Hypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formulaHypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formula Jean-Michel...

IntroductionLefschetz formulasThe trace formula

D and R genus and the harmonic oscillatorReferences

Hypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace

formula

Jean-Michel Bismut

Institut de Mathematique d’Orsay

Copenhague, le 6 Septembre 2018

Jean-Michel Bismut Hypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formula 1 / 36

1 Introduction

2 Lefschetz formulas

3 The trace formula

4 D and R genus and the harmonic oscillator

Poisson’s formula

∑n∈N exp (−2n2π2t) =

∑k∈N

1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Tr[exp

(t∆S1

k∈Z1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Spectral side = geometric side.

Poisson’s formula

∑k∈N

1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Tr[exp

(t∆S1

k∈Z1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Poisson’s formula

∑k∈N

1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Tr[exp

(t∆S1

k∈Z1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Poisson’s formula

∑k∈N

1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Tr[exp

(t∆S1

k∈Z1√2πt

exp (−k2/2t).

Selberg’s trace formula

X Riemann surface of constant curvature.

lγ length of closed geodesics γ.

Tr[exp

(t∆X/2

)]︸︷︷︸spectral side

=exp (−t/8)

2πtVol (X)︸︷︷︸

geometric side

exp(−y2/2t

sinh (y/2)

dy√2πt

+∑γ 6=0

Volγ√2πt

exp(−`2

γ/2t− t/8)

2 sinh (`γ/2).

• Sum of orbital integrals.

Tr[exp

(t∆X/2

=exp (−t/8)

geometric side

exp(−y2/2t

sinh (y/2)

dy√2πt

+∑γ 6=0

Volγ√2πt

exp(−`2

γ/2t− t/8)

2 sinh (`γ/2).

Tr[exp

(t∆X/2

=exp (−t/8)

geometric side

exp(−y2/2t

sinh (y/2)

dy√2πt

+∑γ 6=0

Volγ√2πt

exp(−`2

γ/2t− t/8)

2 sinh (`γ/2).

Tr[exp

(t∆X/2

=exp (−t/8)

geometric side

exp(−y2/2t

sinh (y/2)

dy√2πt

+∑γ 6=0

Volγ√2πt

exp(−`2

γ/2t− t/8)

2 sinh (`γ/2).

Tr[exp

(t∆X/2

=exp (−t/8)

geometric side∫R

exp(−y2/2t

sinh (y/2)

dy√2πt

+∑γ 6=0

Volγ√2πt

exp(−`2

γ/2t− t/8)

2 sinh (`γ/2).

Tr[exp

(t∆X/2

=exp (−t/8)

geometric side∫R

exp(−y2/2t

sinh (y/2)

dy√2πt

+∑γ 6=0

Volγ√2πt

exp(−`2

γ/2t− t/8)

2 sinh (`γ/2).

The purpose of the talk

Extend Selberg explicit formula to arbitrary locallysymmetric spaces.

Explain how to obtain the formula by an interpolationprocess. . .

. . . that connects Selberg’s trace formula with indextheory, and Riemann-Roch.

Euler characteristic and Chern-Gauss-Bonnet

X compact manifold of dimension n.

χ (X) =∑n

i=0 (−1)i dimH i (X,R) Euler characteristicglobal invariant.

If X Riemannian, if DX = dX + dX∗, DX,2 = X

Hodge Laplacian.

For s > 0, χ (X) = TrsΩ·(X,R)︸︷︷︸

supertrace

(−sDX,2

)](McKean-Singer).

s→ 0 gives Chern-Gauss-Bonnet χ (X) =∫Xe (TX).

χ (X) =∑n

Hodge Laplacian.

For s > 0, χ (X) = TrsΩ·(X,R)︸︷︷︸

supertrace

(−sDX,2

)](McKean-Singer).

χ (X) =∑n

Hodge Laplacian.

For s > 0, χ (X) = TrsΩ·(X,R)︸︷︷︸

supertrace

(−sDX,2

)](McKean-Singer).

χ (X) =∑n

Hodge Laplacian.

For s > 0, χ (X) = TrsΩ·(X,R)︸︷︷︸

supertrace

(−sDX,2

)](McKean-Singer).

χ (X) =∑n

Hodge Laplacian.

For s > 0, χ (X) = TrsΩ·(X,R)︸︷︷︸

supertrace

(−sDX,2

)](McKean-Singer).

χ (X) =∑n

Hodge Laplacian.

For s > 0, χ (X) = TrsΩ·(X,R)︸︷︷︸

supertrace

(−sDX,2

)](McKean-Singer).

