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I konoiiii (l.in Ki-ii.ing.in Indonesia Volume I Nomor 4, 20(12
An Experiment of Small Region Input-Output Model:
A Fundamental Economic Structure Approach to Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah
Muhammad Handry Imansyah
Kata Kunci: Analisis inpiil-imtpul - Struktur ekoiuvni - Pembangunan daerah - Hidii Sungai Tengah, Kaiiniantan Selatan
Key Word : Input output analysis - Fxonoinic structure - Local development - Hulu Sungai Tengah, Kalimantan Selatan
A b s t r a k
D a l a m s e m a n g a t o t o n o m i d a e r a h p a d a l i n g k a t k a b u p a t e n d a n kota, p e m a h a m a n
a k a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i p a d a t i n g k a t k a b u p a t e n d a n k o t a s a n g a t p e n t i n g u n t u k
d i k c t a h i i i g u n a m e n e n t u k a n s t r a t e g i p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h . B e r k a i t a n d e n g a n h a l
i t u , t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u alat a n a l i s i s xjang p a l i n g baik
u n t u k t u j u a n t e r s e b u t , k a r e t i a ittcitgaiitbarkait k e t e r k a i t a n ckoitoiiii a n t a r s e k t o r
s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h . T e t a p i , u m u m n y a k e n d a l a y a n g d i h a d a p i u n t u k tncttibuat
t a b e l t e r s e b u t a d a l a h t i n g g i n y a b i a y a u n t u k m e m b u a t i t y a t e r u t a m a d e n g a n
m e t o d e s u r v e i .
M a k a l a h i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n e r a p k a n m e t o d e h i b r i d a d a l a m p e m b u a t a n
t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t r e g i o n a l d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i f u n d a m e n t a l d i
I n d o n e s i a . I m a n s y a h ( 2 0 0 0 ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a p e n d e k a t a n s t r u k t u r e k o i w m i
f u n d a m e n t a l t e r s e b u t r e l a t i f r e n d a h d a r i segi b i a y a d e n g a n t i n g k a t a k u r a s i y a n g
m e m a d a i . K o n s e p s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i f u n d a m e n t a l y a n g a i v a l n y a d i k e m b a n g k a n
j e n s e n . W e s t d a n H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 8 ) m e m b e r i k a n k e m u n g k i n a n p e n g g i i n a a n n y a
u n t u k m e m b u a t t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t d i m a k s u d W e s t h u i z e n ( 1 9 9 7 ) m e n e r a p k a n
p e n d e k a t a n i n i u n t u k m e m b u a t tabel i n p u t - o u t p u t r e g i o n a l d e n g a n m e t o d e
h i b r i d a u n t u k A f r i k a S e l a t a n .
D i d a l a m m a k a l a h i n i , p e n u l i s m e n g g u n a k a n b e n t u k f u n g s i y a n g s e d i k i t b e r b e d a
d a n v a r i a b e l i n d e p e n d e n y a n g b e r b e d a p u l a d e n g a n p e n e l i t i a n W e s t h u i z e n u n t u k
m e m b u a t t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t r e g i o n a l k a b u p a t e n , y a i t u k a b u p a t e n H u l u S u n g a i
T e n g a h ( H S T ) , K a l i m a n t a n S e l a t a n . S e c a r a h o l i s t i k , t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t H S T
d a p a t m e n c e r m i n k a n b e s a r a n d a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i y a n g t e r g a m b a r d a r i
t a m p i l a n u t a m a t a b e l t e r s e b u t .
4 3 7
Imansyah
1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N
T h e a i m o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o a p p l y t h e F i m d a m e n t a l E c o n o m i c S t r u c t u r e
( F E S ) a p p r o a c h i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s m a l l r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e
f o r t h e s u b - p r o v i n c e s i n S o u t h K a l i m a n t a n P r o v i n c e , K a b u p a t e n H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h , r e p r e s e n t i n g a r u r a l e c o n o m y . J e n s e n , W e s t a n d H e w i n g s
( 1 9 8 8 ) p r o v i d e d a u s e f u l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s o f r e g i o n a l
e c o n o m i e s . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h e ( F E S ) c a n b e u s e d t o
c o n s t r u c t a n o t h e r r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e . H o w e v e r , t h i s p o t e n t i a l
t e c h n i q u e h a s n o t b e e n f u l l y e x p l o r e d . V a n d e e r W e s t h u i z e n ( 1 9 9 7 ) t r i e d
t o i m p l e m e n t t h i s a p p r o a c h f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a h y b r i d r e g i o n a l t a b l e i n
S o u t h A f r i c a . I m a n s y a h , W e s t a n d J e n s e n ( 2 0 0 0 ) a l s o t r i e d t o e x e r c i s e t h e
a p p r o a c h f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g s m a l l r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t m o d e l f o r a n
u r b a n e c o n o m y , t h e c i t y o f B a n j a r m a s i n .
T h e r e s e e m s t o b e g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t i n i n p u t - o u t p u t a n a l y s i s t h a t
t h e h y b r i d m e t h o d i s t h e m o s t f e a s i b l e m e t h o d f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g r e g i o n a l
i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s ( L a b r 1 9 9 3 ; V a n d e e r W e s t h u i z e n 1 9 9 2 ; W e s t 1 9 9 0 ) .
T h e h y b r i d m e t h o d a p p e a r s t o b e t h e m o s t c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a n d w e l l w i t h i n
t h e r a n g e o f a c c e p t a b l e a c c u r a c y . T h i s m e t h o d m i x e s t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f
t h e s u r v e y a n d t h e n o n - s u r v e y m e t h o d s f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g r e g i o n a l i n p u t -
o u t p u t t a b l e s a n d a v o i d s t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s . A c c u r a c y i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e
m a i n a d v a n t a g e o f s u r v e y m e t h o d s , w h i l e t h e s p e e d a n d l o w c o s t a r e
w e l l - k n o w n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f n o n - s u r v e y m e t h o d s f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g
r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s . L a b r ( 1 9 9 3 ) p o i n t e d o u t t h a t o n l y l i m i t e d
p a p e r s d i s c u s s h y b r i d m e t h o d s ( f o r e x a m p l e B o o m s m a & O o s t e r b a v e n
1 9 9 2 ; H a n s e n & T i e b o u t 1 9 6 3 ; H e w i n g s 1 9 7 7 ; H e w i n g s & R o m a n e s 1 9 8 1 ;
W e s t e f a l . 1 9 8 4 ; W e s t 1 9 8 1 b , 1 9 9 0 ) a n d o n l y t w o r e f e r e n c e b o o k s G e n s e n
et a l . 1 9 7 9 ; S c b a f f e r e t a l . 1 9 7 6 ) .
H y b r i d m e t h o d s c o v e r t h r e e a p p r o a c h e s : t o p d o w n , b o t t o m u p a n d
h o r i z o n t a l . T h e t o p d o w n a p p r o a c h i s t h e m o s t r e c o g n i s e d a n d w i d e l y
u s e d d u e t o t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f n a t i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s . T h i s
a p p r o a c h t a k e s a d v a n t a g e o f t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f n a t i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t
t a b l e s a s r e f e r e n c e t a b l e s . O n t h e o t h e r b a n d , t h e b o t t o m u p a p p r o a c h
a p p e a r s t o b e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r s m a l l r e g i o n s b e c a u s e r e s o u r c e s a r e b a s e d
o n r e g i o n a l d a t a . T h e r e f o r e , t h e l a r g e r t h e r e g i o n , t h e m o r e d a t a a r e
r e q u i r e d . T h e h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h i s u s u a l l y a s s u m e d f o r u p d a t i n g
r e g i o n a l t a b l e s . T h e h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h u s e s o t h e r r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t
4 3 8
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
t a b l e a s t b e b a s i s f o r t h e f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n . H o w e v e r , i n t b e h y b r i d
m e t h o d c o n t e x t , t h e r e a r e s o m e i s s u e s t h a t a r i s e , f o r e x a m p l e , b o w t o
c h o o s e r e f e r e n c e t a b l e s a n d b o w t o i n s e r t s u p e r i o r d a t a . T h e r e a r e t w o
i m p o r t a n t i s s u e s f o r t b e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t b e h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h . T b e
s t u d y o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f f e r s o n e p o s s i b i l i t y t o h e l p a n a l y s t s
d e t e r m i n e t b e c h o i c e o f r e f e r e n c e t a b l e s .
A n o t h e r m a j o r i s s u e i s t b e i n s e r t i o n o f s u p e r i o r d a t a . A s L a b r ( 1 9 9 3 ,
p . 2 8 8 ) p o i n t e d o u t : p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t open a r e n a i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of h y b r i d
m o d e l s i s t h a t f o r i n s e r t i o n s u p e r i o r d a t a . M a n y a n a l y s t s ( s e e H e w i n g s &
R o m a n o s 1 9 8 1 ; J e n s e n & W e s t 1 9 8 0 ; W e s t 1 9 8 2 ) p r o v i d e a g u i d e f o r
i n s e r t i n g s u p e r i o r d a t a . T b e a l g o r i t h m f o r i n s e r t i n g s u p e r i o r d a t a
c o n c e n t r a t e s o n t b e i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t s o f t b e i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s .
H o w e v e r , t b e s t u d y o f t b e m a i n c o m p o n e n t s o n l y m a y n o t e n o u g h t o
r e d u c e s u p e r i o r d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t s . T b e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f o t h e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i n p u t - o u t p u t c e l l s i n c l u d i n g p r e d i c t a b i l i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y
i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y w h e n u s i n g l e s s s u p e r i o r d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t s .
2. T H E C O N C E P T O F E C O N O M I C S T R U C T U R E
W e s t a n d J e n s e n ( 1 9 8 7 ) n o t e d t h a t t b e t e r m s t r u c t u r e i s d i f f i c u l t t o d e f i n e .
H o w e v e r , t b e t e r m e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n i n p u t - o u t p u t o r s o c i a l
a c c o u n t i n g m a t r i x s y s t e m s i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t b e a r r a n g e m e n t a n d s t r e n g t h
o f t b e f l o w s a m o n g a c t i v i t i e s i n r e g i o n a l a n d i n t e r r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i e s
( W e s t & J e n s e n 1 9 8 7 ; H e w i n g s , J e n s e n & W e s t 1 9 8 7 ) . B o r r o w i n g f r o m t b e
d i c t i o n a r y d e f i n i t i o n , t b e t e r m s t r u c t u r e i s d e f i n e d a s t h e w a y i n w h i c h
s o m e t h i n g i s c o n s t r u c t e d o r o r g a n i z e d ; a s u p p o r t i n g f r a m e w o r k o r t h e e s s e n t i a l
p a r t s of t h i n g ; a c o n s t r u c t e d t h i n g ; a c o m p l e x w h o l e ( T u r n e r & T u r n e r 1 9 8 9 ) .
T h i s d e f i n i t i o n i m p l i e s t h a t t b e t e r m s t r u c t u r e c o n t a i n s t h r e e e l e m e n t s ,
i . e . o r g a n i z a t i o n , e s s e n t i a l a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n O r i n o t h e r w o r d s , i t
r e p r e s e n t s t b e e s s e n c e o f t b e w h o l e t h i n g a n d i s c o n s t r u c t e d . A n a l o g o u s
t o t h i s d e f i n i t i o n , i t c a n b e a p p l i e d t o a n e c o n o m y . E c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e
h a s a f u n d a m e n t a l p a t t e r n w h i c h i s c o n s t r u c t e d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y .
H e w i n g s , J e n s e n a n d W e s t ( 1 9 8 7 ) r a i s e d t b e i s s u e o f b o w t o
d i s t i n g u i s h r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a r e a r a n g e o f r u r a l t o
m e t r o p o l i t a n e c o n o m i e s . T h e y a l s o d i s c u s s b o w t o d e s c r i b e t b e s t r u c t u r e
o f a n e c o n o m y a t a p o i n t i n t i m e a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y e v a l u a t e c h a n g e s i n
t h a t s t r u c t u r e ( s e e F i g u r e 1). R a i s i n g t h e s e i n q u i r i e s , t h e y e x p l o r e d s o m e
m e a s u r e s f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e . T h i s p a p e r r e v i e w s a
4 3 9
Imansyah
c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l f o r m e a s u r i n g e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e . T h i s
e x p l o r a t i o n l e a d s t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e
( J e n s e n , W e s t & H e w i n g s 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e y u s e d a n i n n o v a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o
e x a m i n e r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n A u s t r a l i a . T h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s
a p p r o a c h w a s t o o b s e r v e t h e r e g u l a r i t i e s a n d s i m i l a r i t i e s o f r e g i o n a l
e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o v e r s p a c e . T h i s a p p r o a c h a t t e m p t s t o r e m e d y t h e
d e f i c i e n c i e s o f p r e v i o u s a p p r o a c h e s .
F i g u r e 1 S p a c e - t i m e of R e g i o n a l E c o n o m i c S t r u c t u r e s
T i m e Space
At I t smal l rural resourc e-based metropol i tan state nat ional
e c o n o m y e c o n o m y e c o n o m y e c o n o m y e c o n o m y
t+1 increas ing e c o n o m i c complex i t y -> At
t+2 increas ing levels of connectedness
t+n
Scmra': Hewings, Jensen and West 1987.
D e w h u r s t a n d J e n s e n ( 1 9 9 5 ) c l a i m e d t h a t t h e s t u d y o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e
u s i n g i n p u t - o u t p u t h a s t w o p a t h s . T h e f i r s t p a t h i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e
a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s perse u s i n g t o o l s s u c h a s p a t t e r n
a n a l y s i s a n d o t h e r m e a s u r e s o f i n p u t - o u t p u t c o m p a r i s o n . T h e s e c o n d
p a t h a n a l y z e s t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s o f e c o n o m i c
s t r u c t u r e o v e r t i m e . I n c o n t r a s t . W e s t ( 1 9 9 8 ) d i v i d e d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e
i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s . W e s t ' s d e s c r i p t i o n e m p h a s i z e d t h e m e a s u r e m e n t
t o o l s u s e d i n s t u d y i n g e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e . T h e f i r s t g r o u p d e a l s w i t h
m e a s u r e s o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e u s i n g s o m e s i m p l e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s , f o r
e x a m p l e s i m p l e e c o n o m i c i n d i c a t o r s c o v e r i n g v a l u e a d d e d , e m p l o y m e n t ,
g r o s s o u t p u t , e x p o r t s a n d i m p o r t s . T h e s e c o n d g r o u p c o n s i s t s o f m o r e
s o p h i s t i c a t e d a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s l i k e m u l t i p l i e r a n a l y s i s , p a t t e r n a n a l y s i s ,
t r i a n g u l a t i o n , a n d o t h e r h o l i s t i c m e a s u r e s o f c o n n e c t e d n e s s . T h e t h i r d
4 4 0
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output M o d e l
g r o u p u s e s m o r e i n n o v a t i v e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s s u c h a s t h e s t r u c t u r a l
d e c o m p o s i t i o n a p p r o a c h , f i e l d o f i n f l u e n c e , f u n d a m e n t a l e c o n o m i c
s t r u c t u r e , a n d m i n i m a l f l o w a n a l y s i s .
