View
216
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Honey Bees: A New Species for Veterinarians?
American College of Veterinary Prevention Medicine (ACVPM) &
Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA)Webinar
Thursday, March 23, 2017
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
Division of Emergency Operations
1
Objectives
At the conclusion of this session, the participant
will be able to:
Describe why beekeepers are now calling veterinarians.
Explain the veterinary client patient relationship as it applies to veterinarians, beekeepers, and honey bees.
Describe common bacterial infections of honey bees and use of antibiotics in honey bees.
List some of the opportunities for veterinarians in honey bee veterinary medicine.
2
Continuing Education Disclaimer
CDC, our planners, and their spouses or partners wish to disclose they have no financial interests or other relationships with the manufacturers of commercials products, suppliers of commercial services, or commercial services, with the exception of Dr. Cripps. He would like to disclose that he will mention the availability, use, and status of Fumagilin which is an antibiotic used to control Nosema. Fumagilin is allowed into the US from Canada under FDA enforcement discretion.
Planners have reviewed content to ensure there is no bias.
3
To Ask a Question
Using the Webinar System
Select the “Questions” tab on the webinar screen
Type your question
OR
Click on the “raise your hand” icon on the webinar screen
Ask your question
Today’s Presenters
Christopher J Cripps, DVMBetterBee
5
Honey Bees and Veterinarians
Christopher J Cripps, DVM
Betterbee
The Northeast Center for Beekeeping, LLC
Greenwich, NY
chris@betterbee.com
Chris Cripps
• Started beekeeping with the Boy Scout Beekeeping Merit Badge in mid 80’s in New Hampshire
• Cornell – classes in Bee Biology with labs
• Ohio – DVM OSU• Inspector for 2 counties (Columbus area)
• Moved 6 hives to a horse farm in Ohio from NH
Chris Cripps
• New York – Greenwich• Arrived in 1995 with 6 hives, all my stuff, and $10 in the
back of a U-haul
• Kept up to 12 hives, sold honey, moved bees for pollination
• Worked as dairy veterinarian at Battenkill Veterinary Bovine
• September 2012 – bought Betterbee (bee supply business) and left veterinary practice??? Now partners with veterinarians Joe Cali and Jack Rath
Honey Bee Veterinary Practices
• With 3 veterinarians, I thought we had the largest group of veterinarians in honey bees
• Visited Wilbanks Apiary in Claxton, Georgia
• 7 veterinarians worked there one year-Argentinians
Honey Bees
• Veterinary curricula in many countries include honey bees
• USA and Canadian schools do not include bees• Don’t worry, you did not miss it, it is not offered
• New antibiotic labeling and registration requires a veterinarian to write an order for any antibiotic to be fed to animals
• Honey Bees are Food Producing Animals that have been fed antibiotics
• Only insect listed as food producing animal
FDA
• Food Safety Modernization Act• Start to work proactively to eliminate problems
• National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
• Eliminate use of medically-important antibiotics for growth promotion in food-producing animals and bring other agricultural uses of antibiotics for treatment, control and prevention of disease under veterinary oversight.
• Redo approvals of Over the Counter antibiotics as prescription or veterinary feed directive and remove growth promotion claims
• January 1, 2017 took effect and changes done.
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work previously?
• Antibiotics with labels for Honey Bees:
• Oxytetracycline• Tylosin• Lincomycin
• Indications: for the control of American or European Foulbrood
• Self-reporting survey 2015 of ~5000 beekeepers about 1/14 reported antibiotic use
• They averaged ~900 hives• Small beekeepers less apt to use
antibiotics
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work before?
• Commercial beekeepers feed antibiotics to prevent disease
• mostly oxytetracycline mixed in sugar that has been over the counter
• Little understanding of bacteriology• Oxytet to start• Tylosin used if oxytet doesn’t work• Lincomycin seldom used
• Gather hives in highly populated areas for pollination – California almonds, Maine blueberries
• “Cesspools of disease” that cannot be avoided because the pay is so good and may mean the difference between having a profit or loss for the year
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work before?
• Prior to transportation, must obtain a certificate of inspection
• Issued by state apiarist
• Bee inspectors visit apiaries, remove brood from a percent of hives (~10%). Submit samples to USDA if any concerns or issue health certificate if no concerns
• Veterinary epidemiologist might help – what percentage of frames should be inspected to find disease assuming 1% prevalence?
Honey Bees and AntibioticsHow did it work before?
• Positive American Foulbrood (AFB) may invoke state-mandated burning of affected hives
• Long lasting spores are contagious to other hives within 3 mile radius
• Burning beehives worth $500 each makes beekeepers wary of outside inspection
Beekeepers Like Other Food Producers
• Frugal
• Expect value for money spent
• Veterinarians sell what?• Knowledge and disease control techniques
• Signature on antibiotic orders that beekeeper did not previously need to have
• If you come to the table to offer services, make sure you offer value
• Get Educated!