Lefschetz formula

If g ∈ Diff (X), g acts on H · (X,R).

L (g) =∑

(−1)i TrHi(X,R) [g] global invariant.

For s > 0, if DX = dX + dX∗, McKean-SingerL (g) = Trs

Ω·(X,R)[g exp

(−sDX,2

By making s→ 0, we obtain L (g) as a local sum ofcontributions of the fixed points of g (Lefschetzformula).

L (g) |globals=+∞

TrsΩ·(X,R)[g exp(−sDX,2)]−−−−−−−−−−−−−→

e (TXg) |locals=0 .

Lefschetz formula

L (g) =∑

Ω·(X,R)[g exp

(−sDX,2

L (g) |globals=+∞

TrsΩ·(X,R)[g exp(−sDX,2)]−−−−−−−−−−−−−→

e (TXg) |locals=0 .

Lefschetz formula

L (g) =∑

Ω·(X,R)[g exp

(−sDX,2

L (g) |globals=+∞

TrsΩ·(X,R)[g exp(−sDX,2)]−−−−−−−−−−−−−→

e (TXg) |locals=0 .

Lefschetz formula

L (g) =∑

Ω·(X,R)[g exp

(−sDX,2

L (g) |globals=+∞

TrsΩ·(X,R)[g exp(−sDX,2)]−−−−−−−−−−−−−→

e (TXg) |locals=0 .

Lefschetz formula

L (g) =∑

Ω·(X,R)[g exp

(−sDX,2

L (g) |globals=+∞

TrsΩ·(X,R)[g exp(−sDX,2)]−−−−−−−−−−−−−→

e (TXg) |locals=0 .

Lefschetz formula

L (g) =∑

Ω·(X,R)[g exp

(−sDX,2

L (g) |globals=+∞

TrsΩ·(X,R)[g exp(−sDX,2)]−−−−−−−−−−−−−→

e (TXg) |locals=0 .

A compact manifold

X compact Riemannian manifold.

∆X Laplacian on X.

For t > 0, g = exp(t∆X/2

)heat operator acting on

C∞ (X,R).

A compact manifold

C∞ (X,R).

A compact manifold

C∞ (X,R).

A compact manifold

C∞ (X,R).

Four questions

1 Is TrC∞(X,R) [g] a Lefschetz number?

2 Can I write a formula of the type

TrC∞(X,R) [g] = Trs

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

with C∞ (X,R) the cohomology of R ?3 By making b→ +∞, do we obtain Selberg’s trace

formula ?4 Is Selberg trace formula a Lefschetz formula?

TrsC∞(X,R) [g] |globalb=0

TrsR[g exp(−D2

R,b/2)]−−−−−−−−−−→ Selberg|localb=+∞

5 Yes!

Four questions

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

TrsR[g exp(−D2

5 Yes!

Four questions

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

with C∞ (X,R) the cohomology of R ?

3 By making b→ +∞, do we obtain Selberg’s traceformula ?

4 Is Selberg trace formula a Lefschetz formula?

TrsR[g exp(−D2

5 Yes!

Four questions

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

TrsR[g exp(−D2

5 Yes!

Four questions

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

TrsR[g exp(−D2

5 Yes!

Four questions

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

formula ?

TrsR[g exp(−D2

5 Yes!

Four questions

R[g exp

(−D2

R,b/2)],

TrsR[g exp(−D2

5 Yes!Jean-Michel Bismut Hypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formula 9 / 36

Is C∞ (X,R) a cohomology group ?

E real vector bundle on X, E total space of E.

R =(Ω· (E) , dE

)fiberwise de Rham complex

(algebraic or smooth).

Its cohomology is equal to C∞ (X,R).

Jean-Michel BismutHypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formula10 / 36

R =(Ω· (E) , dE

A picture

The Witten Laplacian

(E, gE

)Euclidean vector space, there is a Hodge

theory for E (Witten Laplacian).

Classical Hodge Laplacian has continuous spectrum.

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

)harmonic oscillator. . .

. . . and NΛ·(E∗) number operator on Λ· (E∗).

Via Bargmann isomorphism, we get instead(S· (E∗)⊗ Λ· (E∗) , dE

)algebraic de Rham complex.

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

(E, gE

= e−|Y |2/2dEe|Y |

2/2 = dE + Y ∧.12

[dE, d

= H +NΛ·(E∗). . .

H = 12

(−∆E + |Y |2 − n

How to couple the base and the fiber

How to couple the base X and the fiber E?

We need to introduce the heat operator on the baseX. . .

