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WATER, LIFE & CLIMATE
PART I: WATER IS LIFE
WATER IS LIFE
YOU are 60% water and can only live a few days without drinking water
WATER & CULTUREIndigenous cultures “recognize, honor and respect water as sacred and sustains all life”
Water is worthy of reverence and great respect
www.indigenouswater.org/user/IPKyotoWaterDeclarationFINAL.pdf
Water is the blood of mother earth, the giver of life
WATER & CULTUREWater plays a central role in most indigenous cultures
There is a Tohono O’odham song that describes how the red ripe fruit of the saguaro call to the clouds to form overhead. These clouds mark the beginning of the summer monsoons and also the beginning of the new year in the traditional Tohono O’odham calendar
WATER AND SOCIETY
Water shortage predicted to become THE major crisis in our futureOver 50% of the world’s population does not have
an adequate supply of safe drinking water
WATER & SOCIETYWater shortages are due to the growing human population on Planet Earth
Human Population HistoryWATER & SOCIETY
PART II: HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGY Water distribution
70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water
HYDROLOGY Water distribution
70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water
BUT 97.5% of this water is salt water
FRESHWATER Only 2.5% of the planet’s water is freshwater,
and only 1% of that exists on Earth’s surface1%=lakes, rivers20%=groundwater79%=ice caps and glaciers
MATTER RECYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS
Law of Conservation of Matter: matter is neither created nor destroyed. Just moved around and transformed.
Biogeochemical cycles: the movement of chemicals through the components of the Earth system.These components are also called
“biogeochemical reservoirs”.
13
COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
Lithosphere: the solid Earth; land
COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
Lithosphere: the solid Earth; land Hydrosphere: the liquid Earth; water
COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
Lithosphere: the solid Earth; land Hydrosphere: the liquid Earth; water Atmosphere: the gaseous Earth; air
COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
Lithosphere: the solid Earth; land Hydrosphere: the liquid Earth; water Atmosphere: the gaseous Earth; air Biosphere: living things (organisms)and
the parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere in which things live
COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
Lithosphere: the solid Earth; land Hydrosphere: the liquid Earth; water Atmosphere: the gaseous Earth; air Organisms: living things Cryosphere: frozen or solid water such
as ice caps, glaciers, snow and permafrost
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Hydrologic cycleCycling of water in and out of atmosphere
and between all the earth’s components. All of the water on our planet is recycled
and a given molecule of water is used over and over throughout time.
Water is the primary medium by which energy and matter move are circulated through the Earth system components.
19
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE• Water enters the atmosphere by evaporation and by
transpiration from leaves.
• It condenses and falls from the atmosphere as precipitation.
• When water falls as precipitation on land, it has two possible pathways:
1. Returns to the hydrosphere by flowing as runoff from the land surface into streams, rivers, lakes, and eventually the ocean.
2. Returns to the lithosphere by infiltration into the ground becoming soil water or ground water.
Hail
Hail
HailHail
Hail
Hail
fog
fog
fogfog
fog
fog
Precipitation -
Any form of water that falls to Earth from the atmosphere
WATER APPEARS IN ALL 3 OF ITS PHASES AT DIFFERENT TIMES DURING THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. Solid• Ice, hail, snow, glaciers, ice caps etc.
2. Liquid• Water droplets, including clouds, lakes, streams
etc.
3. Gas• Water vapor
WATER VAPOR
O
H
H
+
+-
O H
H
+
+
-
O H
H
+
+-
O
HH
++
-
O
HH
++
-
O
H
H
+
+-
O
H
H
+
+-
OH
H
+
+
-O
H
H
+
+-
WATER CONDENSATION
O
H
H
+
+-
OH
H
+
+ -
O
HH
++
-
O
HH
++
-
O
HH
++
-
O
HH
++
-
O
H
H
+
+-
OH
H
+
+
-
O
H
H
+
+-
FIVE PROCESSES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE1. Precipitation: Any form of water falling from the
atmosphere to the ground.
2. Condensation: The process of changing from a gas to a liquid
3. Evapotranspiration: Evaporation: the transformation of water from liquid to gas
phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar
radiation
Transpiration: the release of water vapor from plants into the atmosphere. Evaporation + transpiration=evapotranspiration
INFILTRATION AND RUN-OFF4. Run-off: variety of ways water moves
across the land Snowmelt: run off from melting of snow
on mountain tops Water can flow to rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, oceans or infiltrate into soil5. Infiltration: flow of water from surface into
the groundOnce in ground can become soil water or
ground water
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE POWERED BY:
• Gravity(precipitation)
Solar Energy
(evaporation)
SO, WHERE DOES WATER GO WHEN IT FALLS ON EARTH?
about 76% lost to evaporation 32% run-off small percent infiltrates into
groundwater
LE 3-16
Atmosphere13,000
Evaporation425,000 71,000 Precipitation
111,000 Ice caps, glaciers,and snowfields
33,000,000
EvaporationTranspirationExtractionRivers
Precipitation385,000
Runoff40,000
Oceans1,350,000,000
Groundwater15,300,000
Extraction
Human use Uptake
Land plants
Soil water 122,000
Infiltration<11,000 Water
table
Aquifer
Food for thought…Where does the hydrological
cycle begin and end?