Important Points in Bee Biology
• Complete Metamorphosis
• Eggs, Larvae, Pupae, Adult• 1 to 2,000 eggs per day
• Worker egg to adult • 21 days
• Queen egg to adult• 16.5 days
• Drone egg to adult• 24 days• Important for Varroa
Mites!
Important Points in Bee Biology
• 3 distinct castes of bees:• Queen (diploid) – fertile
female that lays eggs
• Workers (diploid) –infertile females that care for young (brood), gather food, clean and defend hive.
• Drones (haploid) – males that breed queens
Bee Sex and Genetics
• Queen emerges from cell
• After a week of maturing in the hive, starts mating flights
• Mates with 8-20+ drones over next week
• Never mates again
• Does not mate with drones in hive
• Sperm must live many years in queen’s spermatheca
• Effect of sub-lethal insults?• Pesticides, temperature, viruses
Reverend Lorenzo Langstroth• Langstroth 1852
• “Bee Space” = 3/8 inch
• If combs are spaced that far apart, bees will respect the space and not fill it with comb or propolis (gums and resins from plants)
• Combs built in frames can be removable so disease inspection is possible.
• Legal requirement in all states
Wax Production
• Carbohydrate drives glands on abdomen in young workers
• Feeding sugar can push more wax production
• Wax used to make all comb
• Paper used by wasps and hornet, not bees!
• Lipophilic chemicals persist in wax
• Chronic pesticide exposure
Lots of brood leads to a lot of bees which lead to a lot of honey
• Package of bees is 3 lbs• Common way to start
• Contains ~10,000 bees
• Colony that survived winter will be small and grow through the year
• Having a lot of bees leads to more pollination or nectar collection.
Starter Bee Colonies• Beekeepers obtain small
starter colonies.
• Packages • 3 lb bees with queen and food
• Nucleus colony• Small established colony with
laying queen
• Swarm• Local hive trying to reproduce
by issuing a swarm
• With active queen, lots of brood and colony grows
Active Bee Colonies
Honey Bee Food Storage
• Protein = pollen• Need variety of pollens
for a balanced Amino Acid profile
• Carbohydrates = nectar• Perhaps 20% solids
converted to 17% water• Invertase, dehydration
• Mixture, ferment = bee bread
• Do fungicides hurt bees?
Honey Bees, Directions and Food
• Drifting
• Bees make orientation flights to determine where their hive is before foraging.
• Bees may return to wrong hive if many in same area
• Welcomed if they have food
• Robbing
• Strong hives defend themselves from robbing
• Weak hives robbed by strong hives
• Drifting and Robbing can lead to disease spread
Winter Time• Honey bees keep
cluster heated throughout the winter
• ~95deg F when raising brood in January
• Hornets and wasps overwinter on or under ground as individuals
Winter Time
• Bees don’t defecate in hive
• Bees eat honey, vibrate muscles to generate heat to keep hive warm
• Need to fly to defecate
• “Cleansing Flights”
• Once below 50⁰F, cannot operate muscles, fall out of air
Protective Clothing
• Wear what you need to be comfortable
• Veils• Our eyes blinking attracts
bees
• Gloves• Leather cannot be cleaned• Avoid leather or use
beekeeper supplied gloves• Disposable nitrile gloves
• Coveralls or jackets with incorporated veils
Smokers
• Calms bees
• Burn many different materials
• Light with a propane torch
• Store safely if driving between apiaries
• Clean bellows well to avoid disease spread
Bee Stings• Stinger is modified
ovipositor• Drones do not sting
• Worker sting barbed• Rip insides of bee out• Only one sting then dead
• Swelling normal reaction• More times stung, less
swelling• Anaphylaxis possible
• Epinephrine• Diphenhydramine• Emergency room
Beekeeper Behaviors
• Work bees in a calm manner
• Sudden jarring motions elicit defensive behavior
• Falling barometric pressure, rain increase bee defensiveness
• Black colored clothing not good
• Wool or fleece not good• Bees get legs caught
• Some beekeepers put on their “Suit of armor” and go hard at bees
• Some beekeepers wear nothing but veil and are very gentle
• Crushing bees can lead to more disease
• Fecal oral spread as bees clean up dead
Veterinarians and Beekeepers
• Diseases for which antibiotics may be used
• American Foulbrood
• European Foulbrood
• Other disease treatments are:
• EPA regulated mite treatments (over the counter)
• Illegal non-medically important antibiotic allowed into USA by FDA CVM enforcement discretion (fumagilin)
To order antibiotics: 2 choices
Prescription• Requires VCPR in most states
• Typical form used in clinics
• Oxytetracycline, tylosin or lincomycin as water soluble forms
• Send prescription to licensed pharmacist or give to client or fill from veterinary clinic
• ELDU is allowed (AMDUCA)
• Keep records per state law
• Expiration max???
