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HITLER’S LIGHTNING WAR
Chapter 16 section 1-4
GERMANY SPARKS A NEW WAR IN EUROPE Germany sparks a new war in Europe
Stalin signed 10 year agreement: Non-Aggression pact- with Germany- saying they would not fight
Secret part: Germany and Soviet Union agreed to divide Poland, USSR could have Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia
Germany’s lightning attack Blitzkrieg- lightning war Germans used artillery and bombing to attack Warsaw,
capital of Poland France and GB declare war Germany Western half of Poland will fall to Hitler
Soviets make their move Stalin sent Soviet troops to occupy the Eastern half of Poland Finland will resist Finns will accept Hitler’s surrender terms
THE FALL OF FRANCE Hitler send tanks through France, Belgium, Luxembourg
Moved across France Rescue at Dunkirk
Germans had trapped the Allied forces around the Northern French city of Lille
Allies retreated to the beaches of Dunkirk, French Port G.B. set out to rescue the Army Ships crossed the English Channel and carry 338,000 soldiers
to safety
FRANCE FALLS Resistance in France crumbles after Dunkirk
Germans take Paris French leaders surrender Charles de Gaulle- French general, set up exile gov’t in
London Commits all energy to taking back France Will battle Nazi’s until France was liberated in 1944
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN G.B. stood alone against the Nazis
Winston Churchill- new G.B. prime minister Hitler will try to invade G.B. Hitler 1st wanted to destroy RAF- Royal Air Force then land
troops Luftwaffe- German air force began bombing British will not waver
Technological advances help Britain Radar- could tell #, speed, and direction of Luftwaffe Enigma machine- decoded German messages Germans will give up on daylight raids Stunned by British resistance, Hitler called off attacks
Key to this battle: Hitler could be defeated
THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE EASTERN FRONT Hitler will have a shift in strategy
Turned attention to Med., Balkans, and the Soviet Union Axis forces attack N. Africa
Axis powers- Germany, Italy, Japan Mussolini orders attack on Egypt Suez Canal was key to oil in Middle East
Britain Strikes Back Hitler sends in Afrika Korps- German tank force led by Erwin
Rommel- later called the Desert Fox for his success
THE U.S. AIDS ALLIES Congress will pass Neutrality Acts
Illegal to sell arms or lend $ to nations at war Roosevelt creates Lend-Lease Act
Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly and issued a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter-Upheld free trade, right to choose own governmentU.S. was in undeclared naval war with HitlerU.S. will enter war because of Japan
JAPAN’S PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
Japan is trying to take over much of Asia Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
U.S. aware of Japan’s plans for S.E. Asia They wanted American controlled Philippine Islands & Guam So U.S. will send aid to strengthen Chinese against Japan U.S. will cut off oil supplies to Japan Japan will not stop Isoroku Yamamoto- Japanese Admiral who will call for attack
on Pearl Harbor
DAY OF INFAMY December 7, 1941- attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor 19 ships: 8 Battleships, 2300 killed, 1100 wounded “A date which will live in infamy”- Roosevelt War is declared on Japan and its allies Japanese move on to British colony of Hong Kong and
American controlled Guam and Wake Island
JAPANESE VICTORIES Guam and Wake Island fall to Japan
Turn their attention to Philippines Brutal treatment was used against prisoners
The Allies Strike Back U.S. wanted revenge for Pearl Harbor
Battle of Midway West of Hawaii, American airfield Japanese vs. Americans from Pearl Harbor Yamamoto will order crippled fleet to withdraw Will be the turning tide for the war in Pacific Island hopping
THE HOLOCAUST Nazi’s propose new racial order
Aryans- master race of Germanic peoples All non-Aryans were inferior: especially Jewish Holocaust- mass slaughter of Jews and other groups
Holocaust begins Jews became targets of German failures Nuremberg Laws- took away rights of Jews
Citizenship, marriages
“NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS” German diplomat shot in Paris
By Grynszpan: for revenge of father being deported to Poland Germans launch attack on Jews This night will be known as kristallnacht Kristallnacht became a major policy of Jewish persecution
Flood of Refugees Jews will flee Germany Hitler called it a “Jewish problem” Other countries will turn down the influx of Jewish immigrants
Isolating the Jews Hitler will move Jews into Ghettos- segregated Jewish areas Ghettos were then sealed off Some Jews will form resistance groups in ghettos Jews will struggle to keep traditions
THE “FINAL SOLUTION” Hitler grows impatient
Plan- “final solution” becomes plan for genocide- mass killing of entire people
Plan for conquest depended on purity of Aryan race Killings begin
Hitler’s SS will hunt down Jews Shot prisoners in pits Jews not reached by killing squads went to concentration
camps Final Stage
Extermination camps built with gas chambers Auschwitz- largest of the camps
The Survivors 6 million will die Less then 4 million will survive
THE BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD
Russia joins the Allies after Hitler invades Russia Hitler sends army in to capture Stalingrad
Luftwaffe will night bomb the city Russians trap German’s within the city and cut off supplies In February, German troops will surrender to Soviets German’s were on the defensive and being pushed back
Invasion of Italy Roosevelt and Churchill choose to invade Italy Allied forces take S. Italy Germans seize N. Italy Fighting continues until Germany falls Mussolini found hiding in the back of a truck
THE ALLIED HOME FRONTS Americans produce weapons and equipment for war Mobilizing for war
Prepared for total war Shortage of consumer goods Propaganda used for citizens to help
War limits civil rights Prejudice will arise from war propaganda used against Japanese Internment camps set up This would prevent future invasions from “spies”
Victory in Europe
The D-Day Invasion• Allies plan invasion of France; use deception to
confuse Germans• D-Day—June 6, 1944; day of “Operation
Overlord” invasion of France• Allied forces capture Normandy beaches; liberate
Paris by September
OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44
Landing at Normandy
Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France
Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day
The Battle of the Bulge• U.S., British forces advance on Germany from west,
Soviets from east• Battle of the Bulge—German counterattack in
December 1944• Germans gain early success but forced to retreat
Germany’s Unconditional Surrender• By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from two sides• Soviets surround Berlin in April 1945 • Hitler commits suicide• On May 9, 1945, Germany officially surrenders, marking V-E Day• President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry Truman becomes president
Victory in the Pacific
The Japanese in Retreat• Allies move to retake the Philippines in late 1944• Battle of Leyte Gulf leaves Japanese navy badly damaged• Kamikazes—Japanese pilots who fly suicide missions• In March 1945, American forces capture Iwo Jima• U.S. takes Okinawa in June 1945; Japan suffers huge casualties
The Japanese Surrender• Advisors warn Truman that invasion of Japan will cost many lives• He has alternative; powerful new weapon called atomic bomb• Manhattan Project—secret program to develop the bomb• Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, August 6, 1945; about 75,000 die• Nagasaki bombed on August 9; 70,000 die immediately • Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945
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