. . . coupled with Witten Laplacian on E.

Here E will be TX ⊕N .

The classical Dirac operator

Dirac found first order nonscalar differential operatorDRn

such that DRn,2 = −∆Rn.

∆Rnacts on real functions, DRn

acts on spinors andon differential forms.

Geometric form of DRnfound by Lichnerowicz.

Kostant found a different Dirac operator DKo adaptedto reductive Lie groups.

The Dirac operator of Kostant

G reductive Lie group (group of matrices) with Liealgebra g.

Cg = −∑e∗i ei Casimir (generalized Laplacian on G).

DKo ∈ c (g)⊗ U (g) Dirac operator of Kostant.

Theorem (Kostant)

DKo,2 = −Cg + c.

Remark

DKo acts on C∞ (G,Λ· (g∗)), Cg acts on C∞ (G,R).

Theorem (Kostant)

DKo,2 = −Cg + c.

Remark

Theorem (Kostant)

DKo,2 = −Cg + c.

Remark

Theorem (Kostant)

DKo,2 = −Cg + c.

Remark

Theorem (Kostant)

DKo,2 = −Cg + c.

Remark

A picture

One idea

One way to kill Λ· (g∗). . .

. . . is to tensor by S· (g∗). . .

. . . because S· (g∗)⊗ Λ· (g∗) ' R.

One idea

. . . because S· (g∗)⊗ Λ· (g∗) ' R.

One idea

. . . because S· (g∗)⊗ Λ· (g∗) ' R.

One idea

. . . because S· (g∗)⊗ Λ· (g∗) ' R.

The operator Db

Db acts on C∞ (G× g,Λ· (g∗)).

Db = DKo + ic([Y k, Y p

])︸︷︷︸a mystery!

(dp + Y p ∧+dp∗ + iY p)

+√−1b

(−dk − Y k ∧+dk∗ + iY k

Parameter b related to spectral sequence.

The operator Db

(dp + Y p ∧+dp∗ + iY p)

+√−1b

(−dk − Y k ∧+dk∗ + iY k

The operator Db

(dp + Y p ∧+dp∗ + iY p)

+√−1b

(−dk − Y k ∧+dk∗ + iY k

The operator Db

(dp + Y p ∧+dp∗ + iY p)

+√−1b

(−dk − Y k ∧+dk∗ + iY k

The symmetric space X

G real reductive group, K maximal compact subgroup,X = G/K symmetric space.

g = p⊕ k Cartan splitting equipped with bilinear formB > 0 on p, < 0 on k . . .

. . . descends to the vector bundle E = TX ⊕N on X.

Example

G = SL2 (R), K = S1, X upper half-plane, TX ⊕N ofdimension 3.

Example

The hypoelliptic Laplacian

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

Quotient the construction by K.g = p⊕ k descends to TX ⊕N .π : X → X total space of TX ⊕N .

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

Using fiberwise Bargmann isomorphism, LXb acts on

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

Quotient the construction by K.

g = p⊕ k descends to TX ⊕N .π : X → X total space of TX ⊕N .

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

Quotient the construction by K.g = p⊕ k descends to TX ⊕N .

π : X → X total space of TX ⊕N .

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .

Set Lb = 12

(−DKo,2 + D2

LXb = 12

(−DKo,X,2 + DX,2

)acts on

C∞(X , π∗Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)

Remark

C∞ (X,S· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)⊗ Λ· (T ∗X ⊕N∗)) .Jean-Michel Bismut

Hypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formula20 / 36

The hypoelliptic Laplacian as a deformation

LXb =1

∣∣[Y N , Y TX]∣∣2+

(−∆TX⊕N + |Y |2 − n

)︸︷︷︸Harmonic oscillator of TX⊕N

+NΛ·(T ∗X⊕N∗)

(∇Y TX︸︷︷︸

geodesic flow

+c(ad(Y TX

))−c(ad(Y TX

)+ iθad

(Y N)))

Remark

b→ 0, LXb → 12

(CX − c

): X collapses to X.

b→ +∞, geod. flow ∇Y TX dominates ⇒ closed geodesics.