Veterinary Feed Directive• Requires VCPR (federal definition
if state not good enough)
• New to most veterinarians
• Oxytetracycline only
• Tylosin, Lincomycin have no VFD approval for bees
• Send to licensed medicated feed mill or distributor
• ELDU prohibited, but not enforced.
• Keep original records for 2 plus years
• Expiration max 6 months
VFD or Prescription?
• There is a lot of confusion about this.
• Whether you need a VFD or prescription is based on the labeling (NADA) of the antibiotic.
• You should not issue a VFD for a prescription drug
• There is only one antibiotic for bees that uses a VFD, there are 3 antibiotics that require a prescription
• All antibiotics are fed mixed in sugar to honey bees
• The VFD form of Oxytetracycline has other preparations as well such as syrup or patties.
Extra Label Drug Use
• All antibiotics labeled “For the CONTROL of …”• Indicates there is a diagnosis of AFB or EFB• Treating other hives to control disease spread
• Most antibiotic use will be for PREVENTION or TREATMENT
• No antibiotics labeled in honey bees for these indications
• VFD cannot be written for ELDU but RX can• New FDA announcement allows ELDU in minor species
with some restrictions. • Still too limiting to help beekeepers???
VFD – What is that anyways?
• https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Documents/AVMA-VFD-form.pdf
• You can obtain a blank form from AVMA website or other sources.
• Your information, client information, patient information, medication, directions, holdout time.
• May also use electronic forms from various commercial providers.
Honey Bee Prescription Issues
• Identification
• Beehives tend not to be individually identified
• No state tags
• Apiaries identified by address
• Most states say you must personally visit the apiary for a valid VCPR
• Follow up may be by other means once valid VCPR is established
• Telephone
• Pictures/Email
• AVMA PLIT will acknowledge your work with bees
Honey Bee Prescription Issues
• Products available
• Feed mills may make product for VFD fulfillment
• Need not be antibiotic licensed feed mill
• Terramycin is Category I
• Type A medicated article (Terramycin) comes in bag for 8000 treatments
• Type C medicated feed is what the bees receive
• Make sure mixing is done right
• Commercial product or beekeeper being their own feed mill?
• Prescription product of oxytetracycline is in much smaller packets
Honey Bee Prescription Issues
• Should we be using antibiotics?
• European foulbrood• Can be a problem and
antibiotics can be convenient treatment
• Small queen rearing hives or nucs
• American Foulbrood• May cover up the
clinical signs and hide disease
• Still contagious
• Transfer disease to people buying used equipment
• Many people think it should not be used
• Europe prohibits
Veterinarians and Bees
• Bees need • Preventive Care• Parasite Control• Disease Diagnosis• Disease Treatment• Beekeeper education
• Who is in a better place to provide this than veterinarians?
• To provide those service, gain knowledge
• If you understand the disease and its nuances, the beekeeper may view you as a source of knowledge rather than another bill
• Join the Honey Bee Veterinary Consortium• New website to help beekeepers find veterinarians
Some Books
2015
Some Websites on Bee Disease
• http://www.honeybeeveterinaryconsortium.org
• https://beeinformed.org/
• http://scientificbeekeeping.com/• Randy Oliver
• https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/honeybeediseases/honeybeediseases.pdf
• http://extension.psu.edu/publications/agrs-116
Thank you!
chris@betterbee.com
Honey Bee Veterinary Consortium
www.honeybeeveterinaryconsortium.org
Join other
veterinarians
interested in
honey bee
medicine-and-
Get listed on the
HBVC vet finderHBVC
To Ask a Question
Using the Webinar System
Select the “Questions” tab on the webinar screen
Type your question
OR
Click on the “raise your hand” icon on the webinar screen
Ask your question
Continuing Education for COCA Calls
Continuing Education guidelines require that the attendance of all who participate in COCA Conference Calls be properly documented. All Continuing Education credits/contact hours (CME, CNE, CEU, CECH, ACPE and AAVSB/RACE) for COCA Conference Calls/Webinars are issued online through the CDC Training & Continuing Education Online system. www.cdc.gov/TCEOnline
Those who participate in the COCA Conference Calls and who wish to receive CE credit/contact hours and will complete the online evaluation by April 22, 2017 will use the course code WC2286. Those who wish to receive CE credits/contact hours and will complete the online evaluation between April 23, 2017 and April 22, 2019 will use course code WD2286. CE certificates can be printed immediately upon completion of your online evaluation. A cumulative transcript of all CDC/ATSDR CE’s obtained through the CDC Training & Continuing Education Online System will be maintained for each user.
Join Us on
CDC Facebook page for clinicians! “Like” our page today to learn about upcoming COCA Calls, CDC guidance and recommendations, and about other health alerts
CDC Clinician Outreach and Communication Activityhttps://www.facebook.com/CDCClinicianOutreachAndCommunicationActivity
Recommended