View
233
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
1/44
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
2/44
Ijtihad(Meanings, Application & Scope)
Shaykh-ul-IslamDr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
Minhaj-ul-Quran PublicationsLahore, Pakistan
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
3/44
Copyright 2007 by Minhaj-ul-Quran International,Lahore , Pakistan . All ri ghts reserved . No par t of thi s book
may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoeverwi thout prior permission, excep t in c ase of brief quo tationsembodied in critical articles and reviews.
Research Assistant: Amanat Ali Chaudhry
The entire income of all of Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadris books & recorded lectures is dedicated on hisbehalf to Minhaj -ul-Quran In ternational .
Presented B y:
Farid-e-Millat Research Institute366-M, Model Town , Lahore, 54700 , Pakis tan .
www.research.com.pkfmri@research.com.pk
Published by:
Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications365-M, Model Town, Lahore-54700, Pakistan.
+92-42-5168514, 111-140-140Fax: +92-42-5168184
www.minhaj.orgsales@minhaj.org
Prin ted in Pakistan by Minhaj -ul-Qur an Printi ng Press .
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
4/44
Lp
^]e]
Foufnfn]
v$n]n]%$n
]m
nh
$
r $o]i^FonFovfe^$
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
5/44
Contents
Preface 7
Beyond Description 13
Ijtihadand its need 21
The scope of law-making in Islam 29
Formulative Legislation 30
Interpretative legislation 31
Significance ofIjtihadin legislation 32
Definition ofijtihad 33
Reinterpretation of commandments of the Quran
and Sunna is also ijtihad
33
Mutual relationship bet ween the Holy Quran and
Sunna as so urce of law
34
The Law-making and law-interpreting aspects 34
The issue of disagreement with the ijtihad of four
Imams
35
The Ijtihad undertaken by the four Imams is of two
types.
36
Causes of stagnat ion characterizing Islamic law 39
The issue of modification in the principle of
ijtihadof four Imams
42
Essential attributes of a mujtahid (One who does
ijtihad)
42
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
6/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope6
Appropriate method ofIjtihad 43
How will ijtihad get status of law in an Islamicsociety?
44
Bibliography 47
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
7/44
Preface
Seeing through the post 9/11 ordeal and the events taking
shape in its backdrop, one can hear the loud whisper: where
people are ignorant, uncritical and irrational, they are unjust,
cruel, ready to perpetrate and to tolerate abuses of
unscrupulous and unchecke d power. The Muslim Umma,
instead of making the best of God-sent treasure of guidance,
has consigned it to oblivion, sheer ignorant of the nihilist
forces and their ruthless modus operandi.
It were Muslims who, once upon a time, illumined the
world with the light of guidance and gave birth to the
present day Europe. In the words of the 20th century eminent
scholar Dr. Ro bert Briffault in his famous book The Making
of Humanity:It was not science which brought Europe back to life.
Other and manifold influences from the civilization of
Islam communicated its first glow to European life
Down to the fifteenth century whatever scientific
activity existed in Europe was engaged in assimilating
Arab learning without greatly adding to itTheCanons of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and the Surgery of
Abul-Qasim, remained the text books of medical
science throughout Europe until the seventeenth
century.1
According to him, the Arabs introduced three inventions
into Europe, each of which was to bring about a world-transforming revolution:
1. Dr Robert Bri ffault, The Making of Humanity, pp. 202, 207.
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
8/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope8
1. The mariners compass which was to expand Europeto the ends of the earth;
2. Gun-powder which was to bring to an end thesupremacy of the armoured knight;
3. And paper which prepared the way for the printing press and opened numerous doors of knowledge and
learning.
The Muslims were then a rational community, employing
all their faculties of mind, doing a scientific errand on the
globe. Open, refined, humanizing, creative, productive,
promoting mans stature round the earth, they went
everywhere and lit the lamps of reasoning, logic, scientific
method and love and dignity of mankind. History pays them
homage.
But then it so happened that the law of nature wrappedtheir day into the night and the lamp of reason was p ut out;
they slipped into a dreadful slum ber and lost their contact
with reality. Now they were rigid misologists reposing in the
idea of the bygone glory.
Allama Dr Muhammad Iqbal felt the misery and strived to
enlighten them:The ultimate spiritual basis of all life, as conceived
by Islam, is eternal and reveals itself in variety and
change. A society based on such a conception of
Reality, must reconcile in its life, the categories of
permanence and change. It must possess eternal
principles to regulate its collective life; for the eternalgives us a foothold in the world of perpetual change.
But eternal principles, when they are understood to
exclude all possibilit ies of change which, according to
the Quran, is one of the greatest signs of God, tend to
immobilize what is essentially mobile in its nature.2
2. Dr M. Iqbal, Reconstr uction of Religious Thought in Islam, p. 140.
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
9/44
Preface 9
But the things had taken a calamitous shape. They are not
ready even today to reconcile the changed realities with the
permanent divine law and have thus failed in regulating their
life in the world of perpetual change in accordance with the
revealed eternal principles their main foothold. T his process
of reconciling the ever-changing realities with the intentions
of the permanent laws is what is called ijtihad.