LXb =1

∣∣[Y N , Y TX]∣∣2+

(−∆TX⊕N + |Y |2 − n

+NΛ·(T ∗X⊕N∗)

(∇Y TX︸︷︷︸

geodesic flow

+c(ad(Y TX

))−c(ad(Y TX

)+ iθad

(Y N)))

Remark

b→ 0, LXb → 12

(CX − c

LXb =1

∣∣[Y N , Y TX]∣∣2+

(−∆TX⊕N + |Y |2 − n

+NΛ·(T ∗X⊕N∗)

(∇Y TX︸︷︷︸

geodesic flow

+c(ad(Y TX

))−c(ad(Y TX

)+ iθad

(Y N)))

Remark

b→ 0, LXb → 12

(CX − c

LXb =1

∣∣[Y N , Y TX]∣∣2+

(−∆TX⊕N + |Y |2 − n

+NΛ·(T ∗X⊕N∗)

(∇Y TX︸︷︷︸

geodesic flow

+c(ad(Y TX

))−c(ad(Y TX

)+ iθad

(Y N)))

Remark

b→ 0, LXb → 12

(CX − c

The case of locally symmetric spaces

Introduce extra twisting by representation of K on E.

Γ ⊂ G cocompact torsion free.

Z = Γ \X compact locally symmetric.

A fundamental identity

Theorem

For t > 0, b > 0,

TrC∞(Z,E)

(−t(CZ − c

(−tLZb

A fundamental identity

Theorem

For t > 0, b > 0,

TrC∞(Z,E)

(−t(CZ − c

(−tLZb

Splitting the identity

1 This is exactly what we wanted!

2 The identity splits as identity of orbital integrals.

Semisimple orbital integrals

γ ∈ G semisimple, [γ] conjugacy class.

For t > 0, Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

orbital integralof heat kernel on orbit of γ:

I ([γ]) =

∫Z(γ)\G

TrE[pXt(g−1γg

(−t(CX − c

I ([γ]) =

∫Z(γ)\G

TrE[pXt(g−1γg

(−t(CX − c

I ([γ]) =

∫Z(γ)\G

TrE[pXt(g−1γg

The minimizing set

•X (γ) ⊂ X minimizing set for the convex displacementfunction d (x, γx).•X (γ) ⊂ X totally geodesic symmetric space for thecentralizer Z (γ).

The minimizing set

•X (γ) ⊂ X minimizing set for the convex displacementfunction d (x, γx).

•X (γ) ⊂ X totally geodesic symmetric space for thecentralizer Z (γ).

The minimizing set

•X (γ) ⊂ X minimizing set for the convex displacementfunction d (x, γx).•X (γ) ⊂ X totally geodesic symmetric space for thecentralizer Z (γ).

Geometric description of the orbital integral

I (γ) =

∫NX(γ)/X

Tr[γpXt (Y, γY )

]r (Y )︸︷︷︸

Jacobian

x0 γx0

d(Y, γY ) ≥ C|Y | − C ′

pXt (x, x′) ≤ C exp(−C ′d2(x, x′)).

I (γ) =

∫NX(γ)/X

Tr[γpXt (Y, γY )

]r (Y )︸︷︷︸

Jacobian

x0 γx0

d(Y, γY ) ≥ C|Y | − C ′

pXt (x, x′) ≤ C exp(−C ′d2(x, x′)).

I (γ) =

∫NX(γ)/X

Tr[γpXt (Y, γY )

]r (Y )︸︷︷︸

Jacobian

x0 γx0

d(Y, γY ) ≥ C|Y | − C ′

pXt (x, x′) ≤ C exp(−C ′d2(x, x′)).

I (γ) =

∫NX(γ)/X

Tr[γpXt (Y, γY )

]r (Y )︸︷︷︸

Jacobian

x0 γx0

d(Y, γY ) ≥ C|Y | − C ′

pXt (x, x′) ≤ C exp(−C ′d2(x, x′)).

A second fundamental identity

Theorem

For b > 0, t > 0,

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

= Trs[γ][exp

(−tLXb

Remark

The proof uses the fact that Tr[γ] is a trace on the algebraof G-invariants smooth kernels on X with Gaussian decay.

Theorem

For b > 0, t > 0,

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

= Trs[γ][exp

(−tLXb

Remark

Theorem

For b > 0, t > 0,

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

= Trs[γ][exp

(−tLXb

Remark

Theorem (B. 2011)

There is an explicit function Jγ(Y k

), Y k

0 ∈ k (γ), such that

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

(− |a|2 /2t

)(2πt)p/2∫

Jγ(Y k

[ρE(k−1)

exp(−iρE

))]exp

(−∣∣Y k

∣∣2 /2t) dY k0

(2πt)q/2.

Note the integral on k (γ). . .

Theorem (B. 2011)

), Y k

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

(− |a|2 /2t

)(2πt)p/2∫

Jγ(Y k

[ρE(k−1)

exp(−iρE

))]exp

(−∣∣Y k

∣∣2 /2t) dY k0

(2πt)q/2.