H o w e v e r , i t s e e m s t h a t m o s t a p p r o a c h e s a r e l e s s c o m p r e h e n s i v e
a n d h o l i s t i c i n s t u d y i n g e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n i n p u t - o u t p u t a n a l y s i s .
E v e n t h o u g h J e n s e n a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s ( 1 9 8 8 , 1 9 9 1 ) p r o v i d e d a u s e f u l
i n s i g h t t o s t u d y e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n a h o l i s t i c w a y , t h e s e s t u d i e s s t i l l
n e e d f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t . I n a d d i t i o n , m o s t a p p r o a c h e s e x a m i n e
e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e u s i n g l i m i t e d a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n v e r s e
i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r u s e s p a r t s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e w h o l e s t r u c t u r e . T h i s
a p p r o a c h d e s c r i b e s t h e t a b l e a s a w h o l e b y i d e n t i f y i n g m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t
e l e m e n t s o f t h e t a b l e . A n o t h e r s t u d y f o c u s e s o n s t a b i l i t y o r s t r u c t u r a l
c h a n g e .
M e a n w h i l e , J e n s e n a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s e m p h a s i z e t h e p r e d i c t a b i l i t y
c o m p o n e n t . E v e n t h o u g h t h e y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e h a s
s o m e r e g u l a r i t i e s a n d s i m i l a r i t i e s , t h e y h a d n o t v e r i f i e d w h e t h e r t h i s
c o m m o n p a t t e r n e x i s t s a c r o s s c o u n t r i e s . T h e r e f o r e , e m p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e
f r o m d i f f e r e n t e c o n o m i c e n v i r o n m e n t s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s t a g e s i s s t i l l
n e e d e d t o m a k e a g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n f o r t h i s p h e n o m e n o n .
T h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e
o f a r e g i o n o r a n a t i o n h a s s o m e c o m m o n p a t t e r n s . I n q u i r y i n t o
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c o m m o n p a t t e r n s o r s i m i l a r i t i e s a c r o s s r e g i o n s h a s
a t t r a c t e d a n a l y s t s f o r m a n y y e a r s . M a n y a n a l y s t s s h o w e v i d e n c e t h a t
t h e r e i s a s i m i l a r i t y o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e f o r s o m e c o u n t r i e s ( f o r
e x a m p l e C h e n e r y & W a t a n a b e 1 9 5 8 ; L e o n t i e f 1 9 6 3 ; S i m p s o n & T s u k u i
1 9 6 5 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s r a i s e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e
t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s a c r o s s r e g i o n s o r n a t i o n s p r e d i c t a b l e , s t a b l e a n d a l s o
i m p o r t a n t ?
I f t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s a r e p r e d i c t a b l e , i t m e a n s t h a t t h e c o m m o n p a t t e r n
o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i s e x p e c t e d t o b e s i m i l a r w i t h o t h e r r e g i o n s w h e n
t h e e c o n o m i c s i z e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s t a g e s a r e a l s o s i m i l a r . T h e
p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f a c o m m o n p a t t e m o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e w a s f o u n d b y
J e n s e n , W e s t a n d H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e y f o u n d t h a t s o m e p a r t s o f
e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n A u s t r a l i a n r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i e s a r e p r e d i c t a b l e a n d
r e l a t e d t o e c o n o m i c s i z e .
4 4 1
Imansyah
M e a n w h i l e , t h e s t a b i l i t y o f s o m e c o m p o n e n t s o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e
r e f e r s t o t h e i n e v i t a b l e p r e s e n c e o f s t a b i l i t y a c r o s s r e g i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t
e c o n o m i c s i z e . T h e l a s t i s s u e i s i m p o r t a n c e . T h i s t e r m r e f e r s t o t h e p a r t s
o f a n e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e w h i c h i s c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e w h o l e
s y s t e m . T h e s e p r e v i o u s a p p r o a c h e s i n s t u d j d n g e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e w e r e
u s e d o n l y p a r t i a l l y .
T h i s m e a n s t h a t m o s t a p p r o a c h e s o n l y c o n c e n t r a t e o n i d e n t i f y i n g
o n l y o n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r a t h e r t h a n a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . F o r
e x a m p l e , a n a l y s t s o n l y c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s o f t h e
i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e . H e w i n g s , S o n i s a n d J e n s e n ( 1 9 8 8 a ; 1 9 8 8 b ) i n d i c a t e d
t h a t r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e m a y h a v e t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( s t a b i l i t y ,
p r e d i c t a b i l i t y a n d i m p o r t a n c e ) s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . H o w e v e r , t h e y a r g u e d
t h a t t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e n o t m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e . T h e s e p a p e r s
e x t e n d e d t h e n o t i o n o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e ( F E S )
d e v e l o p e d b y J e n s e n W e s t a n d H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 8 ) . L a t e r , V a n d e r
W e s t h u i z e n ( 1 9 9 2 ) a p p l i e d t h i s c o n c e p t f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g r e g i o n a l i n p u t -
o u t p u t t a b l e s . H e e x a m i n e d t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u s i n g d i f f e r e n t
a p p r o a c h e s . T h i s a p p r o a c h t r i e s t o s t u d y e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n a m o r e
c o m p r e h e n s i v e w a y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e F E S c o n c e p t m a y n o t c o n s i d e r j u s t
o n e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l . I n o t h e r w o r d s , n o n e o f t h e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s i s m o r e
i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e o t h e r s . S e v e r a l a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s m a y c o m p l e m e n t e a c h
o t h e r . T h e r e f o r e , m a n y a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s c a n b e u s e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t o
e x a m i n e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e F E S a n d i d e n t i f y i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . I n
a d d i t i o n , t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f w h o l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u s i n g s e v e r a l
a p p r o a c h e s w i l l v e r i f y t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e F E S c o n c e p t .
3 . H O R I Z O N T A L H Y B R I D A P P R O A C H
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h h e a v i l y r e l i e s o n r e f e r e n c e
t a b l e s . U n l i k e t h e t o p d o w n a p p r o a c h , t h e h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h r e q u i r e s
r e f e r e n c e t a b l e s w h i c h s o m e t i m e s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . I f t h e
e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n t h e r e g i o n i n q u e s t i o n i s v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m
a v a i l a b l e s u r v e y - b a s e d t a b l e s , s e r i o u s e r r o r s m a y b e i n t r o d u c e d . T h e
c h o i c e o f r e f e r e n c e t a b l e s b e c o m e v e r y c r u c i a l w h e n u s i n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l
h y b r i d a p p r o a c h .
O n l y H e w i n g s ( 1 9 7 7 ) a n d A n t i l l e ( 1 9 9 0 ) h a v e t r i e d t o d e v e l o p
a n o t h e r i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e b y b o r r o w i n g o t h e r i n p u t - o u t p u t c o e f f i c i e n t s .
4 4 2
A n Exper iment o f Sma l l Reg ion Input-Output Mode l
H e w i n g s e x a m i n e d t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y b y e x c h a n g i n g r e g i o n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s
b e t w e e n t h e W a s h i n g t o n 1 9 6 3 a n d K a n s a s 1 9 6 5 s u r v e y - b a s e d t a b l e s . H e
c l a i m e d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s m e t h o d w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y w h e n t h e R A S
m e t h o d w a s u s e d . S i m i l a r l y , A n t i l l e ( 1 9 9 0 ) u s e d t h e G e r m a n i n p u t -
o u t p u t t a b l e a s a r e f e r e n c e t a b l e f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a n i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e o f
S w i t z e r l a n d . P r o b l e m s e m e r g e w h e n t h e r e i s n o a v a i l a b l e r e f e r e n c e t a b l e
o r i f t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e r e g i o n i n q u e s t i o n i s v e r y d i f f e r e n t
f r o m t h e a v a i l a b l e t a b l e . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e a v a i l a b l e t a b l e m a y b e f o r a n
u r b a n a n d m e t r o p o l i t a n e c o n o m y , b u t t h e r e g i o n i n q u e s t i o n i s a r u r a l
a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l e c o n o m y . H e n c e , t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s u i t a b l e r e f e r e n c e
t a b l e s i s t h e m a j o r i s s u e f o r h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h .
H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 4 ) a r g u e d t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n a l i t t l e a t t e m p t t o
d e m o n s t r a t e h o w a r e g i o n a l e c o n o m y m i g h t c h a n g e o v e r t i m e a s i t g r o w s
a n d d e v e l o p s . R e g i o n a l e c o n o m i e s m i g h t e x h i b i t s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e s f o r
r e g i o n s a t t h e s a m e s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e s t u d y o f e c o n o m i c
s t r u c t u r e i d e n t i f i e s t h e c o m m o n p a t t e r n s o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o v e r t i m e
a m o n g s t r e g i o n s .
A m o n g h y b r i d a p p r o a c h e s , t h e h o r i z o n t a l a p p r o a c h i s n e g l e c t e d i n
t h e l i t e r a t u r e . R e c e n t r e s e a r c h f o c u s e s o n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t a b l e s a n d
t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e ( s e e f o r e x a m p l e ,
J e n s e n , W e s t , & H e w i n g s 1 9 8 8 ; S o n i s & H e w i n g s 1 9 8 9 ) .
T h e s e s t u d i e s t o o k a d v a n t a g e o f t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f m a n y r e g i o n a l t a b l e s
i n c o u n t r i e s s u c h a s A u s t r a l i a . T h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e s e r e g i o n a l t a b l e s
o p e n e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l e c o n o m i c
s t r u c t u r e ( F E S ) w h i c h w a s p i o n e e r e d b y J e n s e n a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s ( 1 9 8 8 ,
1 9 9 1 ) .
V a n d e r W e s t h u i z e n ( 1 9 9 2 ) t r i e d t o u s e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n f o r
c o n s t r u c t i n g r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s . H e a l s o e x a m i n e d t h e F E S '
p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h a r e p r e d i c t a b l e , s t a b l e a n d i m p o r t a n t ( H e w i n g s , S o n i s &
J e n s e n 1 9 8 9 a ; 1 9 8 9 b ) . T h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s i n a s e t o f
r e g i o n a l t a b l e s h e l p s t h e a n a l y s t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e a c h
c e l l i n t h e i n p u t o u t p u t t a b l e s .
T h e s t u d y o f s u c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s n o t a n e w p h e n o m e n o n .
H o w e v e r , m o s t a n a l y s t s c o n c e n t r a t e o n o n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u c h a s
i m p o r t a n c e . T h e i s s u e o f i m p o r t a n c e o r i n v e r s e i m p o r t a n c e d o m i n a t e d
t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f i n p u t - o u t p u t e s p e c i a l l y f o r i d e n t i f y i n g e r r o r a n d
4 4 3
Imansyah
s e n s i t i v i t y ( f o r e x a m p l e , B u l l a r d & S e b a l d , 1 9 7 7 ; H e w i n g s , 1 9 7 7 ; H e w i n g s
& R o m a n o s , 1 9 8 1 ; J e n s e n & W e s t , 1 9 8 0 ; W e s t , 1 9 8 2 ) . A s X u a n d M a d d e n
( 1 9 9 1 ) s t a t e d , n o t a l l e l e m e n t s w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t t h e w h o l e s y s t e m .
T h e r e f o r e , t h o s e s t u d i e s o f i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s a r e j u s t i f i e d .
O t h e r p r o p e r t i e s s u c h a s s t a b i l i t y a n d p r e d i c t a b i l i t y a r e n e g l e c t e d .
E v e n t h o u g h m a n y a n a l y s t s s t u d i e d t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o r
m u l t i p l i e r s o f a r e g i o n o r n a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t i m e d i m e n s i o n ( f o r
e x a m p l e B e y e r s 1 9 7 2 ; C o n w a y 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 7 ; C a r t e r 1 9 7 0 ; F e l d m a n , M c C l a i n
& P a l m e r , 1 9 8 7 ) , s o m e a n a l y s t s p a i d l e s s a t t e n t i o n t o s t a b i l i t y o n s p a t i a l
d i m e n s i o n .
M a n y a n a l y s t s f o c u s e d o n t h e s t p d y o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e , s e e k i n g
t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d c o m m o n p a t t e r n s o f e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o v e r s p a c e
a n d o v e r t i m e ( f o r e x a m p l e C h e n e r y & W a t a n a b e , 1 9 5 8 ; C h e n e r y &
T a y l o r , 1 9 6 8 ; K u z n e t , 1 9 5 7 ; J e n s e n , W e s t & H e w i n g s , 1 9 8 8 ; J e n s e n , W e s t ,
H e w i n g s & S o n i s , 1 9 8 8 ; S y r q u i n , 1 9 8 8 ) .
H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s l i t t l e a t t e m p t t o s t u d y e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n a
c o m p r e h e n s i v e w a y . M o s t a p p r o a c h e s u s e a s i n g l e a n a l y t i c a l t o o l r a t h e r
t h a n s e v e r a l a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t o m e a s u r e e c o n o m i c
s t r u c t u r e . S o n i s , H e w i n g s a n d J e n s e n , ( 1 9 9 1 ) s u g g e s t e d u s i n g s e v e r a l
m e t h o d s t o d e f i n e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e , b u t e m p i r i c a l w o r k s t i l l n e e d s t o
b e d o n e . T h e a p p r o a c h t h a t u s e s a s e t o f a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s t o m e a s u r e
p r e d i c t a b i l i t y , s t a b i l i t y a n d i m p o r t a n c e w i l l a l l o w a n a l y s t s t o m o r e
c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y u n d e r s t a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e .
