History of Unix and the Internet - The father and mother ... · BSD (open) versus System V...

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History of Unix and the InternetThe father and mother of Open Technology

Karst Koymans

Informatics InstituteUniversity of Amsterdam

(version 15.3, 2015/09/07 12:08:47)

Tuesday, September 1, 2015

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 1 / 51

...1 Early years

...2 Ideas mature

...3 Speeding and growing

...4 Conquering the world

...5 The modern era

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 2 / 51

Early years

Outline

...1 Early years

...2 Ideas mature

...3 Speeding and growing

...4 Conquering the world

...5 The modern era

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 3 / 51

Early years

Question for the audience

Why did Internet start?

When did Internet start?

And when did Unix originate?

What is the difference between Unix and UNIX?

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 4 / 51

Early years

Why did Internet start

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 5 / 51

Early years

1958

.Creation of (D)ARPA and ARPANET..

......

The launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 led to the creation of

the “Advanced Research Projects Agency” (ARPA) in 1958,

later renamed into “Defense ARPA” (DARPA).

Plans for an ARPANET were started in 1966

as the first wide-area packet switching network.

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 6 / 51

Early years

1963-1966: theoretical buildup

Leonard Kleinrock studies message switching

in his PhD thesis in 1963

Packet SwitchingPaul Baran (UCLA/RAND)

RAND (Research ANd Development) CorporationOn Distributed Communications (1964)Message blocks

Donald Davies

National Physics Laboratory, EnglandIntroduced the term “packet” (1965-1966)

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 7 / 51

Early years

1967 “Internet” (1)

IPTOInformation Processing Techniques OfficeAgency of (D)ARPA

Larry Roberts (MIT/ARPA)Fourth director of IPTOFather of the ARPANET

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 8 / 51

Early years

1967 “Internet” (2)

IMPInterface Message ProcessorWesley Clark (MIT)

IPTO investigator who suggested the use ofmini-computers for network packet switches

Leonard Kleinrock (UCLA)

Scientist who connected the first IMPas an ARPANET node in 1969

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 9 / 51

Early years

1967 “Internet” (3)

Source: http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.html

See also https://youtu.be/vuiBTJZfeo8

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 10 / 51

Early years

1969 “Internet” (1)

ARPANETBased on IMPs and NCP (Network Control Program)

BBN (Bolt, Beranek and Newman)Company that got the development contract (January 1969)

UCLASteve CrockerFather of the RFCsRFC #1 on “Host Software”

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 11 / 51

Early years

1969 Unix

Bell LaboratoriesKen Thompson (B) and Dennis Ritchie (C)

Unics (PDP-7), influenced byCTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System)Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)Interactive Timesharing

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 12 / 51

Early years

1969 “Internet” (2)

First TELNET connectionUCLA (Kleinrock) ←→ SRI (Engelbart)

University of California, Los AngelesStanford Research Institute, near San Francisco

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 13 / 51

Early years

1969 “Internet” (3)

Four node ARPANETUCLA (Sigma 7)SRI (SDS 940)UCSB (IBM 360/75)University of Utah(PDP-10)

Source: “Casting the Net”, Peter Salus

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 14 / 51

Early years

Question for the audience

What were the first available protocols?

What were the first applications?

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 15 / 51

Early years

1971 “Internet”

Available protocolsFTP, TELNET

First ARPANET emailTomlinson, inventor of the use of @ (“At”-sign) in emailFTP email subcommands

MAIL, MLFL (Mail File), . . .

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 16 / 51

Early years

1971 Unix

Unix V1 (version 1)chmod, chown, chdir, cmp, date, cp, db, df, duld, ln, mail, mv, od, pr, roff, . . .No pipesRuns on PDP-7 and PDP-91

1From version 2 on it ran on the well-known PDP-11Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 17 / 51

Early years

Ritchie and Thompson running Unix on a PDP-11

Source: http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Software/Unix.html

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 18 / 51

Early years

1973 Unix

Unix V4 (version 4)Completely written in C

High level of portability

Pipes

Simple modular programmingFiltersIntroduced in version 3

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 19 / 51

Ideas mature

Outline

...1 Early years

...2 Ideas mature

...3 Speeding and growing

...4 Conquering the world

...5 The modern era

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 20 / 51

Ideas mature

1974 Internet

TCP/IP specifiedVinton Cerf (Stanford)Bob Kahn (DARPA)replaces NCP

First use of the term “Internet”RFC #675specification of Internet Transmission Control Program

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 21 / 51

Ideas mature

Question for the audience

Source: http://www.blogoftheworld.com/technology/who-is-behind-the-success-of-apple-man-behind-the-scenes/

What important fact happened in 1975?Except for the prototype of the Apple I by Steve Wozniak :-?