Theorem (B. 2011)

), Y k

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

(− |a|2 /2t

)(2πt)p/2∫

Jγ(Y k

[ρE(k−1)

exp(−iρE

))]exp

(−∣∣Y k

∣∣2 /2t) dY k0

(2πt)q/2.

Theorem (B. 2011)

), Y k

Tr[γ][exp

(−t(CX − c

(− |a|2 /2t

)(2πt)p/2∫

Jγ(Y k

[ρE(k−1)

exp(−iρE

))]exp

(−∣∣Y k

∣∣2 /2t) dY k0

(2πt)q/2.

The function Jγ(Y k

), Y k

0 ∈ k (γ)

Definition

Jγ(Y k

1∣∣∣det (1− Ad (γ)) |z⊥0∣∣∣1/2

A(iad(Y k

)|p(γ)

)A(iad(Y k

)k(γ)

det (1− Ad (k−1)) |z⊥0 (γ)

det(1− exp

(−iad

))Ad (k−1)

)|k⊥0 (γ)

det(1− exp

(−iad

))Ad (k−1)

)|p⊥0 (γ)

The function Jγ(Y k

), Y k

0 ∈ k (γ)

Definition

Jγ(Y k

1∣∣∣det (1− Ad (γ)) |z⊥0∣∣∣1/2

A(iad(Y k

)|p(γ)

)A(iad(Y k

)k(γ)

det (1− Ad (k−1)) |z⊥0 (γ)

det(1− exp

(−iad

))Ad (k−1)

)|k⊥0 (γ)

det(1− exp

(−iad

))Ad (k−1)

)|p⊥0 (γ)

Analogy with Atiyah-Bott

• Compare with fixed point formulas by Atiyah-Bott

L (g) =

Ag (TX) chg (E) .

• Here TX replaced by TX N .

L (g) =

Ag (TX) chg (E) .

L (g) =

Ag (TX) chg (E) .

The D and R genera

In 1990, I obtained a formal power series D (x).

pt (x) heat kernel on S1.

D (x) = −∫ +∞

0Logr ∂

∂x[pr] (rx) dr.

With Soule, we proved that

D (x) =∑n≥1n odd

Γ′ (1) +

n∑j=1

ζ ′ (−n)

ζ (−n)

The D and R genera

D (x) = −∫ +∞

0Logr ∂

∂x[pr] (rx) dr.

Γ′ (1) +

n∑j=1

ζ ′ (−n)

ζ (−n)

The D and R genera

D (x) = −∫ +∞

0Logr ∂

∂x[pr] (rx) dr.

Γ′ (1) +

n∑j=1

ζ ′ (−n)

ζ (−n)

The D and R genera

D (x) = −∫ +∞

0Logr ∂

∂x[pr] (rx) dr.

Γ′ (1) +

n∑j=1

ζ ′ (−n)

ζ (−n)

The D and R genera

D (x) = −∫ +∞

0Logr ∂

∂x[pr] (rx) dr.

Γ′ (1) +

n∑j=1

ζ ′ (−n)

ζ (−n)

Connection with the R genus

A closely related series R (x) had been obtained beforeby Gillet, Soule and Zagier (with a computer) as apossible exotic contribution to a Riemann-Rochtheorem in Arakelov geometry.

D (x) = R (x) + Γ′ (1) A′

Above construction played important role in proofwith Lebeau of embedding formulas.

D (x) = R (x) + Γ′ (1) A′

The D series and the harmonic oscillator

I obtained the function D (x) as part of a constructionof characteristic classes on holomorphic vector bundles,in which the fiberwise harmonic oscillator plays acrucial role, as well as ideas of infinite dimensionalintersection theory.

Fiberwise Witten Laplacian replaced by its complexversion.

The harmonic oscillator plays a very similar role towhat it does for orbital integral.

H. Gillet and C. Soule.Analytic torsion and the arithmetic Todd genus.Topology, 30(1):21–54, 1991.With an appendix by D. Zagier.

J.-M. Bismut.Koszul complexes, harmonic oscillators, and the Toddclass.J. Amer. Math. Soc., 3(1):159–256, 1990.With an appendix by the author and C. Soule.URL: http://www.math.u-psud.fr/~bismut/Bismut/1990g.pdf.

J.-M. Bismut.Hypoelliptic Laplacian and orbital integrals, volume 177of Annals of Mathematics Studies.Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2011.URL:http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9629.html.

Hypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formulaHypoelliptic Laplacian and the trace formula Jean-Michel...

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