J e n s e n a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s , ( 1 9 8 8 , 1 9 9 1 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t e c o n o m i c
s t r u c t u r e e x h i b i t s a c o m m o n p a t t e m . T h i s c o m m o n p a t t e m c o n t a i n s
p r e d i c t a b l e , i m p o r t a n t a n d s t a b l e c o m p o n e n t s . J e n s e n et a l . ( 1 9 8 8 , 1 9 9 1 )
o n l y d i s c u s s e s t h e p r e d i c t a b l e c o m p o n e n t o f r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c s t m c t u r e .
V a n d e r W e s t h u i z e n , ( 1 9 9 2 ) c o n t i n u e s t h e i r a p p r o a c h b y u n c o v e r i n g
w h e t h e r t h e p r e d i c t a b l e c o m p o n e n t s a r e a l s o i m p o r t a n t a n d s t a b l e .
H o w e v e r , h i s s t u d y i s l i m i t e d b y t h e n u m b e r o f f u n c t i o n a l f o r m s a n d
a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s t h a t h e u s e d . O t h e r a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s s u c h a s f i e l d o f
i n f l u e n c e a r e r e q u i r e d t o e x a m i n e t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f s u c h c o m m o n
p a t t e m s . T h i s a p p r o a c h i s u s e d i n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y .
4 4 4
A n Exper iment o f Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
4 . G E N E R A L D E S C R I P T I O N O F K A B U P A T E N H U L U
S U N G A I T E N G A H
K a b u p a t e n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h i s o n e o f n i n e r e g e n c i e s a n d o n e
m u n i c i p a l i t y i n S o u t h K a l i m a n t a n . I n 1 9 9 5 , t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f S q u t h
K a l i m a n t a n w a s 2 9 0 0 4 0 0 . I t s e c o n o m y o f t h i s r e g i o n v a r i e s , w i t h s l i g h t
r e l i a n c e o n p r i m a r y s e c t o r s s u c h a s a g r i c u l t u r e a n d m i n i n g . T h e s e t w o
s e c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 1 p e r c e n t : 2 4 . 2 p e r c e n t f o r a g r i c u l t u r e
a n d 6 . 8 p e r c e n t f o r m i n i n g . H o w e v e r , t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s h a v e
b e c o m e m o r e i m p o r t a n t i n r e c e n t y e a r s c o n t r i b u t i n g 2 0 p e r c e n t o f g r o s s
r e g i o n a l d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t . T h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s a r e d o m i n a t e d b y
t i m b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g s u c h a s p l y w o o d a n d c r u m b r u b b e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g . H o w e v e r , t h e t i m b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g r e l i e s h e a v i l y o n
i m p o r t e d r a w m a t e r i a l b e c a u s e S o u t h
K a l i m a n t a n ' s f o r e s t w a s d e p l e t e d i n t h e 1 9 8 0 s . T h e d e p l e t i o n w a s
t h e r e s u l t o f e x t e n s i v e c u t t i n g f o r s u p p l y i n g t h e t i m b e r i n d u s t r y w i t h o u t
c o n c o m i t a n t r e p l a n t i n g . H o p e f u l l y , t h e n e x t d e c a d e w i l l s e e a n i n c r e a s e
i n t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e r a w m a t e r i a l d u e t o r e f o r e s t a t i o n i n t h e e a r l y
1 9 9 0 s . O t h e r i m p o r t a n t m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n t h i s a r e a i s r u b b e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g s u c h a s s m o k e d s h e e t r u b b e r a n d r e m i l l e d r u b b e r .
I n 1 9 9 5 , t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h w a s 2 2 9 2 7 3 . T h e
p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y w a s 1 5 6 p e o p l e p e r s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s . T h e a g e
s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s d o m i n a t e d b y t h e y o u n g . O n t h e o n e
h a n d , t h i s i s b e n e f i c i a l b e c a u s e m o s t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s i n t h e
p r o d u c t i v e a g e r a n g e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t i s d i s a d v a n t a g e f o r t h e
c o m m u n i t y u n l e s s t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t c a n c r e a t e e m p l o y m e n t f o r
y o u n g p e o p l e .
T a b l e 1 C o m p o s i t i o n o f Population by Age G r o u p (Percent)
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h , 1996
Age Group Male Female Total 0-9 21.97 20.73 21.37
10-19 22.47 21.97 21.13 20-49 41.11 44.13 42.75 50+ 14.45 14.97 14.75
Total 100 100 100 Source: S t a t i s t i c s O f f i c e , S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c S u r v e y 1 9 9 6 .
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5. A N O V E R V I E W O F T H E F E S A P P R O A C H
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s u s e s t h e F E S
a p p r o a c h . I t s a p p l i c a t i o n a s o u t l i n e d i n I m a n s y a h ( 2 0 0 0 ) s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e
F E S a p p r o a c h i s r e l a t i v e l y c o s t - e f f e c t i v e w i t h a c c e p t a b l e a c c u r a c y i n a
h o l i s t i c s e n s e . T h e F E S a p p r o a c h i s u s e d f o r t h e f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e
t a b l e s . H o w e v e r , t h e a n a l y s t c a n i n t e r v e n e a t a n y s t e p t o i m p r o v e t h e
a c c u r a c y o f t h e t a b l e s i f a n y r e l i a b l e d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e . I m a n s y a h ( 2 0 0 0 )
o u t l i n e d a n e f f i c i e n t m e t h o d f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e
i n I n d o n e s i a u s i n g t h e F E S a p p r o a c h .
5 . 1 . S o u r c e s o f D a t a
T h e s e c o n d a r y d a t a f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a n i n p u t - o u t p u t m o d e l f o r H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s u b - p r o v i n c e l e v e l i n m o s t s e c t o r s .
C e n t r a l B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s ( C B S ) , w i t h i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f f i c e a t e v e r y
g o v e r n m e n t l e v e l , c o n d u c t s s u r v e y s o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l c o s t s t r u c t u r e o f
l a r g e a n d m e d i u m e n t e r p r i s e s a t t h e p r o v i n c e l e v e l e v e r y y e a r . T h e
d e t a i l e d l o c a t i o n o f t h e a g g r e g a t e i n d u s t r y c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e C B S .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e d a t a c a n b e u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t c o s t s t r u c t u r e s a t t h e s u b -
p r o v i n c e l e v e l . I n a d d i t i o n , a l m o s t e v e r y g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e o f p r i m a r y
s e c t o r s i n e v e r y s u b - p r o v i n c e s u c h a s a g r i c u l t u r e , f i s h e r y a n d l i v e s t o c k ,
c o l l e c t c o s t s t r u c t u r e d a t a o n a y e a r l y b a s i s . H e n c e , t h e s e d a t a c a n b e u s e d
f o r t h e p r i m a r y s e c t o r s . C o n s u m p t i o n p a t t e m s o f h o u s e h o l d s c a n b e
o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e S t a t i s t i c s O f f i c e i n e v e r y s u b - p r o v i n c e t h a t c o n d u c t s
s u r v e y s o f p e o p l e w e l f a r e i n d i c a t o r s . L o c a l g o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e c a n
b e o b t a i n e d f r o m g o v e r n m e n t b u d g e t a n d r e v e n u e .
5.2. T h e C o n s t r u c t i o n o f I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e
T h e p r o c e d u r e s t o c o n s t r u c t H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e
e m p l o y s t h e s e q u e n c e o u t l i n e d i n t h e A p p e n d i x 1 .
T h e s e q u e n c e o f t h e H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e s
c o n s t m c t i o n i s a s f o l l o w s ' :
S t e p 1 c a l c u l a t e s t h e t r a n s a c t i o n c e l l s u s i n g t h e r e s u l t o f a r e g r e s s i o n
e s t i m a t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n a r e s e n t t o s t e p 7 .
1 T h i s sequence begins at step 7 of general procedures i n A p p e n d i x 1 as step 1 because
tbe p r o c e d u r e u s e s tbe avai lable prototype table.
4 4 6
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
S t e p 2 c h e c k s t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e u n p r e d i c t a b l e c e l l s . T h e
u n p r e d i c t a b l e c e l l s t h a t a r e b e l o w t h e t h r e s h o l d i n s t e p 2 i d e n t i f y t h e
s t a b i l i t y o f t h e s e c e l l s . T h e m e a s u r e t o i d e n t i f y t h e s t a b l e c e l l s i s t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a r i a t i o n ( C V ) . T o m a k e s t e p 2 c o n s i s t e n t w i t h s t e p 1 , t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s ' f o r m a t i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o a t r a n s a c t i o n f o r m a t b y m u l t i p l y i n g
t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s w i t h t h e t o t a l s e c t o r a l g r o s s o u t p u t o f r e s p e c t i v e c o l u m n s
f o r t h e H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n a r e u s e d i n
s t e p 7 .
S t e p 3 i d e n t i f i e s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c e l l s t h a t c a n n o t b e e s t i m a t e d
b y p r e d i c t a b l e a n d s t a b l e p r o p e r t i e s . T h i s s t e p i s c r u c i a l f o r t h e f i n a l
a c c u r a c y o f t h e t a b l e . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n t h i s s t e p l e a d s t o i m p r o v i n g t h e
a c c u r a c y b e c a u s e t h e i d e n t i f i e d i m p o r t a n t c e l l s u s e s u p e r i o r d a t a . A t t h i s
s t e p , s u p e r i o r d a t a w i l l b e i n s e r t e d a s m o s t s u p e r i o r d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e .
M o s t i m p o r t a n t s e c t o r s a r e p r i m a r y a n d s o m e s e c o n d a r y s e c t o r s . T h e
u n i m p o r t a n t c e l l s c a n u s e a l e s s a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n b y m e a n s o t h e r t h a n
s u p e r i o r d a t a b e c a u s e t h e c e l l s a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n i m p o r t a n t t o t h e w h o l e
s y s t e m . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e u n s t a b l e a n d u n p r e d i c t a b l e c e l l s w i l l b e c h e c k e d
t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e s e c e l l s a r e i m p o r t a n t .
S e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s i s u s e d b y m e a s u r i n g f r o m t h e t o p 2 5 p e r c e n t o f
c e l l s w h i c h a r e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c e l l s . T h e
i d e n t i f i e d i m p o r t a n t c e l l s g o t o s t e p 6 f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f s u p e r i o r d a t a .
T h e e s t i m a t i o n o f i d e n t i f i e d u n i m p o r t a n t c e l l s u s e s a v e r a g e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f
r e g i o n a l i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s . T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e t h e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o
t r a n s a c t i o n s f o r m a t b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s w i t h t h e t o t a l s e c t o r a l
g r o s s o u t p u t f r o m t h e r e s p e c t i v e c o l u m n o f t h e H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h .
S t e p 6 c o l l e c t s s u p e r i o r d a t a f o r i n t e r m e d i a t e c e l l s . T h e s u p e r i o r d a t a
i s n e e d e d t o f i l l t h e i d e n t i f i e d i m p o r t a n t c e l l s t h a t c a n n o t b e e s t i m a t e d
u s i n g t h e F E S a p p r o a c h . A t t h i s s t e p , m o s t s e c o n d a r y d a t a f r o m S t a t i s t i c a l
O f f i c e a r e a v a i l a b l e . T h e s e d a t a g o t o s t e p 7 t o b e s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h
o t h e r s d a t a f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g i n t e r m e d i a t e t r a n s a c t i o n c e l l s .
S t e p 7 c o m b i n e s t h e r e s u l t s o f s t e p s 2 , 3 , 5 , a n d 6 t o c o n s t r u c t
p r o t o t y p e i n t e r m e d i a t e t r a n s a c t i o n c e l l s .
S t e p 8 c o l l e c t s s u p e r i o r d a t a f o r f i n a l d e m a n d s a n d p r i m a r y i n p u t s .
T h i s f i n a l d e m a n d , e s p e c i a l l y h o u s e h o l d c o n s u m p t i o n , m u s t b e e s t i m a t e d
a s a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s i b l e . H o u s e h o l d c o n s u m p t i o n p a t t e m c a n b e
e s t i m a t e d u s i n g s o c i a l e c o n o m i c s u r v e y s o n a y e a r l y b a s i s . G o v e r n m e n t
4 4 7
ImansL xih
consumption patterns is estimated using government budgets of the
H u l u Sungai Tengah Regency-
Capital formation is one of the most difficult to estimate. The Office
of the Department of Trade and Industry can provide some data that can
be used for estimating capital formation The representati\'c office of the
Bank of Indonesia (the Central Bank) also publishes data that can be used
to estimate the capital formation by sector. A l l these data from different
sources can be used to ensure consistency. The change of stocks can be
treated as a residual.
Exports and imports of food commodities are estimated by using
balance sheets of food commodities published by local go\ cmmcnts on
an annual basis. If it is not available, the gap and surplus between local
production and local consumption is considered imports and exports. For
other sectors, some data from the Office of the Department of Trade and
Industry are also available for estimating exports. Some publication data
from the representative office of the Bank of Indonesia (the Central Bank)
contains export data by sectors.
For the primary input quadrant, most sectors have labour
expenditure data, therefore, estimating primary inputs is relatively
easier. Other value added is treated as residual.
Step 9 combines the results of steps 7 and 8 . This step derives the
initial prototype transaction table.
Step 10 reconciles the prototype transaction table. In this step,
reconciliation and checks are necessary for consistenc}' because the table
developed in the previous step is very coarse. The process involves
balancing the column and row sums and using a modified R A S to
reconcile other minor differences. This step produces a final prototype
transaction table.
Step 11 performs a sensitivity analysis to identify the most sonsitiw
cells in the prototype table. This step carries out a sensitivity analysis to
identify the most significant cells affecting the multipliers in the table.
This step involves the scrutiny of the structure and features of the
regional economy for H u l u Sungai Tengah. If the result differs
substantially from the analysts' expectations, in other words, if there is a
suspicion of a significant error in some important cells, the following step
must be carried out.
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A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output M o d e l
I n s t e p 1 2 , t h e i n s e r t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l s u p e r i o r d a t a i s c a r r i e d o u t t o
e n s u r e a c c u r a c y i f t h e p r e v i o u s s t e p i n d i c a t e s a s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r . I n t h i s
s t e p , f i n a l c h e c k i n g , b a l a n c i n g a n d a d j u s t m e n t a r e c a r r i e d o u t t o
c o m p l e t e t h e f i n a l t a b l e . 1
S t e p 1 3 c a l c u l a t e s t h e i n v e r s e m a t r i c e s a n d m u l t i p l i e r s . T h e o u t p u t
i n c o m e a n d e m p l o y m e n t m u l t i p l i e r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e f i n a l
t r a n s a c t i o n t a b l e . j
T h e i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e s o f t h e H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
t h e A p p e n d i x 3 , a n d s e c t o r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s i n A p p e n d i x 2 .
