I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE BREAK!!! I HOPE YOU HAD SUCCESSFUL EXAM TERMS!!!

I HOPE YOU HAD A NICE

BREAK!!!

I HOPE YOU HAD SUCCESSFUL

EXAM TERMS!!!

SPEAKING ABOUT EXAMS…

…IF YOU STILL DO NOT HAVE YOUR EJ1 (OJV1+GEJ1) GRADES…

…REGISTERED IN YOUR STUDENT ID BOOKS…

YOU CAN HAVE THEM REGISTERED DURING OLGA’S OFFICE HOURS!

NOW...

Welcome to our new course…

ENGLESKI JEZIK 2:GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2

…also known as…

GEJ2

A BRIEF COURSE DESCRIPTION: GRADING

• ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 - GRAMATIKA ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 2 (GEJ2):– ATTENDANCE 15% (10% att. + 5% activity)

– TEST 25%– WRITTEN EXAM 30% (55% minimum correct)

– ORAL EXAM 30%

• TEST: to take place in April (most probably second half)• ORAL EXAM: three questions:

– 2 theoretical questions (GEJ2 + relevant topics from GEJ1)– 1 practical question (e.g. explain the usage of the passive voice

in five sentences)

A BRIEF DIGRESSION...

EJ2-OJV2 GRADING

• ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 – OBJEDINJENE JEZIČKE VEŠTINE 2 (OVJ2):– ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION: 10%

• 3.33% PER EACH PART OF THE COURSE• I.e. 3.33% for PRESENTATIONS, 3.33% for WRITING, 3.33% for TEXT

ANALYSIS

– PRESENTATIONS 30% (pre-exam)– WRITING 30% (pre-exam)– TEXT ANALYSIS 30% (WRITTEN EXAM)

• PRE-EXAM TESTS: probably to take place in MAY

TO SUM UP…

ENGLESKI JEZIK 2

GEJ2 (50%)Attendance and participation

15%

Midterm exam/test25%

Written exam30%

Oral exam30%

OJV2 (50%)Attendance and participation

10% (3.33% for each part(

Presentations30%

Writing30%

Text analysis30%

(TENTATIVE) COURSE SCHEDULE

• FEBRUARY: Adjective Phrase• MARCH: Adjective Phrase (wrap-up), Adverb

Phrase, Prepositional Phrase• APRIL: Adverbials and SIMPLE SENTENCE• MAY: COMPLEX SENTENCE

CLASS #1: AP

CLASS #2: AP/AdvP

CLASS #3: AdvP, PP

CLASS #4: PP

CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS

CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS

CLASS #7: MIDTERM OVERVIEW AND SIMPLE SENTENCE INTRO

MIDTERM TEST

CLASS #8: SIMPLE SENTENCE

CLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCE

CLASS #10: COMPLEX SENTENCE

CLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCE

CLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

TEXTBOOKSThe Same Ones as in the Last Semester

TEXTBOOKS

• Greenbaum & Quirk, A Student’s Grammar of the English Language

TEXTBOOKS

• Đurić & Šević, A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar

Speaking about the workbook…

… it is possible that I made a blunder…

A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar

• Are there 14 pages at the end of your workbook that look like this?

A Student’s Workbook of English Grammar

• Those are feedback/comprehension forms that we will use at the end of each lecture.

• You will answer 10 to 15 questions that deal with the fundamental concepts introduced in each lecture. You will not be graded. I will use the data to modify the following presentation.

• They are formatted in such a strange way, because they will be assessed by the computer using an OMR program.

• However, we won’t be doing it today.

LET’S INTRODUCE OUR TODAY’S TOPICNOW…

WHAT ARE THESE?

ADJECTIVES!

ADJECTIVES AND THE AP

CLASS #12012-02-22

WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?

