QL longitudinal – 27 30 35
aldur 700 QL1 longitudinal 27 30 35 40
From left to right:
Günther Reiter
Quality
guenther.reiter@voestalpine.com
Rupert Egger
R&D
rupert.egger@voestalpine.com
Franz Thurn
Sales
franz.thurn@voestalpine.com
Wolfgang Reisinger
Logistics
wolfgang.r.reisinger@voestalpine.com
Gerhard Nöbauer
Production
gerhard.noebauer@voestalpine.com
Christian Fischer
Marketing
christian.fischer@voestalpine.com
27
International sales organisation
Being close to the customer is about more than just physical presence – it’s about really being there when the he or she
needs you. voestalpine Eurostahl GmbH supports its customers in their efforts to meet ever harder challenges as and
when they need it. As a reliable partner, voestalpine Eurostahl opens the door for customers to the full range of voestal-
pine products and services.
As the company’s international sales organisation, voestalpine Eurostahl is the direct link between customers and the
producing companies. Sales and distribution subsidiaries and representatives in twenty countries speak the voestalpine
language and guarantee hassle-free, one-stop customer access to competent support and solutions.
All foreign offices and contact partners will be found at www.voestalpine.com/eurostahl
Your partners for a successful business
A product management team takes special care of high-strength steels and customers.
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