5 . 3 . M o d e l V a l i d a t i o n
G e n e r a l l y , t h e v a l i d a t i o n p r o c e s s i s t o e v a l u a t e t h e m o d e l . I n a h o l i s t i c
s e n s e , t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a n d s i z e o f t h e H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h i n p u t -
o u t p u t t a b l e r e f l e c t s t h e r e a l s i t u a t i o n o f r e g i o n a l e c o n o m y . I n a d d i t i o n ,
H u l u S v m g a i T e n g a h i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e r e p r e s e n t s t h e s i z e a n d s t r u c t u r e
o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h e c o n o m y . J e n s e n ( 1 9 8 0 ) s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e t w o
t y p e s o f a c c u r a c c y , t y p e A a n d t y p e B a c c u r a c y . T y p e A a c c u r a c y
e m p h a s i z e s t h e t a b l e a c c u r a c y . T h i s t y p e A a c c u r a c y r e f l e c t s t h e
a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f d e r i v e d i n p u t - o u t p u t t a b l e t o t l i e u n k n o w n " t r u e "
t a b l e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t y p e B a c c u r a c y i s m o d e l a c c u r a c y , w h i c h
r e p r e s e n t s t h e o p e r a t i o n a l m o d e l o f d e r i v e d i n p u t - o u t p u t t o t h e e c o n o m y
i n q u e s t i o n . W i t h r e g a r d t o m o d e l v a l i d a t i o n , t y p e A c a n n o t b e o b t a i n e d
b e c a u s e t h e " t r u e " t a b l e i s n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r c o m p a r i s o n . T h e r e f o r e , t y p e B
a c c u r a c y i s t h e m o s t f e a s i b l e t o o b t a i n .
J e n s e n ( 1 9 8 0 ) a r g u e d t h a t t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e t e s t o f t a b l e a c c u r a c y i s
t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h a t a b l e r e p r e s e n t s t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e e c o n o m y i n
q u e s t i o n . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t a n a l y s t s h o u l d f o c u s e o n t h e m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t
i n t e r a c t i o n s o r t h e l a r g e r c o e f f i c i e n t s r a t h e r t h a n t h e a n a l y t i c a l
i n s i g n i f i c a n t c e l l s o f t h e t a b l e .
I n a h o l i s t i c s e n s e , H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h i n p u t o u t p u t t a b l e s r e f l e c t
t h e s i z e a n d s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e e c o n o m i e s w h i c h c a p t u r e t h e m a i n
f e a t u r e s i t s r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i e s .
4 4 9
Imansyah
6. T H E S I Z E A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E H U L U S U N G A I
T E N G A H I N P U T - O U T P U T T A B L E
6.1. The Structure of Total Gross Output and Final Demand
T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t i s d o m i n a t e d b y o t h e r v a l u e a d d e d .
O t h e r v a l u e a d d e d c o n t r i b u t e d 4 6 . 2 8 p e r c e n t o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h ' s
t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t . I n t e r m e d i a t e i n p u t s a c c o u n t e d f o r 2 6 . 7 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e
t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t w h i l e i m p o r t s c o n t r i b u t e d o n l y 6 . 9 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e
t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t . T h e h i g h l o c a l i n p u t p u r c h a s e s a n d t h e l o w i m p o r t s
f o r t h i s r e g i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s h a v e n o t b e e n f u l l y
d e v e l o p e d b e c a u s e t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s c o n s i s t o f a f e w s e c t o r s t h a t
p r o c e s s l o c a l r e s o u r c e s , s u c h a s r u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
t h e o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s c o m p r i s e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r t h a t u s e s
s i m p l e t e c h n o l o g y a n d p r o d u c e r e s o u r c e - b a s e d , l e s s d i v e r s i f i e d
m a n u f a c t u r i n g . M o s t o f t h e s e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s u s e l o c a l i n p u t s .
6.2. The Sectoral Distribution
I n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h , s e r v i c e s , t r a d e , o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g , a n d p a d d y
s e c t o r s d o m i n a t e d t h e s e c t o r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t . T h e s e
f o u r s e c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e d 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t . T h e s e r v i c e s
s e c t o r a l o n e c o n t r i b u t e d 1 5 . 6 p e r c e n t . R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s t h e
m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r i n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h . O t h e r s e c t o r s
c o n t r i b u t e d l e s s t h a n 1 0 p e r c e n t . A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e c t o r a l
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t o t a l g r o s s o u t p u t , v a l u e a d d e d , e x p o r t s a n d i m p o r t s i s
s h o w n i n Figure 2.
4 5 0
A n Exper iment ot" Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
F i g u r e 2 T h e S t r u c t u r e of G r o s s Output, H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h 1995
( R p ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 )
Gov. E x p Cap . Form Ex-Imp
F i g u r e 3
T h e C o m p o s i t i o n of F i n a l D e m a n d , H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h 1995
Imports 7 % Wages
Intermediate Inputs 2 7 %
other Value Added 4 6 %
451
Imansyah
T h e v a l u e a d d e d w a s d i s t r i b u t e d e v e n l y , h o w e v e r , f o u r s e c t o r s h a d m o r e
t h a n 1 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r s h a r e i n v a l u e a d d e d . T h e s e f o u r s e c t o r s , n a m e l y
s e r v i c e s , t r a d e , p a d d y a n d o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g , c o n t r i b u t e d 5 7 . 2 p e r c e n t .
E x p o r t s w e r e d o m i n a t e d b y p a d d y , o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g , a n d
l i v e s t o c k . O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s d o m i n a t e d b y r u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g
w h i c h i s e x p o r t e d t o o t h e r c o i m t r i e s . P a d d y a n d l i v e s t o c k a r e e x p o r t e d t o
o t h e r r e g e n c i e s .
O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g w a s t h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t i m p o r t o f
i n p u t s i n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h . L i v e s t o c k w a s t h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t s e c t o r t o
i m p o r t e d i n p u t s . H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h d o e s n o t h a v e a l i v e s t o c k f e e d
m i l l , t h e r e f o r e , m o s t l i v e s t o c k f e e d i s i m p o r t e d f r o m o u t s i d e t h e
p r o v i n c e . F i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n a n d r e n t i s t h e t h i r d s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t
i m p o r t e d i n p u t s .
T h e s e r v i c e s , p a d d y , a n d o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r e s e c t o r s h o l d t h e h i g h e s t
s h a r e o f s e c t o r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n w a g e s a n d s a l a r i e s . T h e e m p l o y m e n t
d i s t r i b u t i o n b y s e c t o r a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s e r v i c e s , p a d d y a n d o t h e r
a g r i c u l t u r e s e c t o r s p r o v i d e t h e h i g h e s t e m p l o y m e n t . A d e t a i l e d
d e s c r i p t i o n o f e m p l o y m e n t c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e A p p e n d i x 4 .
6 3 . The Sectoral Purchasing Distribution
T a b l e 2 p r e s e n t s t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f l o c a l i n t e r i n d u s t r y l i n k a g e s .
T h i s t a b l e s h o w s t h a t t h e s e c t o r s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t l o c a l p u r c h a s e s a r e
f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g . F o c x l m a n u f a c t u r i n g
p u r c h a s e d 6 4 . 2 1 p e r c e n t o f i t s i n p u t s f r o m t h e l o c a l e c o n o m y , w h i c h
t e n d s t o b o o s t t h e l o c a l e c o n o m y . O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g b u y s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 6 . 1 1 p e r c e n t o f i t s i n p u t s f r o m l o c a l i n d u s t r i e s . O t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g i s d o m i n a t e d b y r u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g . B a l a s s a ( 1 9 7 9 )
a n d L e a r n e r ( 1 9 8 4 ) ( c i t e d b y S y r q u i n & C h e n e r y , 1 9 9 2 ) s u g g e s t t h a t t h e
p a t t e m o f . d e v e l o p m e n t t e n d s t o g o t h r o u g h " s t a g e s o f c o m p a r a t i v e
a d v a n t a g e " . T h i s p a t t e m m o v e s f r o m r e s o u r c e - i n t e n s i v e c o m m o d i t i e s t o
l a b o u r - i n t e n s i v e a n d t h e n t o m o r e c a p i t a l a n d s k i l l e d i n t e n s i v e g o o d s .
R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s r e s o u r c e - i n t e n s i v e
c o m m o d i t i e s . R u b b e r i s o n e o f t h e m a j o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s i n H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h . T h e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h w a s o n t h e
4 5 2
A n Exper iment of Smal l Region Input-Output M o d e l
f i r s t s t e p o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p a t t e m i n 1 9 9 5 a c c o r d i n g t o B a l a s s a a n d
L e a m e r .
H o w e v e r , f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g , s e r v i c e s , a n d o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g
s e c t o r a r e s t i l l t h e h i g h e s t f o r l o c a l p u r c h a s e s i n c l u d i n g p a y m e n t s t o
h o u s e h o l d s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e s e s e c t o r s a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o t h e l o c a l
e c o n o m y w i t h r e s p e c t t o l o c a l i n p u t s a n d l a b o u r . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
s e c t o r 2 1 ( t h e s e r v i c e s e c t o r ) w a s r a n k e d f i r s t f o r p a y m e n t s t o t h e
h o u s e h o l d s ( s e e T a b l e 2 c o l u m n 7 ) . T h e o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r e s e c t o r w a s
r a n k e d s e c o n d i n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h . |
T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e s e s e c t o r s w e r e t h e m a j o r s o u r c e o f i n c o m e f o r
l o c a l p e o p l e . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h e p h e n o m e n a i n B a n j a r m a s i n
( I m a n s y a h , W e s t a n d J e n s e n , 2 0 0 0 ) c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e s e t w o r e g i o n s ,
B a n j a r m a s i n a n d H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h h a d y e t t o b e g i n t h e i r
i n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n . H o w e v e r , B a n j a r m a s i n ' s e c o n o m y w a s s l i g h t l y m o r e
a d v a n c e t h a n t h e H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h e c o n o m y . T h e e x p e n d i t u r e o f
p a y m e n t t o t h e h o u s e h o l d s s e c t o r r a n g e d f r o m 9 . 1 2 p e r c e n t t o 4 8 . 3 6 p e r
c e n t .
T a b l e 2 s h o w s u t i l i t i e s a s t h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t i m p o r t s . T h i s
s e c t o r r e c e i v e d m o s t o f i t s i n p u t s s u c h a s o i l f r o m o u t s i d e t h e s u b -
p r o v i n c e . T h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t s e c t o r u s i n g i m p o r t e d i n p u t s w a s t h e
l i v e s t o c k s e c t o r f o l l o w e d b y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t o r . T h e l i v e s t o c k s e c t o r
d e p e n d s o n i m p o r t e d i n p u t s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r l i v e s t o c k f e e d .
6.4. L i n k a g e A n a l y s i s , M u l t i p l i e r s A n a l y s i s , a n d E l a s t i c i t y A n a l y s i s
6 . 4 . 1 . L i n k a g e A n a l y s i s
R a s m u s s e n ( 1 9 5 6 ) a n d H i r s c h m a n ( 1 9 5 8 ) p r o p o s e d t h a t l i n k a g e a n a l y s i s
c a n b e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e d e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g i e s . T h e y u s e d b a c k w a r d
a n d f o r w a r d l i n k a g e s t o d e t e r m i n e s e c t o r a l p r i o r i t i e s . H o w e v e r , m a n y
r e s e a r c h e s c r i t i c i s e t h i s a p p r o a c h b e c a u s e i t h a s s o m e d r a w b a c k s .
H o w e v e r , t h i s a n a l y s i s u s e d w i t h o t h e r f o r m s o f a n a l y s i s h a s s o m e
b e n e f i t .
T h e s e c t o r s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t o u t p u t b a c k w a r d l i n k a g e s i n H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h a r e s e c t o r 1 0 ( f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) a n d 1 3 ( o t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) . R u b b e r i s o n e o f m a j o r a g r i c u l t u r e p r o d u c t s i n H u l u
S i m g a i T e n g a h . T h i s a b u n d a n c e o f r u b b e r d r i v e s r u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g
4 5 3
Imansyah
t o d o m i n a t e t h e o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r m a k i n g i t s b a c k w a r d l i n k a g e
v e r y h i g h .
T h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t i n c o m e b a c k w a r d l i n k a g e s a r e f o o d
m a n u f a c t u r i n g f o l l o w e d b y o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t
t h e s e s e c t o r s g e n e r a t e i n c o m e f o r t h e i r s u p p l i e r o f i n p u t s . O t h e r s e c t o r s ,
s u c h a s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d s e r v i c e s a l s o s h o w h i g h
i n c o m e b a c k w a r d l i n k a g e s ( s e e T a b l e 3).
T h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t e m p l o j m i e n t b a c k w a r d l i n k a g e i s o t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g w i t h f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g t a k i n g s e c o n d p l a c e . O t h e r
s e c t o r s i n t h e t o p f i v e a r e m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g , f o r e s t r y , a n d
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .
T a b l e 2 E x p e n d i t u r e C o m p o s i t i o n o f H u l u S u n g a i
T e n g a h i n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e , 1995
Rank Sector
Number Local
Purchase Sector
Number Local
Purchase* Sector
Number Payment to Household
Sector Number
Imports
1 10 64.21% 10 72.31% 21 47.82% 15 50.72% 2 13 56.11% 21 68.82% 3 36.67% 4 32.29% 3 18 47.04% 13 63.85% 1 31.89% 13 17.22% 4 19 41.86% 11 58.96% 11 29.09% 10 12.15% 5 16 37.24% 18 56.40% 8 25.68% 16 8.96% 6 15 36.47% 19 51.18% 16 12.63% 19 7.22% 7 4 31.65% 16 49.87% 6 11.73% 5 5.61% 8 11 29.87% 3 45.53% 5 11.71% 1 4.84% 9 21 21.00% 15 41.56% 17 11.04% 6 3.87% 10 20 20.21% 1 38.29% 20 9.88% 3 3.84% 11 17 17.66% 4 34.95% 2 9.42% 18 3.79% 12 5 9.12% 8 32.17% 18 9.35% 2 2.53% 13 6 9.05% 20 30.09% 19 9.32% 20 1.96% 14 3 8.86% 17 28.70% 10 8.10% 17 1.81%
N o t e : * i n c l u d i n g p a y m e n t t o t h e h o u s e h o l d .