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 22 / 51

Ideas mature

1975 “Internet”

Unix on The NetBetter than VMS (Bill Joy of UCB)

The Net on UnixSteve Holmgren (University of Illinois)RFC #681 (Network UNIX)

The Net == ARPANET

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 23 / 51

Ideas mature

1976 “Internet”

ARPANET mailing listslist@hostname

SFL@SRI-CSL (SF-Lovers)

Uses SNDMSG as MTAUses READMAIL as MUA

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 24 / 51

Ideas mature

1977 “Internet”

The great controversyTCP/IP versus ISO2-OSI3

Theory versus4 Practice

Seven layer network model (OSI model)Specification before implementation

Five layer network model (TCP/IP)Implementation before specification

2International Organization for Standardization3Open Systems Interconnection4Notice the chiasmus

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 25 / 51

Ideas mature

1979 Unix (1)

Unix V7 (version 7)UUCP

Mike Lesk (Bell Labs)Message passing/switching system

Usenet/Netnews

Steven Bellovin (Columbia University)“A” News (Duke University)fa.* newsgroups (“From ARPANET”)

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 26 / 51

Ideas mature

1979 Unix (2)

Unix ported to the VAXAffordable computer from DECAvailable to many universities

3BSDBerkeley Software Distribution 3.0Based on UNIX/32VImplements virtual memory5

5Still recognizable from the kernel name /vmunixKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 27 / 51

Ideas mature

1981 Unix

“A” News −→ “B” NewsMark Horton (University of California, Berkeley)Rick Adams (maintainer, later founded UUNET)Moderated newsgroupsCoping with volume and complexityFourth “killer app”

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 28 / 51

Ideas mature

1982 “Internet”

SMTP introducedRFC 821sendmail (MTA by Eric Allman)complex e-mail routing

@ (ARPANET, both old (NCP) and new (TCP))! (UUCP): (Berknet)

based on rewrite sets

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 29 / 51

Speeding and growing

Outline

...1 Early years

...2 Ideas mature

...3 Speeding and growing

...4 Conquering the world

...5 The modern era

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 30 / 51

Speeding and growing

1983 Internet

The Great SwitchJanuary 1, 1983NCP −→ TCP/IP

Address space grows with factor 224 from 28 to 232,which is a factor 16777216 from 256 to 4294967296

Almost ten years after the Cerf/Kahn paperWe will never do this again (Jon Postel/UCLA/IANA)

What about IPv4 −→ IPv6?

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 31 / 51

Speeding and growing

1983 Unix (1)

4.2BSDIncludes TCP/IPMore hardware supportPortabler-progs (−→ s-progs nowadays)

HoneyDanBer (HDB) UUCPImproved security and performanceWritten by Peter Honeyman, David A. Nowitz and Brian E. Redman

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 32 / 51

Speeding and growing

1983 Unix (2)

System VAT&T’s commercial UnixProduced by Bell Labs’ USL (Unix System Laboratories)Leads to SVR4 (System V Release 4) in 1988Basis for IBM’s AIX, HP’s HP-UX and Sun’s SolarisSTREAMS, TLI/XTI (“System V sockets”), terminfo, . . .

Unix warsBSD (open) versus System V (proprietary)Took until 1989 until BSD releases were completely AT&T-license free

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 33 / 51

Speeding and growing

Question for the audience

What important thing happened in 1984?Except for the introduction of the Apple Macintosh :-?

https://youtu.be/2zfqw8nhUwA

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 34 / 51

Speeding and growing

1984 Internet (1)

DNS specified (RFC 882 is from November 1983)Paul Mockapetris (ISI/USC)

Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California

RFC 1034, 1035 (November 1987)Replaces hosts.txtcmu-cs-c −→ cmu-cs-c.arpa −→ c.cs.cmu.edu

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 35 / 51

Speeding and growing

1984 Internet (2)

.USSR on Usenet..

......