ADJECTIVES

• Adjectives are traditionally defined as a part of speech:– which describes a noun: a word that describes or qualifies

a noun or pronoun• According to more recent linguistic theories, an

adjective is: – a word whose main syntactic role is to provide detailed

information about qualities that are compatible with the noun which the adjective modifies

– A PREGNAT WHALE– *A PREGNANT TABLE

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

• How to identify an adjective:– SUFFIXES – there are several suffixes which are

distinctively adjectival: -able, -ible, -ful, -less, -ic, -ive, -ant, -ous, -al, -ish, -ly,

– PARTICIPLES and –ed forms – ING PARTICIPLES and PAST PARTICIPLES can function as adjectives: • a surprising visit, a surprised visitor• However, some –ed forms are just adjectives because

there is no corresponding verb, eg. a talented actor

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

• The biggest problem, as far as identifying an adjective is concerned, is how to distinguish between an adverb and an adjective:– SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE AND THE ADVERB HAVE THE

SAME FORM: late, fast, daily, early, monthly• A fast car VS. He drives fast. • Early morning. VS. He came early.

– SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE HAS THE –LY SUFFIX WHICH IS TYPICALLY AN ADVERB SUFFIX:• A friendly smile• He greeted me in a friendly way.• *He greeted me friendly.

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES (cont.)

– SOMETIMES THERE ARE TWO WORDS WITH THE SAME ROOT WHICH LOOK LIKE AND ADJECTIVE-ADVERB PAIR, BUT THEY CAN BOTH BE ADVERBS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS: high and highly, hard and hardly, etc.• He works hard. VS. He hardly works.

– SOMETIMES, ESPECIALLY IN AMERICAN ENGLISH, IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE NON-DERIVED FORM (without –LY) AS AN ADVERB:

– Think positive! Think positively!– I hear you loud and clear!

ADJECTIVE PHRASES: general characteristics

• PARADIGM – adjectives can be compared• FUNCTION (syntactic function – their function

in the sentence)

ADJECTIVAL PARADIGM

• Adjectival paradigm consists of three forms:– POSITIVE e.g. BIG– COMPARATIVE e.g. BIGGER– SUPERLATIVE e.g. BIGGEST

– However, not all adjectives can be compared:• Adjectives denoting ULTIMATE STATES and

UNGRADABLE PROPERTIES cannot be compared:– He is deader. or Mary is more pregnant than Janet.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVAL COMPARISON

• On the basis of the category of DEGREE, it is possible to distinguish THREE types of adjectival comparison:

• COMPARISON TO THE SAME DEGREE:– Mark is as intelligent as John.

• COMPARISON TO A HIGHER DEGREE:– Mark is older than John.

• COMPARISON TO A LOWER DEGREE:– Mark is less sociable than John.

ADJECTIVE PHRASES: function

• [An [expensive] painting] has been stolen from…• This painting is [expensive].

syntactic functions of adjectives

DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT

DEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTIONAdjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN.• Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift]• However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]]

INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTIONAdjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT.Cs – subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful].Co – object complement: He made his parents AP[proud].

The policeman kicked the door AP[open].

FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE• TWO TYPES of adjective phrases: SIMPLE

AP=Adj e.g. intelligent

• COMPLEX

– Complex APs with PREMODIFICATION:AP=Adv+Adjvery intelligentAP=Adj+Advintelligent enough, marvelous indeed

– Complex APs with COMPLEMENTATION:AP=Adj+PPintelligent beyond your expectationsAP=Adj+Clnon-fin

intelligent [enough] [to quit that job]AP=Adj+Clfin

certain that he will succeed

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE ADJECTIVE IN A

SINGLE PHRASE?

LET’S TRY TO DESCRIBE A PHOTO!

POSITION AND ORDER OF ADJECTIVES• PREMODIFYING POSITION = typical position of

attributive adjectives in NPs• MANY ADJECTIVES CAN CO-OCCUR IN THIS

POSITIONTHE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES IN THE PRMODIFYING POSITION IS FIXED.

WHAT IS THEIRRELATIVE ORDER?PREMODIFYING ADJECTIVES

subjective measure

objective measure

general size shape age color participle origin material

modifying noun

beautiful/cuddly large roundish young white domesticated English lop bunny

EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES:

• ONLY ONE IS OK. WHICH ONE?• handsome hot cute Italian guy• handsome cute hot Italian guy• hot cute handsome Italian guy• cute hot handsome Italian guy• cute handsome hot Italian guy• IF THERE ARE SEVERAL ADJECTIVES OF THE SAME

TYPE, YOU ORDER THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR LENGTH.

EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONAL RULES:

• hot cute handsome Italian extremely and amazingly intelligent guy

• dangerous new non-opportunistic infections

• IF THERE IS ONE EXTREMELY LONG (= number of syllables) ADJECTIVE PHRASE IT TAKES THE FINAL POSITION REGARDLESS OF ITS TYPE

SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES

i.e. their meaning

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 97)

• semantic, adj. = relating to the meanings of words

semantic classification of adjectives

stative vs. dynamic

gradable vs. non-gradable

inherent vs.non-inherent

STATIVE vs. DYNAMIC• Adjectives typically denote permanent states (e.g.

tall, intelligent), so they are typically STATIVE.• However, some adjectives can denote temporary

properties (e.g. rude, naughty, cruel, foolish).• These two classes differ syntactically:– She is being rude. *She is being tall.

(progressive)– Don’t be silly. *Don’t be tall. (imperative)

• I.e. when they are used predicatively, stative adjectives are incompatible with the progressive aspect and the imperative mood

Those adjectives are DYNAMIC.

GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE• Gradable adjectives refer to properties that can be

represented on a scale:– GRADABLE : John is tall.– NON-GRADABLE: John is English. Mary is pregnant.

• Only gradable adjectives can express comparison:– John is taller than Bob. – *Mary is more pregnant than Jane.

• Only gradable adjectives can be premodifed by intensifiers:– John is very tall. *Mary is very pregnant.

GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE• Most gradable adjectives come in pairs:– deep/shallow; high/low; long/short; tall/short– old/young; thick/thin; wide/narrow; heavy/light

• Why is that important?• In such pairs, there is always the unmarked

word which is used in questions and general statements.

Peel P50

The Peel P50 is officially the world’s smallest car ever made.

How ____ (big/small) is the Peel P50?BIG

GRADABLE vs. NON-GRADABLE• Some gradable adjectives come in pairs:– deep/shallow; high/low; long/short; tall/short– old/young; thick/thin; wide/narrow; heavy/light

• In such pairs, it is always the upper degree word which is the unmarked word:– John is 8 years old/*young.– How old is he? – *How young is he?– How beautiful is she?– *How ugly is she?– How quick is this car?– *How slow is this car?

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT• inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in

something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it

• Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the noun directly:– an old friend ≠ my friend is old– Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not

characterize the person.• Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun

directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT.

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT

• Classifying an ADJ in one of the two groups (inherent vs. non-inherent) may involve relation to an implicit or explicit standard, e.g.– BIG is INHERENT in a big mouse, the standard being

the relative size of mice– BIG is NON-INHERENT in a big fool, the standard

being degrees of foolishness.• However, the relative standard has to be

distinguished from gradability as well as from the inherent/non-inherent contrast.

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT

• For example:– Perfect and good are non-inherent in a perfect

mother and a good mother, the standard being motherhood, but only good is gradable (a very good mother, *a very perfect mother).

NOW, LET’S SEE HOW THIS CLASSIFICATION WORKS IN PRACTICE.

Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy?

happy girl happy rock

Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard?

hard rockhard Rock

Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden?

wooden Nichols Cage

wooden table

PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (a,b,c,d)

NI I

NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT

NI NI

NI NI

NI I

And now…

EVEN MORE ADJECTIVES!!!

SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOUR OF ADJs

HAPPY:• Mary is a happy girl.• A happy girl in the

corner is called Mandy.• The girl in the corner is

happy. • The award made her

happy.

UTTER:• Mary is an utter fool.• An utter fool can never

comprehend such complex ideas.

• *The girl in the corner is utter.

• *The award made her utter.

SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 96)

syntactic classification of adjectives

CENTRAL PERIPHERAL

This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform.

Adjectives that can have BOTH attributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g. a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy.

Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL. E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.

SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES – peripheral adjectives

PERIPHERAL ADJECTIVES

attributive only

predicative only

PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (a, b, c)CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only)

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier

CENTRAL

ADJECTIVES AGAIN!!!

SOME INTERESTING SENTENCES FEATURING ADJECTIVES

• Jumpy, he got scared when the door screaked.• Blissful, he signed the contract without

reading the small print,.• If ready, give me a signal!• When black, these berries are ripe.• Marvellous! You did it!• You bought me a new iPad! How nice of you!

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96)

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE SENTENCES

THE END

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!CU NEXT WEEK!