T h e o v e r a l l p a t t e m o f s e c t o r r a n k i n g f o r o u t p u t , i n c o m e , a n d
e m p l o 3 7 m e n t b a c k w a r d l i n k a g e s i s s i m i l a r . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e i s t h e f i r s t
a n d t h e s e c o n d r a n k p o s i t i o n .
T h e s e c t o r s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t o u t p u t f o r w a r d l i n k a g e s i n H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h a r e m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d
c o m m u n i c a t i o n . T h e o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r e , f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d r e n t , a n d
r e s t a u r a n t s a n d h o t e l s s e c t o r s a r e a l s o a m o n g t h e t o p f i v e . T h e h i g h e s t
454
A n Exper iment of S m a l l Reg ion Input-Output M o d e l
i n c o m e f o r w a r d l i n k a g e i s m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g f o l l o w e d b y
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n . T h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t
e m p l o y m e n t f o r w a r d l i n k a g e i s s e c t o r 5 ( f o r e s t r y ) . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t
f o r e s t r y p r o v i d e s e m p l o y m e n t f o r i t s d o v m s t r e a m s e c t o r s . O t h e r s e c t o r s
a m o n g t h e t o p f i v e a r e m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g , o t h e r f o o d c r o p s ,
r e s t a u r a n t s a n d h o t e l s a n d f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d r e n t .
F i g u r e 4 Sectoral D i s t r i b u t i o n of Gross O u t p u t
Huiu Sungai Tengah input O u t p u t Table 1995 (Rp'OOOOOO)
AMOUNT GROSS OOTPDT <Rp I n m l l U o n )
I 2 2 4 5 6 7 e 9
10 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 I B 19 2 0 21
26920.0 224 0. 5
27602.0 16545.0
1 245.0 22648.0
0.0 1707.0
0.0 10105.0
6B1 . 0 0. 0
41926.0 0 .0
2742. 0 16096.0 47211.0 174B9.0 29572.0 22914.0 55926.0
10.6 0. 9 7 .7 4 . 6 0.4 6 . 2 0. 0 0 .5 0 .0 2 .6 0 .2 0 .0
11 . 7 0. 0 0 .6 5 .0
15 .6
•TOTAL AVERAGE MAXIMUM MISIMUM STD DEV
25B8B5.5 100.0 17069.6 55926.0
0. 0 17626 .7
4 5 5
Imansyah
F i g u r e 5 S e c t o r a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of Exports
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h I n p u t Output T a b l e 1995 (Rp'OOOOOO) AMOUNT |t| EXEOBTS (Rp I n m l l l l o n j
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IB 19 20 21
16166.6 0. 0
7566 .1 6665 .2
625.0 44 0 0 . J
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
10.6 C. 0 0. 0
11599.2 0.0 0.0 0 .0 C. 0 0.0 0 .0 C . 0 0. 0
34 .2 0.0
1 6 . 1 14
1 9 0 0 0 0 0' 0
24 .5
0.0 0 .0 0. 0 0 . 0
TCTAL A'.'HHAi.lE r+AXIMUM MINIMUM
4 72 75.3 100.0 2 2 51 .2
U 1 6 0 . . t 0 . 0
4539 .7
F i g u r e 6 S e c t o r a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of I m p o r t s
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h I n p u t Output T a b l e 1995 (Rp'OOOOOO) ISK'TTCR AMOUNT |»| IMPORTS (Rp I n r a l i l l c - n !
1 1665.f 7.6 • • • • 2 6 4 . 4 0 . 3 J 1060 . I 4 . 3 — 4 5343.2 21.4 e ^ ^ " 5 75.5 0.3 6 6 76 .6 3.5 7 u .0 0. 0 6 24.6 0 . 1 9 0 . 0 0 . 0
10 1227.6 4 .9 • • • • • 11 1.6 0.0 12 0.0 0.0 13 7216.3 29.0 14 0. 0 0 . 0 15 1 390.9 5.6 16 1620.6 6 .5 17 657.9 3.4 IB 66 2.3 2 .7 ^ ™ 19 2135.4 6.6 20 449.9 l . B ™ 21 0.0 0.0
TOTAL 24915.0 100.0 AVEPJWE 1166.4 MAXIMUM 7216.3 MINIMUM 0.0 STD DP.' 1951.5
4 5 6
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Reg ion Input-Output Mode l
F i g u r e 7 S e c t o r a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of V a l u e A d d e d
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a b I n p u t Output T a b l e 1995 (Rp'OOOOOO) j sB - r r : -p . AMC-UUT \\\ V A L U E ADDED iRp m n u l l t e n ;
14 I 2
1 4 5 5 1 3 0 72
r, 1
14 Y 3 4
2 4 056 1 0 *
i 1 146 t 6 1 9 7 2 2 0 7
c 15 71 0
c 7 • 9
I C 2 3 6 0 0 0
u 2 t.
1 2 I J 11104 4 14 15 16 ? 7 i e 3 4 I
1 7 3 0 0 5 5 0 1 6 c l e 0 5 55 1 0 15 15050 .-' '-• 1 - 0 ' 2 0 2
: 0
T l T A l . 2 3 0 0 3 4 . 2 l O i . 0 AVERAGE 1 1 3 3 5 . : MAXIHITO 4 4 : 0 2 . • MINIMLTO s r r 2 E V 13 7 : - . . .•;
T a b l e 3 T b e T o p 10 Sectors witb t b e H i g h e s t B a c k w a r d L i n k a g e
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a b I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e , 1995
Rank Output BL Sector No.
Income BL Sector No.
Employment BL Sector No.
1 10 10 13 2 13 13 10 3 18 19 11 4 19 21 5 5 16 18 19 6 15 16 18 7 4 15 3 8 11 11 15 9 21 20 16 10 20 17 4
N o t e : B L = B a c k w a r d L i n k a g e
457
Imansyah
T a b l e 4 77ie Top 10 Sectors with the H i g h e s t F o r w a r d L i n k a g e
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h Input-Output Table, 1995
Rank Output FL Sector No.
Income FL Sector No.
Employment FL Sector No.
1 1 1 1 1 5
2 1 9 1 9 1 1
3 3 1 2
4 2 0 1 5 1 8
5 1 8 3 2 0
6 1 5 1 7 1 9
7 1 7 2 0 1 7
8 8 1 8 1 5
9 4 2 4
1 0 5 5 3
Note : F L = F o r w a r d L i n k a g e
6.4.2. M u l t i p l i e r A n a l y s i s I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f m u l t i p l i e r s u s e s a r e v i s e d d e f i n i t i o n
( W e s t a n d J e n s e n 1 9 8 0 ) . W e s t a n d J e n s e n ' s p a p e r s u g g e s t e d t h e r e v i s i o n
b e c a u s e o f i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f c o n v e n t i o n a l
m u l t i p l i e r s . T h e i r p a p e r p r o v i d e d a r e d e f i n i t i o n o f i n p u t - o u t p u t
m u l t i p l i e r s t h a t i s c o n s i s t e n t f r o m o u t p u t t o i n c o m e a n d e m p l o y m e n t
m u l t i p l i e r s . H o w e v e r , t h e y p r e s e r v e d t h e e s s e n c e o f c o n v e n t i o n a l
m u l t i p l i e r s . T h e y a v o i d e d t h e t e r m s , direct a n d indirect, b e c a u s e t h e s e
t e r m s c o n f u s e d m e a n i n g .
T h e r e v i s e d t e r m s f o l l o w ' :
1 . T h e i n i t i a l e f f e c t s r e f e r t o t h e D o l l a r i n c r e a s e o f a d o l l a r i n s a l e s . T h i s i s
t h e s t i m u l u s .
2 . T h e f i r s t r o u n d e f f e c t r e f e r s t o t h e e f f e c t o f f i r s t r o u n d o f p u r c h a s e b y
t h e s e c t o r s u p p l y i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l D o l l a r o u t p u t .
2 F o r detai l see W e s t a n d Jensen (1980).
4 5 8
A n Exper i tnent of S m a l l Reg ion Input-Output Mode l
3 . I n d u s t r i a l s u p p o r t e f f e c t r e f e r s t o s e c o n d a n d s u b s e q u e n t e f f e c t s a s
s u c c e s s i v e r o u n d s o f o u t p u t a r e n e e d e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e e c o n o m y d u e
t o f o l l o w i n g t h e f i r s t r o u n d i m p a c t s .
4 . C o n s u m p t i o n i n d u c e d e f f e c t i s d e f i n e d i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l w a y .
6.4.2.1. O u t p u t M u l t i p l i e r s T w o t y p e s o f o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d . T h e t y p e I o u t p u t
m u l t i p l i e r o r s i m p l e o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e o p e n m o d e l
a n d e x c l u d e s c o n s u m p t i o n i n d u c e d e f f e c t s . T h e t y p e 1 1 o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r
i n c l u d e s c o n s u m p t i o n i n d u c e d e f f e c t s a n d i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e c l o s e d
m o d e l w i t h r e s p j e c t t o t h e h o u s e h o l d s e c t o r .
T h e h i g h e s t t y p e I o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r i s s e c t o r 1 0 ( f o o d
m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) f o l l o w e d b y s e c t o r 1 3 ( o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) . T h i s t y p e I
o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r o f f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n
o f t h e i n i t i a l , t h e f i r s t r o u n d e f f e c t , a n d t h e i n d u s t r i a l s u p p o r t e f f e c t f r o m
a l l s e c t o r s f o r e a c h o n e r u p i a h i n c r e a s e i n s a l e s o f o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g
o u t p u t t o f i n a l d e m a n d . F o r e x a m p l e , a n i n c r e a s e o f o n e r u p i a h i n s a l e s t o
f i n a l d e m a n d o f f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g r e q u i r e s a n i n c r e a s e o f R p 2 . 2 7 f r o m
a l l s e c t o r s i n t h e l o c a l e c o n o m y i n c l u d i n g c o n s u m p t i o n i n d u c e d e f f e c t s .
T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o v i d e s t h r e e - q u a r t e r o f t h e
i n i t i a l e f f e c t f o r t h e f i r s t r o u n d e f f e c t a n d i n d u s t r i a l s u p p o r t e f f e c t . T h i s
m e a n s t h a t t h i s s e c t o r h a s h i g h i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h o t h e r s e c t o r s i n t h e l o c a l
e c o n o m y .
T h e h i g h e s t t y p e I I o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r s , w h i c h t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e
h o u s e h o l d s e c t o r , i s t h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r f o l l o w e d b y o t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c o n s u m p t i o n i n d u c e d e f f e c t s o f
f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t f o r o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .
4f
Imansyah
T a b l e 5 Output, I n c o m e a n d E m p l o y m e n t M u l t i p l i e i s
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h Input-Output T a b l e 1995
Output Multipliers Income Multipliers Employment Multipliers Rank TYPEI TYPE II TYPEI TYPE II TYPE 1 TYPE II
Sector No. Sector No. Sector No. Sector No. Sector No. Sector No. 1 10 1.7858 10 2.2699 10 3.3233 10 4.2985 13 8.6886 20 13.4065 2 13 1.7255 21 2.2646 13 3.0851 13 3.9905 20 4.8521 13 11.4079 3 18 1.6897 13 2.1550 4 2.5593 4 3.3104 10 3.7789 10 4.9881 4 19 1.5932 19 2.0159 19 2.5205 19 3.2602 19 2.6675 19 4.5992 5 16 1.5502 18 2.0126 15 2.3286 15 3.0119 16 1.9572 16 3.0904 6 15 1.5044 11 1.9864 18 1.9195 18 2.4829 4 1.7405 21 2.6237 7 4 1.4928 16 1.9127 16 1.5955 16 2.0637 18 1.6047 18 2.2189 8 11 1.3805 3 1.8164 20 1.4305 20 1.8503 11 1.4163 4 2.0983 9 20 1.2833 15 1.7178 17 1.3509 17 1.7473 17 1.2967 17 1.8885 10 21 1.2805 1 1.6863 5 1.1590 5 1.4991 15 1.2067 11 1.6752
F i g u r e 8 Relative I m p o r t a n c e o f Initial, First, industrial, a n d C o n s u m p t i o n Fffects
f r o m a R p l i n c r e a s e of S e c t o r a l Sales to F i n a l D e m a n d H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a b i n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e 1995
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
I I N I T I A L
I N D U S T R I A L
F I R S T
C O N S U M P T I O N I N D U C E D
460
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
F i g u r e 8 p r o v i d e s i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t l i e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f
i n i t i a l , f i r s t r o u n d , i n d u s t r i a l s u p p o r t , a n d c o n s u m p t i o n i n d u c e d e f f e c t s .
T h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s s h o w a
r e l a t i v e l y t i i g h f i r s t r o u n d e f f e c t . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e s e c t o r s h a v e a
l a r g e e f f e c t o n s e c t o r s f r o m w h i c h f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d o t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g p u r c h a s e t h e i r d i r e c t i n p u t s . T h e s e c t o r s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t
i n d u s t r i a l e f f e c t a r e l i v e s t o c k a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e s e
s e c t o r s h a v e a h i g h i n t e r a c t i o n r a t e w i t h o t h e r s e c t o r s . H o w e v e r J t h e
s e r v i c e s , o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r e , a n d p a d d y s e c t o r s s h o w a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h
c o n s u m e r i n d u c e d e f f e c t . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e s e c t o r s h a v e a h i g h
i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e h o u s e h o l d s e c t o r . S e v e n s e c t o r s s h o w a c o n s u m p t i o n
i n d u c e d e f f e c t o f m o r e t h a n 2 0 p e r c e n t . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e s e s e c t o r s
h a v e a h i g h i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e h o u s e h o l d s e c t o r .
6.4.2.2. I n c o m e M u l t i p l i e r s T h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t t y p e I a n d t y p e I I i n c o m e m u l t i p l i e r s i s s e c t o r
1 0 ( f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) . T h e o t h e r s e c t o r s a m o n g t h e t o p f i v e a r e s e c t o r
1 3 ( o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) , s e c t o r 4 ( l i v e s t o c k ) , s e c t o r 1 9 ( t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , a n d s e c t o r 1 5 ( u t i l i t i e s ) .