From chernenko@kremvax.UUCP Sun Apr 1 15:02:52 1984Relay-Version: version B 2.10.1 6/24/83 (MC840302); site mcvax.UUCPPosting-Version: version B 2.10.1 4/1/84 (SU840401); site kremvax.UUCPPath: mcvax!moskvax!kremvax!chernenkoFrom: chernenko@kremvax.UUCPNewsgroups: net.general,eunet.general,net.politics,eunet.politicsSubject: USSR on UsenetMessage-ID: <0001@kremvax.UUCP>Date: Sun, 1-Apr-84 15:02:52 GMTArticle-I.D.: kremvax.0001Posted: Sun Apr 1 15:02:52 1984Date-Received: Mon, 1-Apr-84 12:26:02 GMTOrganization: MIIA, MoscowLines: 41

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 36 / 51

Speeding and growing

1986 Internet (1)

MX records introduced into DNS

Some proposals did not make itMB (MailBox: forwarding)MG (MailGroup: mailing list)MR (Mail Rename: aliasing)MINFO (Mailing list info)

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 37 / 51

Speeding and growing

1986 Internet (2)

NNTP specifiedRFC 977

Brian Kantor (UC, San Diego)Phil Lapsley (UC, Berkeley)

Uses port 119Promoted Netnews to a real Internet application

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 38 / 51

Speeding and growing

1986 Unix

Source: http://www.unixica.com/images/43beastie.jpeg

4.3BSDIncludes DNS implementationEasily availableWidely deployed

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 39 / 51

Speeding and growing

1987 Unix

“B” News −→ “C” NewsGeoff Collyer (University of Toronto)Henry Spencer (University of Toronto)Better performanceCould use NNTP via nntpdSuperseded by INN (Rich Salz, 1991, Open Software Foundation)

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 40 / 51

Conquering the world

Outline

...1 Early years

...2 Ideas mature

...3 Speeding and growing

...4 Conquering the world

...5 The modern era

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 41 / 51

Conquering the world

1988 Internet

NSFNET upgraded to T1 (1.5 Mbps) in the United StatesStarted in 1985, NSFNET leads to shutdown of ARPANET in 1989

Start of SURFnet in the Netherlands

NREN-operated networks in many countries

IRC inventedJarkko OikarinenInspired by Bitnet Relay

BITNET: Dialup, “store and forward” networkBITNET: Because It’s Time/There Network

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 42 / 51

Conquering the world

1988 Unix

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Tahoe_NV.jpg

4.3-TahoeOpen SourceBSD style licenseLeads to Networking Release 1 (Net/1) in 1989

First release completely free of AT&T licenseKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 43 / 51

Conquering the world

1990 Internet and Unix

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png

NSFNET T3 (45 Mbps)4.3-Reno

More hardware supportKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 44 / 51

Conquering the world

1990-1992 Internet and Unix

1991GopherISOC startedNET/2 released (Berkeley)Still UUCP improvements (Taylor UUCP)

1990-1992WWW invented and introduced

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 45 / 51

Conquering the world

1993-1994 Internet and Unix

19934.4BSDMosaic launched

19944.4BSD Lite 1386BSD Release 1.0

Origin of FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD

Linux 1.0

Origin of Red Hat, (open)SUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, . . .

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 46 / 51

Conquering the world

1995 Internet

(Graphical) Web browsing takes off

“Death of the net”CommercializationLack of securityLack of privacyLegacy obstructs innovation

IPv4 −→ IPv6?

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 47 / 51

The modern era

Outline

...1 Early years

...2 Ideas mature

...3 Speeding and growing

...4 Conquering the world

...5 The modern era

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 48 / 51

The modern era

1995-2014 Internet and Unix

The “modern” eraInternet everywhereOpen source movementImmense security problemsImmense privacy issuesInternet multinationals

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 49 / 51

The modern era

1999 Internet

XMPPExtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

JabberGoogle TalkFacebook IM

Blogging

NapsterFile sharingP2P technology

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 50 / 51

The modern era

2003-2015 :-)

SNE education (2003)First academic education on System and Network Engineering

Social NetworkingFacebook (2004) and Twitter (2006)

VirtualizationGrid (2004) and Cloud (2007)

Internet of Things (2008), Big Data and Data ScienceThirteenth year of SNE starts (2015)

New bright students enroll that will change the world :-)Good mix of Dutch and international students

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 1, 2015 51 / 51