QUESTION: TESTING YOUR COMPREHENSION
Water enters the atmosphere through the process of…?
a. Precipitation
b. Transpiration
c. Infiltration
d. Runoff
QUESTION: TESTING YOUR COMPREHENSION
Water enters the atmosphere through the process of…?
a. Precipitation
b. Evaporation
c. Infiltration
d. Runoff
QUESTION: TESTING YOUR COMPREHENSION
Water enters the lithosphere through the process of…?
a. Precipitation
b. Transpiration
c. Infiltration
d. Runoff
PART III: HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
& CLIMATE
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: RISE OR SINK
Warm air risesOpen the oven, you feel the heat on
your face Cold air sinks
Open the freezer, you feel the cold at your feet
http://science.howstuffworks.com/hot-air-balloon.htm
Warmer Air
Cooler Air
Cooler Air
Warmer Air
Equal Air Temp
Equal Air Temp
Statically unstable
Statically neutral
Statically stable
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: RISE OR SINK
When air rises, it coolsTop of mountain is cooler than the base of the
mountain. When air sinks, it warms
The base of the mountain is warmer than the top of the mountain.
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: WARM OR COLD
Warm air holds more water Cold air holds less water
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: WATER IN AIR
As air rises, it cools Cooler air holds less water vapor. If it gets even cooler, then it rains RISING AIRRAIN
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: WATER IN AIR
As air descends, it dries warmer air holds more water vapor. As air dries, it is less likely to rain DESCENDING AIRDRY
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: WATER IN AIR
The temperature to which the air had to cool to become totally saturated is called:
Dew point: the temperature at which the relative humidity = 100%
DEW POINT
The temperature at which dew (condensation) begins to form
Dew is the water you find on your grass or car early in the morning.
Frost is when water is deposited as small ice crystals.
Frozen dew is liquid dew that freezes. If the temperature reaches the dew point
temperature, then dew (or frost) will form. http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/idm3020/tut_folder/nick_tutorial/
CLIMATE CONCEPTS: REVIEW
Warm air holds (more or less?) water vapor; cold air holds (more or less?) water vapor.
As air cools down, the chance of rain increases or decreases?
As air rises, the chance of rain increases or decreases?
WHAT CAUSES PRECIPITATION?
Rain = moisture + cooled down air
No Rain = low moisture and/or heated up air
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE
Solar radiation is most intense at the equator for two reasons:
1) the sun’s rays are concentrated in a smaller area 2) the sun moves through less atmosphere
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE
Equator
30°N
30°S
60°N
60°S
90°N
90°S
Tropics arehot
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE
Equator
30°N
30°S
60°N
60°S
90°N
90°S
Hot airrises
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE
Air cools asit rises; sinks30°N and S
Equator
30°N
30°S
60°N
60°S
90°N
90°S
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE
Each convectioncell is called aHadley Cell
Equator
30°N
30°S
60°N
60°S
90°N
90°S
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/media_461550429_781534817_-1_1/hadley_cells_and_the_itcz.html
Hadley cells
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE
Descending air at30°N & S is warmand dry
Equator
30°N
30°S
60°N
60°S
90°N
90°S
30TH DEGREE LATITUDE DESERTS
30th degree N & S are areas of sinking air / areas of high pressure
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE & CLIMATE CHANGE Scientists have measured an intensification of
the hydrological cycle due to global warming: Globally, the average atmospheric water vapor
concentrations have increased. It is predicted that this will lead to increased
precipitation rates in some areas. The largest increases in precipitation are expected
to occur near polar regions, for two reasons. One, observations and climate models indicate that the
warming rate has been and will continue to be the highest there, and warmer air can hold more water vapor.
Two, the warming will reduce the extent of sea ice , thereby allowing more evaporation from open water.
Cycles of wet and dry periods are normal, however,
When the hydrological cycle is out of balance (or intensified due to climate change), these can lead to more extreme flooding and drought cycles
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE SUMMARY Cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere
and between all the earth’s components. Water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises
and cools, condenses into rain or snow and falls again to the surface. The water falling on land collects in rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock, and much of it flows back into the ocean.
Plays an important role in determining climatic patterns plant growth heat energy transfer erosion rates rates of rock weathering
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