T h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r r a n k s c o n s i s t e n t l y i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e
f o r o u t p u t m u l t i p l i e r s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s s e c t o r g e n e r a t e s i n c o m e
a n d o u t p u t . I t m e a n s t h a t f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h e c o n o m y .
6.4.23. E m p l o y m e n t M u l t i p l i e r s T h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t t y p e I e m p l o y m e n t m u l t i p l i e r i s s e c t o r 1 3
( o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) f o l l o w e d b y s e c t o r 2 0 ( f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d
r e n t ) . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h ' s m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r h a s
a h i g h e r l a b o u r p r o d u c t i v i t y c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e o t h e r s e c t o r s . T h e o t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r c o n s i s t s o f c r u m b r u b b e r a n d s m o k e d s h e e t r u b b e r .
T h e s e c t o r ' s r e l a t i v e l y l o w e m p l o y m e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n c o m p a r e d w i t h i t s
r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d i s t r i b u t i o n i n w a g e s a n d s a l a r i e s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s s e c t o r
p r o v i d e s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n c o m e j o b s . F o r e x a m p l e , i f o t h e r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r i n c r e a s e s o n e m i l l i o n R u p i a h i n s a l e s t o f i n a l
d e m a n d , t h i s s e c t o r w i l l p r o v i d e a n o t h e r 8 . 6 j o b s .
4 6 1
Imansyah
T h e s e c t o r w i t h t h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t t y p e I I e m p l o y m e n t m u l t i p l i e r i s
s e c t o r 1 3 ( o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) w h i l e t y p e I e m p l o y m e n t m u l t i p l i e r i s
s e c t o r 2 0 ( f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d r e n t ) . T h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r
c o n s i s t e n t l y r a n k s f i r s t f o r t y p e I o u t p u t a n d i n c o m e m u l t i p l i e r s b u t i t
f a l l s t o t h i r d p o s i t i o n f o r t y p e I a n d I I e m p l o y m e n t m u l t i p l i e r s .
6.4.3. E L A S T I C I T Y A N A L Y S I S
T h e i n p u t - o u t p u t e l a s t i c i t y a p p r o a c h p r o p o s e d b y M a t t a s a n d S h r e s t h a
( 1 9 9 1 ) p r o v i d e d a n e w i n s i g h t f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s e c t o r a l p r i o r i t i e s .
T h e y c l a i m e d t h a t t h e i r a p p r o a c h w a s b e t t e r t h a n l i n k a g e s a n a l y s i s a n d
m u l t i p l i e r s a n a l y s i s b e c a u s e i t t o o k i n t o a c c o u n t t h e s e c t o r s ' s h a r e o f t h e
o u t p u t . T h e i r a p p r o a c h a l l o w s p o l i c y m a k e r s t o c o n c e n t r a t e n o t o n l y o n
t h e h i g h e s t l i n k a g e s a n d m u l t i p l i e r s b u t a l s o o n t h e s e c t o r s ' s h a r e o f a n
e c o n o m y . A s u m m a r y o f t h e f o r m u l a s o f t h e e l a s t i c i t y f o l l o w s ' :
O E , ^ = Y b ; j { y j l x ) (1)
O E ^ y j = t h e p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n t o t a l o u t p u t d u e t o a p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e
i n t h e f i n a l d e m a n d o f s e c t o r j
X = I X j
b y = t h e e l e m e n t o f L e o n t i e f m a t r i x
= f i n a l d e m a n d o f s e c t o r j
E E , ^ - { Y ^ { l J x . ) b , . l { l . l x ^ ) ] { y j l x ) ( 2 )
E E ^ y y = t h e p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n e m p l o y m e n t d u e t o a p e r c e n t a g e
c h a n g e i n t h e f i n a l d e m a n d o f s e c t o r j
1 , = e m p l o j m a e n t ( n u m b e r o f p e r s o n )
1 , / x y = e m p l o y m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t s
3 F o r detail see Mat tas a n d Shrestha (1991).
4 6 2
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output M o d e l
I E , , j - { Y . { K I X j ) b - l { h j l x . ) ] { y . l x ) (3)
7£^y = t h e p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n i n c o m e d u e t o a p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n
t h e f i n a l d e m a n d o f s e c t o r ;
h , = w a g e s a n d s a l a r i e s
h j / X , = i n c o m e c o e f f i c i e n t s
S e c t o r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t r a n k i n g f o r o u t p u t , i n c o m e a n d e m p l o y m e n t
e l a s t i c i t i e s i s s e c t o r 1 3 ( o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ) . T h r e e s e c t o r s c o n s i s t e n t l y
p e r f o r m w e l l f o r a l l e l a s t i c i t i e s : s e r v i c e s ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d
c o m m u n i c a t i o n ; a n d t r a d e . T h e y d i f f e r o n l y i n t h e i r r a n k p o s i t i o n . U s i n g
e l a s t i c i t i e s a l l o w s a n a l y s t s t o d e t e r m i n e r e l a t i v e l y c o n s i s t e n t s e c t o r a l
p r i o r i t i e s f o r s o m e s e c t o r s t o i n c r e a s e o u t p u t , i n c o m e a n d e m p l o y m e n t
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y .
T a b l e 6 T h e T o p T e n o f Output, I n c o m e , a n d E m p l o y m e n t Elasticity
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e 1995
Rank Output
Sector No Income
Sector No. Employment Sector No.
1 13 13 13 2 21 19 20 3 17 21 19 4 19 17 21 5 1 4 17 6 3 1 1 7 18 10 10 8 20 18 16 9 16 20 3 10 6 3 4
463
Imansyah
6 . 5 . 1 . C o n c l u d i n g R e m a r k a n d P o l i c y I m p l i c a t i o n The F E S approach w a s used for the first approximation required to
construct input-output tables for H u l u Sungai Tengah. The suitable data
needed to construct input-output models for H u l u Sungai Tengah w a s
available at the sub-province level.
Food manufacturing and other manufacturing are the sectors that
show a relatively high first round effect. This indicates that this sector has
a high effect on its o w n sector. The sectors show that the highest
industrial effects are livestock and construction. However , the services,
other agriculture, and paddy .sectors show a relatively high consumer
induced effect. Rubber is one of major agriculture products in H u l u
Sungai Tengah. Its effect on other manufacturing is significant. The
sectors with the highest income backward linkage is food manufacturing
followed by other manufacturing. The highest employment backward
linkage is other manufacturing with food manufacturing ranking second.
Other value added dominated the structure of total gross output.
Other value added contributed 46.28 per cent of total gross output.
Intermediate inputs accounted for 26.73 percent of total gross output.
Imports contributed only 6.94 per cent. The sectoral distribution of the
total gross output w a s dominated by services, trade, and other
manufacturing. The dominant activity in the other manufacturing sector
was rubber manufacturing. Paddy, other manufacturing and livestock
dominated exports. The sectors with the highest local purchases were
food manufacturing and other manufacturing. Other manufacturing
purchased 64.21 percent of its inputs from the local economy.
Generally, the validation process is to evaluate the model. In a
holistic sense, the economic structure and size of the H u l u Sungai Tengah
input-output table represents the size and structure of its economy which
captures the main features its regional economies. H u l u Sungai Tengah is
more dependant on a few sectors and is more closure and more self-
reliance. This indicates that the economy of H u l u Sungai Tengah is in the
early stage of development.
Elasticity analysis shows sector 13 (other manufacturing), sector 19
(transportation and communication) and sector 16 (construction) as the
top priorities in Banjarmasin. Therefore, if local government wants to
boost local economy, policy makers should target these three sectors
4 6 4
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Reg ion Input-Output Mode l
b e c a u s e t h e y s i m u l t a n e o u s l y g e n e r a t e a h i g h i m p a c t o n o u t p u t , i n c o m e
a n d e m p l o y m e n t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y .
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s e c t o r 2 1 ( s e r v i c e s ) , s e c t o r 1 9 ( t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d
c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , a n d s e c t o r 1 7 ( t r a d e ) a r e t h e k e y s e c t o r s t o g e n e r a t e a
h i g h i m p a c t o n o u t p u t , i n c o m e a n d e m p l o y m e n t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n H u l u
S u n g a i T e n g a h . T h e r e f o r e , p o l i c y m a k e r s c a n f o c u s o n t h e s e s e c t o r s t o
b o o s t l o c a l e c o n o m y .
T h e p o l i c y i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t s o m e s e c t o r s
g e n e r a t e o u t p u t , i n c o m e , a n d e m p l o y m e n t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t h e s a m e
s e c t o r d u e t o a n i n c r e a s e i n s a l e s t o f i n a l d e m a n d . I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e
s e c t o r a l p r i o r i t i e s f o r H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h a r e a c o n t i n u u m o f m o r e
s e c o n d a r y a n d t e r t i a r y s e c t o r s , e v e n t h o u g h H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h s t i l l
r e l i e s h e a v i l y o n p r i m a r y s e c t o r s .
7. R E F E R E N C E S
B e y e r s , W . B . , ( 1 9 7 6 ) . E m p i r i c a l I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f K e y S e c t o r s : S o m e
F u r t h e r E v i d e n c e . Environment and Planning A, 8 : 2 3 1 - 2 3 6 .
^ ( 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e I n t e r r e g i o n a l o f S t r u c t u r e o f t h e U . S . E c o n o m y ,
International Regional Science Review, 8 ( 3 ) : 2 1 3 - 2 3 1 .
B e y e r s , W . B . , a n d A l v i n e , M . J . , ( 1 9 8 5 ) . E x p o r t S e r v i c e s i n P o s t i n d u s t r i a l
S o c i e t y , Papers of the Regional Science Association, 5 7 : 3 3 - 4 5 .
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k , ( 1 9 9 5 ) . Survei Biaya Usaha Tani (Central Bureau of
Statistics, 1995, Agriculture Cost Structure Survey 1995).
C h e n e r y , H . B . a n d W a t a n a b e , T . , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e
S t r u c t u r e o f P r o d u c t i o n , Econometrica, 2 6 ( 4 ) : 4 8 7 - 5 2 1 .
C h e n e r y , H . B . , a n d T a y l o r , L . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) . D e v e l o p m e n t P a t t e m s : A m o n g
C o u n t r i e s a n d O v e r T i m e , The Review of Economics and Statistics,
5 0 ( 4 ) : 3 9 1 - 4 1 5 .
C h e n e r y , H . , a n d S y r q u i n , M . , ( 1 9 8 6 ) . T y p i c a l P a t t e m s o f t h e
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n , i n C h e n e r y , H . , R o b i n s o n , S . a n d S y r q u i n , M .
( E d s ) , Industrialization and Growth. N e w Y o r k : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y
P r e s s .
4 6 5
Imansyah
C h e n e r y , H . , R o b i n s o n , S . a n d S y r q u i n , M . ( E d s ) . , ( 1 9 8 6 ) , I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n
a n d G r o i v t h , N e w Y o r k : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s .
C l a r k , C , ( 1 9 4 0 ) , T h e C o n d i t i o n s of E c o n o m i c P r o g r e s s , L o n d o n : M a c m i l a n .
C o c h r a n e , S . C . , ( 1 9 9 1 ) , I n p u t - O u t p u t L i n k a g e s i n a F r o n t i e r R e g i o n o f
I n d o n e s i a , I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e g i o n a l Science R e v i e w , 1 3 ( l & 2 ) : 1 8 3 - 2 0 3 .
C u e l l o , F . A . , ( 1 9 9 4 ) . R e g i o n a l C r o w t h T h e o r i e s a n d t h e M e a s u r e m e n t o f
R e g i o n a l S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e , U n p u b l i s h e d P h . D . T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y
o f I l l i n o i s , U r b a n a C h a m p a i g n .
C u e l l o , F . A . , M a n s o u r i , F . , a n d H e w i n g s , C . J . D . , ( 1 9 9 2 ) . T h e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n
o f S t r u c t u r e a t t h e S e c t o r a l L e v e l : A R e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e
H i r s c h m a n - R a s m u s s e n K e y S e c t o r I n d i c e s , E c o n o m i c S y s t e m s
R e s e a r c h , 4 ( 4 ) : 2 8 5 - 2 9 6
D e u t s c h , J . a n d S y r q u i n , M . , ( 1 9 8 9 ) . E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h e
S t r u c t u r e o f P r o d u c t i o n , E c o n o m i c S y s t e m s R e s e a r c h , 1 ( 4 ) : 4 4 7 - 4 6 4 .
D e w h u r s t , J . H . L . , ( 1 9 9 2 ) . U s i n g t h e R A S T e c h n i q u e a s a T e s t o f H y b r i d
M e t h o d s o f R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e , R e g i o n a l S t u d i e s , 2 6 ( 1 ) : 8 1 -
9 1 .
D i a m o n d , J . , ( 1 9 7 6 ) . K e y S e c t o r s i n S o m e U n d e r d e v e l o p e d C o u n t r i e s : A
C o m m e n t , K y k l o s , 2 9 : 7 6 2 - 7 6 4 .
D i e t z e n b a c h e r , E . , ( 1 9 8 8 - a ) . E s t i m a t i o n o f t h e L e o n t i e f I n v e r s e f r o m t h e
P r a c t i t i o n e r ' s P o i n t o f V i e w , M a t h e m a t i c a l S o c i a l Sciences, 1 6 : 1 8 1 -
1 8 7 .
D i n a s P e r i n d u s t r i a n K a b u p a t e n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h , ( 1 9 9 5 ) . L a p o r a n
T a h u n a n , ( O f f i c e o f I n d u s t r y o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h R e g e n c y ,
Y e a r l y R e p o r t 1 9 9 5 ) .
D i n a s P e r t a n i a n K a b u p a t e n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h , ( 1 9 9 5 ) . L a p o r a n T a h u n a n ( O f f i c e o f A g r i c u l t u r e o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h R e g e n c y , Y e a r l y
R e p o r t 1 9 9 5 ) .
F i s h e r , A l l a n C . B . , ( 1 9 3 9 ) . P r o d u c t i o n : P r i m a r y , S e c o n d a r y a n d T e r t i a r y ,
E c o n o m i c R e c o r d , J u n e : 2 4 - 3 8 .
H e w i n g s , C . J . D . , ( 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e E f f e c t o f A g g r e g a t i o n o n t h e E m p i r i c a l
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f K e y S e c t o r s i n a R e g i o n a l E c o n o m y : a P a r t i a l
E v a l u a t i o n o f A l t e r n a t i v e T e c t m i q u e s , E n v i r o n m e n t a n d P l a n n i n g A ,
6 : 4 3 9 - 4 5 3
4 6 6
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Reg ion Input-Output Mode l
, ( 1 9 7 7 ) . E v a l u a t i n g t h e P o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r E x c h a n g i n g
R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t C o e f f i c i e n t s , E n v i r o n m e n t a n d P l a n n i n g A , 9 :
9 2 7 - 9 4 4 .
, ( 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e E m p i r i c a l I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f K e y S e c t o r s i n a n
E c o n o m y : A R e g i o n a l P e r s p e c t i v e , D e v e l o p i n g E c o n o m i e s , 2 0 ( 2 ) : 1 7 3 -
1 9 5 .
, ( 1 9 8 3 - a ) . A D e c o m p o s i t i o n A p p r o a c h t o t h e A n a l y s i s o f
C h a n g e s i n R e g i o n a l E c o n o m i c S t r u c t u r e , M o d e l i n g a n d S i m u l a t i o n ,
1 4 : 8 5 9 - 8 6 3 .
, ( 1 9 8 3 - b ) . D e s i g n o f A p p r o p r i a t e A c c o u n t i n g S y s t e m s f o r
R e g i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t i n D e v e l o p m e n t C o u n t r i e s , P a p e r s of t h e
R e g i o n a l Science A s s o c i a t i o n , 5 1 : 1 7 9 - 1 9 5 .
, ( 1 9 8 3 - c ) . A C o s t E f f e c t i v e A p p r o a c h t o P r i m a r y I n p u t -
O u t p u t D a t a C o l l e c t i o n : S o m e C o m m e n t s , R e v i e w of P u b l i c D a t a
U s e , 1 1 : 1 9 7 - 1 9 9 .
, ( 1 9 8 4 ) . L i m i t e d I n f o r m a t i o n i n S p a t i a l A n a l y s i s a n d
D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n n i n g , i n C e h a r d , B „ F i s c h e r , M . M , a n d N i j k a m p ,
P . ( e d s ) . R e c e n t D e v e l o p m e n t s i n S p a t i a l A n a l y s i s , C o w e r P u b l i s h i n g
C o m p a n y , V e r m o n t , U S A , C h a p t e r 8 : 1 4 5 - 1 6 2 .
^ ( 1 9 8 9 ) . K e y S e c t o r s a n d S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e i n t h e B r a z i l i a n
E c o n o m y : A C o m p a r i s o n o f A l t e r n a t i v e , j o u r n a l of P o l i c y M o d e l i n g ,
1 1 : 6 7 - 9 0 .
H e w i n g s , C . J . D . a n d F o n c e s c a , M . , C u i l h o t o , J . , a n d S o n i s , M . , ( 1 9 8 9 ) . K e y
S e c t o r s a n d S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e i n t h e B r a z i l i a n E c o n o m y : A
C o m p a r i s o n o f A l t e r n a t i v e A p p r o a c h e s a n d T h e i r P o l i c y
I m p l i c a t i o n s , j o u r n a l of P o l i c y M o d e l i n g , 1 1 ( 1 ) : 6 7 - 9 0 .
H e w i n g s , C . J . D . a n d J a n s o n , B . N . , ( 1 9 8 0 ) . E x c h a n g i n g R e g i o n a l I n p u t -
O u t p u t C o e f f i c i e n t s : A R e p l y a n d F u r t h e r C o m m e n t s , E n v i r o n m e n t
a n d P l a n n i n g A , 1 2 : 8 4 3 - 8 5 4 .
H e w i n g s , C . J . D . a n d J e n s e n , R . C , ( 1 9 8 6 ) . R e g i o n a l I n t e r r e g i o n a l a n d
M u l t i r e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t A n a l y s i s , i n N i j k a m p , P e t e r , ( e d ) ,
H a n d b o o k of R e g i o n a l a n d U r b a n E c o n o m i c s , V o l u m e 1 , E l s e v i e r
S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r , C h a p t e r 8 : 2 9 5 - 3 5 3 .
, ( 1 9 8 8 ) . E m e r g i n g C h a l l e n g e s i n R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t
A n a l y s i s , A n n u a l s of R e g i o n a l Science, 2 2 : 4 3 - 5 3 .
4 6 7
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H e w i n g s , G . J . D . a n d J e n s e n , R . C . a n d W e s t , C . R . , ( 1 9 8 7 ) . H o l i s t i c M a t r i x
D e s c r i p t o r o f R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t S y s t e m s , W o r k i n g P a p e r s i n
E c o n o m i c s . N o . 6 0 . D e p a r t m e n t o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f
Q u e e n s l a n d .
I m a n s y a h , M . H a n d r y , ( 2 0 0 0 ) . A n E f f i c i e n t M e t h o d f o r C o n s t r u c t i n g
R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e : A H o r i z o n t a l A p p r o a c h i n
I n d o n e s i a , Paper for t h e l 3 t h International Conference on Input-Output
Terchniques, 2 1 - 2 5 A u g u s t 2 0 0 0 , M a c e r a t a , I t a l y .
I m a n s y a h , M . H a n d r y , W e s t , C u y R . a n d J e n s e n , R o d n e y C , ( 2 0 0 0 ) . A n
A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e F E S A p p r o a c h t o S m a l l R e g i o n i n I n d o n e s i a :
B a n j a r m a s i n I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l , Paper accepted for the I 3 t h
International Conference on Input-Output Techniques, 2 1 - 2 5 A u g u s t
2 0 0 0 , M a c e r a t a , I t a l y .
H i r s c h m a n , A l b e r t O . , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , The Strategy of Economic Development, Y a l e
U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , N e w H a v e n .
H u g h e s , D . W . , a n d H o l l a n d , D . , ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o r e - P e r i p h e r y E c o n o m i c
L i n k a g e : A M e a s u r e o f S p r e a d a n d P o s s i b l e B a c k w a s h E f f e c t s f o r
t h e W a s h i n g t o n E c o n o m y , Land Economics, 7 0 ( 3 ) : 3 6 4 - 3 7 7 .
J a c k s o n , R . W . I s r a i l e v i c h , P . R . a n d C o m e r , J . C . , ( 1 9 9 2 ) . A N o t e o n t h e R o l e
o f S u r v e y D a t a a n d E x p e r t O p i n i o n i n C o n s t r u c t i n g I n p u t - O u t p u t
T a b l e s , Papers in Regional Science, 7 1 ( 1 ) : 8 7 - 9 3 .
J e n s e n R . C . a n d W e s t , C . R . , ( 1 9 8 0 ) , T h e E f f e c t o f R e l a t i v e C o e f f i c i e n t S i z e
o n I n p u t - o u t p u t M u l t i p l i e r s . Environment and Planning A, 1 2 : 6 5 9 -
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J e n s e n , R . C , ( 1 9 8 0 ) . T h e C o n c e p t o f A c c u r a c y i n R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t
M o d e l s , International Regional Science Revim, 5 ( 2 ) : 1 3 9 - 1 5 4 .
, ( 1 9 9 0 ) . C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d U s e o f R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t
M o d e l s : P r o g r e s s a n d P r o s p e c t s , International Regional Science
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J e n s e n , R . C , H e w i n g s , C . J . D . , S o n i s , M . , a n d W e s t , C . R . , ( 1 9 8 8 ) . O n T a x o n o m y
o f E c o n o m i e s . Australian Regional Economic Journal, 2 : 2 - 2 4 .
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. „ ^ (19%). Laporan Tahunan 1996 (Office of Trade and Industry
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, (19%). Statistik Industri Besar dan Sedang (Statistics Office of
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K a r a s k a , G . J . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) . V a r i a t i o n o f I n p u t - O u t p u t C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r D i f f e r e n t
L e v e l o f A g g r e g a t i o n , j o u r n a l of R e g i o n a l Science, 8 ( 2 ) : 2 1 5 - 2 2 7 .
K a t z , J . L . , ( 1 9 8 0 ) . T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n T y p e I a n d T y p e I I I n c o m e
M u l t i p l i e r s i n a n I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l , I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e g i o n a l Science
R e v i e w , 5 : 5 1 - 5 6 .
L a h r , M i c h a e l L . , ( 1 9 9 2 ) . A n I n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o M e t h o d s f o r P r o d u c i n g H y b r i d
R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e s ( H y b r i d M o d e l s ) , P h . D . D i s s e r t a t i o n ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a .
^ ( 1 9 9 3 ) . A R e v i e w o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e S u p p o r t i n g H y b r i d
A p p r o a c h t o C o n s t r u c t i n g R e g i o n a l I n p u t - o u t p u t M o d e l s ,
E c o n o m i c S y s t e m s R e s e a r c h , 5 ( 3 ) : 2 7 7 - 2 9 3 .
L a u m a s , P . S . , ( 1 9 7 5 ) . K e y S e c t o r s i n S o m e U n d e r d e v e l o p e d C o u n t r i e s ,
K y W o s , 2 8 : 6 2 - 7 9 .
L e o n t i e f , W a s s i i y , ( 1 9 6 3 ) . S t r u c t u r e o f D e v e l o p m e n t , S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n ,
S e p t e m b e r : 1 4 8 - 1 6 6 .
M a t t a s , K . A . a n d S h r e s t h a , C M . , ( 1 9 9 1 ) . A N e w A p p r o a c h t o
D e t e r m i n i n g S e c t o r a l P r i o r i t i e s i n a n E c o n o m y : I n p u t - O u t p u t
E l a s t i c i t i e s , A p p l i e d E c o n o m i c s , 2 3 : 2 4 7 - 2 5 4 .
M c C a r i , B . A . , a n d A p l a n d , J . , ( 1 9 8 6 ) . V a l i d a t i o n o f L i n e a r P r o g r a m m i n g
M o d e l s , S o u t h e r n j o u r n a l of A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m i c s , D e c e m b e r : 1 5 5 - 1 6 4 .
M i l l e r , R . E . a n d B l a i r , P . D . , ( 1 9 8 5 ) . I n p u t - O u t p u t A n a l y s i s : F o u n d a t i o n s a n d
E x t e n s i o n , P r e n t i c e H a i l , E n g e l w o o d C l i f f s , N e w J e r s e y .
M o r r i s o n , W . I . , ( 1 9 7 3 - a ) . T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n U r b a n I n t e r i n d u s t r y
M o d e l : 1 . B u i l d i n g t h e I n p u t - O u t p u t A c c o u n t s , E n v i r o n m e n t a n d
P l a n n i n g A , 5: 3 6 9 - 3 8 3 .
^ ( 1 9 7 3 - b ) . T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n U r b a n I n t e r i n d u s t r y
M o d e l : 2 . T h e S t r u c t u r e o f t h e P e t e r b o r o u g h E c o n o m y i n 1 9 6 8 ,
E n v i r o n m e n t a n d P l a n n i n g A , 5 : 4 3 3 - 4 6 0 .
^ ( 1 9 7 3 - c ) . T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n U r b a n I n t e r i n d u s t r y
M o d e l : 3 . I n p u t - O u t p u t M u l t i p l i e r s f o r P e t e r b o r o u g h , E n v i r o n m e n t
a n d P l a n n i n g A , 5 : 5 4 5 - 5 5 4 .
M o r r i s o n , W . I . a n d S m i t h , P . , ( 1 9 7 4 ) . N o n s u r v e y I n p u t - O u t p u t
T e c h n i q u e s a t t h e S m a l l A r e a L e v e l : A n E v a l u a t i o n , j o u r n a l of
R e g i o n a l Science, 1 4 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 4 .
4 7 0
A n Exper iment ot Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
P a r k , S . H . a n d C h a n , K . S . , ( 1 9 8 9 ) . A C r o s s - C o u n t r y I n p u t - O u t p u t
A n a l y s i s o f I n t e r s e c t o r a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n M a n u f a c t u r i n g ,
W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t , 1 7 ( 2 ) : 1 9 9 - 2 1 2 .
^ ( 1 9 9 1 ) . A R e p l y A C r o s s - C o u n t r y I n p u t - O u t p u t A n a l y s i s o f
I n t e r s e c t o r a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n . W o r l d D e v e l o p m e n t , 1 9 : 1 7 9 1 -
1 7 9 2 .
P a r k , S . H . , M o h t a d i , M . , a n d K u b u r s i , A . A . , ( 1 9 8 1 ) . E r r o r s i n R e g i o n a l
N o n s u r v e y I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l s : A n a l y t i c a l a n d S i m u l a t i o n
R e s u l t s , j o u r n a l of R e g i o n a l Science, 2 1 ( 3 ) : 3 2 1 - 3 3 9 .
P e m e r i n t a h D a e r a h T i n g k a t I I K a b u p a t e n H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h , ( 1 9 9 6 ) .
L a p o r a n P e l a k s a n a a n A P B D T a h u n A n g g a r a n 1 9 9 5 / 1 9 9 6 ( L o c a l
C o v e m m e n t o f t h e S e c o n d L e v e l o f H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h R e g e n c y ,
1 9 9 6 , R e p o r t t h e A p p l i c a t i o n o f B u d g e t a n d R e v e n u e f o r 1 9 9 5 / 1 9 9 6
F i s c a l Y e a r ) .
R a s m u s s e n , R . , ( 1 9 5 6 ) . S t u d i e s i n I n t e r s e c t o r a l R e l a t i o n s , N o r t h H o l l a n d
P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , A m s t e r d a m .
R i c h a r d s o n , H . W . , ( 1 9 8 5 ) . I n p u t - O u t p u t a n d E c o n o m i c B a s e M u l t i p l i e r s :
L o o k i n g B a c k w a r d a n d F o r w a r d , j o u r n a l of R e g i o n a l Science,
2 5 ( 4 ) : 6 0 7 - 6 6 1 .
S i m p s o n , D . , a n d T s u k u i , J . , ( 1 9 6 5 ) . T h e F u n d a m e n t a l S t r u c t u r e o f I n p u t -
O u t p u t T a b l e s , A n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p a r i s o n , T h e R e v i e w of
E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , p p . 4 3 4 - 4 4 6 .
S m i t h , C h r i s t i n e , ( 1 9 8 3 ) . A n I n i t i a l E x p l o r a t i o n i n t o a n A l t e r n a t i v e S y s t e m
f o r S m a l l E c o n o m y I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e C o n s t r u c t i o n , P a p e r
presented to t h e I n p u t - O u t p u t W o r k s h o p of t h e 8 t h M e e t i n g of T h e
R e g i o n a l Science A s s o c i a t i o n ( A u s t r a l i a & N e w Z e a l a n d S e c t i o n ) ,
A r m i d a l e , 3 0 t h N o v e m b e r - 2 n d D e c e m b e r , 1 9 8 3 .
S m i t h , C h r i s t i n e a n d J e n s e n , R . C . W i t h o u t y e a r . A S y s t e m f o r G e n e r a t i o n of
S m a l l - E c o n o m y I n p u t - o u t p u t T a b l e s , M i m e o . D e p a r t m e n t o f
E c o n o m i c s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Q u e e n s l a n d .
S o n i s , M . , C u i l h o t o , J . J . M . , H e w i n g s , C . J . D . , a n d M a r t i n s , E . B . , ( 1 9 9 5 ) .
L i n k a g e , K e y S e c t o r s , S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e : S o m e N e w P e r s p e c t i v e s ,
T h e D e v e l o p i n g E c o n o m i e s , 3 3 ( 3 ) : 2 3 3 - 2 6 9 .
4 7 1
Imansyah
S y r q u i n , M . , ( 1 9 8 8 ) . P a t t e m s o f S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e , i n C h e n e r y , H a n d
S r i n i v a s a n , T . N . ( e d s ) . H a n d b o o k of D e v e l o p m e n t E c o n o m i c s , V o l . 1 .
N o r t h H o l l a n d . S y r q u i n , M . a n d C h e n e r y , H . 1 9 9 2 , T h r e e D e c a d e s
o f I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , i n L a i , D e e p a k ( e d ) , D e i > e l o p m e n t E c o n o m i c s ,
V o l . I , A n E l g a r R e f e r e n c e C o l l e c t i o n .
V a n d e r W e s t h u i z e n , J . M . , ( 1 9 9 2 ) . T o w a r d s D e v e l o p i n g a H y b r i d M e t h o d f o r
I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e C o m p i l a t i o n a n d I d e n t i f y i n g a F u n d a m e n t a l
E c o n o m i c S t r u c t u r e ( R e g i o n a l E c o n o m i c s ) , P h . D . D i s s e r t a t i o n .
U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a .
^ ( 1 9 9 7 ) . C e l l P r o p e r t i e s a s a B a s i s f o r C o n s t r u c t i n g H y b r i d
R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e s , J o u r n a l f o r S t u d i e s i n E c o n o m i c s a n d
E c o n o m e t r i c s , 2 1 : 4 5 - 6 8 .
W e s t , C . R . , ( 1 9 8 1 ) . C e n e r a t i o n o f R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e s ( C R I T ) :
A n I n t r o s p e c t i o n . D e p a r t m e n t o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f
Q u e e n s l a n d , W o r k i n g P a p e r N o . 2 1 . M a y 1 9 8 1 .
^ ( 1 9 8 2 ) . S e n s i t i v i t y a n d K e y S e c t o r A n a l y s i s i n I n p u t -
O u t p u t M o d e l s , A u s t r a l i a n E c o n o m i c P a p e r s , 2 1 : 3 6 5 - 3 7 8 .
^ ( 1 9 9 0 ) . R e g i o n a l T r a d e E s t i m a t i o n : A H y b r i d A p p r o a c h ,
I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e g i o n a l Science R e v i e w , 1 3 : 1 0 3 - 1 1 8 .
^ ( 1 9 9 3 ) . I n p u t - O u t p u t A n a l y s i s f o r P r a c t i o n e r s v e r s i o n 7.1
U s e r ' s G u i d e .
W e s t , C . R . , ( 1 9 9 7 ) . S t m c t u r a l C h a n g e s a n d F u n d a m e n t a l E c o n o m i c
S t r u c t u r e s : T h e C a s e o f A u s t r a l i a , P a p e r presented to N o r t h A m e r i c a n
M e e t i n g of t h e R e g i o n a l Science A s s o c i a t i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Buffalo, N e w
Y o r k : 5 - 9 N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 7 .
, ( 1 9 9 8 ) . S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e a n d t h e H o l l o w i n g O u t o f t h e
Q u e e n s l a n d E c o n o m y , 1 9 7 3 - 9 2 , P a p e r presented at 2 2 n d A N Z R S A I
C o n f e r e n c e , T a n u n d a , S o u t h A u s t r a l i a , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 8 .
W e s t , C . R . , a n d J e n s e n , R . C , ( 1 9 8 7 ) . F u r t h e r E v i d e n c e t o S u p p o r t t h e
F u n d a m e n t a l E c o n o m i c S t m c t u r e H y p o t h e s i s , P a p e r to t h e I 2 t h
A n n u a l Conference A u s t r a l i a a n d N e w Z e a l a n d S e c t i o n R e g i o n a l Science
A s s o c i a t i o n , G e e l o n g , D e c e m b e r .
4 7 2
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output M o d e l
X u , S o n g l i n g a n d M a d d e n , M o s s , ( 1 9 9 1 ) . T h e C o n c e p t o f I m p o r t a n t
C o e f f i c i e n t s i n I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l s , i n D e w h u r s t , J . H . L . ,
H e w i n g s , C . J . D . , a n d J e n s e n , R . C . ( e d s ) . R e g i o n a l E c o n o m i c
M o d e l i n g : N e w D e v e l o p m e n t s a n d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . A v e b u r y S y d n e y ,
C h a p t e r 1 4 : 6 6 - 9 5 .
4 7 3
Imansyah
A P P E N D I C E S Appendix 1
Scheme of H y b r i d P r o c e d u r e u s i n g FES A p p r o a c h
S l o p :
Stop 4
Phase I Msp I Ma i l w i l h o o l k v l i o n x i rooicnal tables as
rel'etenee tables
( aleiilate leeiessinii a i iabsi^
Step a
Aggrs'ealiiMi aJ i i is lmenl
Step
Step (>
I'haw
Step
Step •>
Step 11
( aleiilate ei>eHieienIs>4 xanatinit ,<i mpiit-iail|nil ei 'el i ieiei its aj'the reieienee labk's
t ak l l la le sellMtlx ll\ ai laKsIs I'l t l v a\elaee ieei>'>iial tables
3 e s
step S
I sinuate iisiiie leeiessnin ai iaKsis
Step 10
I st I male e e averaee eoeliieients other means
Step i :
Ix t imale : e e. axetaee eoel ik ients >>tlKM means
Continued on the next ixige
4 7 4
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Region Input-Output Mode l
I'ha.so III
Slop I 3
Slop 15
Slop I •
Slop 1.x
Slop \ '
Slop 14 i y y
< ollool suivriordat.-i {••r inlorinoLliali.' oolls
( ollool su|x-ru'r Ja la l i+ final rlomanJ anJ piimarx mpul
Dori\o proK+xpo IntormoJialo iransih-lion lahlo
Slop Ic
l )orl\e pr<>Ki|\|v l ixhr i J labk UMiii,' I k s appioaoh
ROOOIK I IO j n J oliook
f
( oinpk-to liiial Inhrul l.ihk-
Run sonsilix i l\ aniiK sis
Stop : o liisoit .supon.a Ja la
11 noos-ssaiA ik ai.li list
t aloiilato inxcrso matrix and iiuiltipliors
4 7 5
Imansyah
Appendix 2 Sectors Classification
1 . P a d d y
2 . O t h e r F o o d C r o p s
3 . O t h e r A g r i c u l t u r e
4 . L i v e s t o c k
5 . F o r e s t r y
6 . F i s h e r y
7 . O t h e r M i n i n g
8 . M i n e r a l M i n i n g
9 . O i l M i n i n g
1 0 . F o o d M a n u f a c t u r i n g
1 1 . M i n e r a l M a n u f a c t u r i n g
1 2 . H a n d i c r a f t
1 3 . O t h e r M a n u f a c t u r i n g
1 4 . O i l a n d G a s R e f i n e r y
1 5 . U t i l i t i e s
1 6 . C o n s t r u c t i o n
1 7 . T r a d e
1 8 . R e s t a u r a n t a n d H o t e l
1 9 . T r a n s p . & C o m m u n i c a t i o n
2 0 . F i n a n c i a l I n s t , a n d R e n t
2 1 . S e r v i c e s
H H l . H o u s e h o l d C o n s u m p t i o n E x p e n d i t u r e
1 * 2 . G o v e r n m e n t C o n s u m p t i o n E x p e n d i t u r e
F 3 . C a p i t a l F o r m a t i o n
F 4 . C h a n g e i n s t o c k
F 5 . E x p o r t
P I . W a g e s a n d S a l a r i e s
P 2 . O t h e r V a l u e A d d e d
P 3 . I m p o r t
A n Exper iment of Sma l l Reglpiy Input-Output Mode l
i s , • ^ • , I " k p i f i " * '
. • ; V ; v Y T ? • Appendix3 0 " * v Y " >'• " Y i T ' " " 7 )
H u l u S u n g a i T e n g a h I n p u t - O u t p u t T a b l e 1995, P r o d u c e r P r i c e (Rp m i l l i o n ) SECTOR 1 1 7 A 5 b 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 7 A
14 \ 007 A r\ U /I A A U A U 0 0 0 3859 0 A 0 A 0
A 0 A 0 7 A JO r D 1 2 0 0 0 100 77 0 0 0 1 J A u A (J r r r
333 3 3 1 23
5 0 0 0 0 332 18 0 10855 0 A A U 1 i r D 0 71 T
2 / 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 134 48 0 1 0
c D
A 1 zU U 45 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 285 0 A U A z tr
3 1 A C 7 0 2 0 37 0 0 1 A u 7 A A U U A 0 A
0 0 0 0 0 0 A
0 /Y 0 A
tj g A A U u u A U A 0 A 0
2 0 0 4 u i A .to
A U q J A u
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 A U U 1 m A U /b 0 0 0 474 0 fY (J A 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 g 3 A A
u A A u 4 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 591 27 371 1821 1 47 0 0 0 4 2 0 2213 0 14 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 1 8 3 1 34 0 4 0 12 1 0 97 0 16 36 2 5 6 2 53 0 3 0 19 1 0 268 0 17 671 41- 573 279 7 431 0 33 0 686 25 0 5554 0 18 0 15 194 3 37 168 0 17 0 40 11 0 173 0 19 115 7 140 84 2 198 0 12 0 573 8 0 3346 0 20 373 15 155 22 4 167 0 17 0 96 3 0 282 0 21 36 26 113 124 8 211 0 21 0 121 2 0 420 0
TOTAL 2491, 184 2446 5237 123 2049 0 111 0 6489 203 0 23525 0 P I 12416 315 10122 546 157 2656 0 438 0 818 198 0 3245 0 . P2 22137 2758 13975 5419 989 1 7066 0 1133 0 1570 278 0 7940 0 P3 1886 84 1060 5343 75 877 0 25 0 1228 2 0 7218 0
TOTAL 38930 3340 27603 16545 1345 22648 0 1707 0 10105 681 0 41928 0 Employment 25045 7351 28803 2353 9009 9237 0 570 0 1355 534 0 2218
Imansyah s j o o
1 V 16 1 Q
17 1R 19 20 21 X 1 TOTAL HH1 F2 F3 F4 F5 TOTAL 1 1 u n A n 0 0 0 4574 0 0 140 18030 16187 38930 z fl n 1 04 1:7
J1 0 0 34 675 2940 0 0 -281 0 3340
1 J
fl n n u
78 xu
440 1 \ 12258 5081 19 1029 1627 7588 27603 A fl u A 1 Aiin 4 0 11 u
1 1 u 4674 3123 0 0 2083 6665 16545
C D o 1 a 1 •+ A u A 0 1 A 375 JO J 0 0 -438 825 1345 O fl u n 777 7 I 14 0 g 1046 1451 2 0 0 2689 4400 22648 7 n u A U A u A A U g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q O U /I "7 7 4 / J A U A U 0 0 c J S I S 1 *+/ J A -281 0 1 707 Q fl A A A U 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 2 7 112 27 1 151 952 10654 0 0 -1511 11 10105 n 0 50 2 2 419 5 33 528 107 7 33 6 0 681 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 1904 85 15 74 22 51 7231 8837 249 618 1 3394 11 599 41928 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 22 5 177 54 25 260 284 986 1609 92 0 56 0 2742 16 19 214 187 338 481 429 238 2349 1132 669 18270 -4323 0 1 809() 17 598 577 728 1856 1156 844 2358 16418 8619 1092 5028 16153 0 47311 18 10 1110 3095 145 754 593 255 6619 1398 1567 0 7905 0 1 7489 19 314 185 1367 3224 3997 463 1071 15105 8601 1601 1 109 3157 0 29573 20 14 2020 1380 526 546 1461 2117 9199 11289 625 0 1800 0 22914 21 22 182 954 179 4440 552 5021 12434 8001 26315 901 8276 0 55928
TOTAL 1000 6739 8357 8228 12379 4631 11745 95936 87965 32236 27128 68341 47275 358882 P I 140 2286 5221 1636 2758 2263 26744 71959 0 0 0 0 0 71959 P2 211 7451 32875 6963 12301 15570 17439 166076 0 0 0 0 0 166076 P3 1391 1621 858 662 2135 450 0 24915 0 0 0 0 0 24915
TOTAL 2742 18096 47311 17489 29573 22914 55928 358886 87965 32236 27128 68341 47275 621831 Employment 981 1939 7181 3080 2168 228 13005 115057 0 0 0 0 0 115057
A n Exper iment of Smal l Region Input-Output M o d e l
A p p e n d i x 4 Sectoral Distribution
Hulu Sungai Tengah l-O Table (Rp.OOOOOO)
SECTOR eVtOCNT % E M m O Y M f J i T l l I 25«5JO
2 7JMC1 > 2I»1.0 4 2J550 20 5 9(1X10 6 92J70 7 00 00 1 5X1.0 0.5 9 (10 0.0 n 11550 1.2 II 5M0 0.5 12 00 0.0 a 22llfO 1.9 M 00 00 15 9110 09 K I9!«0 17 17 71110 II WKlO 2.7 19 21610 1.9 20 2210 02 21 IIOCLIO
TOT-U AVHR^Cl V U X I M I M M I M V a M S r O D E V
115057 0 liKO 54719
2SS010 00
11160.9
4 7 9
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