The Muslims have been exercising ijtihad in every age.
They rose to the pinnacle of glory through this scientific
method of reasoning. And they suffered when they stopped
doing it. It is nothing but fulfillin g the day-to-day
requirements of life within the framework of permanent
principles. Within this framework change is not only
permissible but advisable. The conditions of life are always
changing and the constitution of the state and machinery ofthe government have got to be revised and brought up-to-date
from time to time. Without this sound legislative exercise we
simply cannot cope up with the ever-growing and ever-
changing demands of life. We must bear in mind that progress
is a change that brings the system nearer to perfection. It is
change which, while preserving the values achieved, adds tothem and raises them to a higher level.
But we are so heavily fettered in shackles of rigidity and
misology (hatred for reason, logic and enlightenment) that
even butchery has failed to bring us to our senses although the
idea is so easy to grasp. Take up the concept of tauba
(repentance). One commits a sin and then feels guiltyconscious. Where does this sense of guilt come from? There is
a permanent principle which he departed from and then
compared his action against it. He could only return to it to
attain to the feeling of contentment. That is what we call
tauba. It generates from reasoning. T he sinner introspects and
finds his error. If his heart is imbued with a firm faith in theCommands of Allah, he will fall back upon it and through
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
10/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope10
reasoning and private meditations will seek forgiveness from
Allah which He will award him mercifully for his come-back.
Likewise, there is har dly any aspect ofdin in which devoid of
the process of reasoning. The misology, therefore, is
unintelligible.
Shaikh-ul-Islam Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri is blessed
with the vision that pierces through the mysteries of age and
discerns the hidden realities of t ime. He is born with the pang
to bring to the Umma the awareness of these realities and
unveil to them the secret of their survival. He has devoted his
entire life to make us see the Holy footsteps of the Beloved
Messenger of Allah and kindle in our heart the flame of love
for the Holy Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace).
He is doing it for the sole reason that this way the Umma will
wake up soon and start seeking the same legislative reasoning- ijtihad afresh which will open to them the doors of logic,
wisdom and intellect which the Holy Prophet was sent to
disseminate to mankind. Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri wants the Muslim
community to behave moderate, flexible and stable and shun
rigidity, irrationality and extremism and all its forms so that
they once again regain the glory which is their due. The pathof ijtihad will take them to that because what seems
apparently an individual behaviour is in fact the collective
behaviour as it is designed by the culture and designs the
culture as well. Ijtihad has its roots in the teachings of the
Quran and Sunna and in the Quranic society shaped by the
Holy Prophet 1400 years ago. And our thoughts are not ourthoughts; the remotest past has gone to the building of them.
Read any of the books written by Shaikh-ul-Islam Dr
Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri, or listen to any of his recorded
lectures, you will find him making an al l-out endeavour to
make us believe that it is only the love of the Holy Prophet
and follo wing hi s sirah that can open our eyes and minds,equip us with the revitalizing reasoning called ijtihad and
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
11/44
Preface 11
elevate us to that exalted station which Allah has promised to
bestow upon those who make use of all the faculties of their
mind in complying with the Prophetic teachings.
This treatise is one of his most scholarly discourses on the
subject which serves yo u many cues to the Islamic way of
reasoning and makes solid contributions to the mental milieu
of the Muslim Community.
Shaykh Abdul Aziz Dabbagh
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
12/44
Beyond Description
His Eminence Shaykh-ul-Islam Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
is a theologian, theosophist, scientist and spiritualist ofmodern times. A preacher, reformer and philosopher, he is
also a political thinker of world reno wn. He is the animating
heartbeat of hundreds of thousands of Muslims around the
globe. It has layers of meanings whatever he writes and
speaks abo ut, addressing simultaneously the whole mankind
in general, the whole Muslim Umma in particular as theimmediate focus of his magical rhetoric and fascinating pen.
He talks about and proves the relevance of Islam to the
modern age. Diagnosing the maladies that have afflicted
mankind he prescribes Islam as the sole remedy to the entire
syndrome. He has authored some 450 published works in
Arabic, English and Urdu and delivered over 5,500 lectures in
various languages all over the world. His capabilities, God-
gifted qualities, achievements and high ideals beggar
description.
Leading the Umma out of its ordeal
His teachings are deep, def inite and sublime leading ones
soul to the divine chambers. Galvanizing and inspiring, his
oratory leaves us spell-bound, enlightening vividly as to what
we are doin g on earth and what , in fact, we are supposed to
do; what troubles we are suffering from and how in a
scientific fashion can we cure and convalesce. Speaking in
terms of modern logic, he pricks ones inner core and clears
ones vision on the compatibility of Islam with the scientific
realities of the universe which have so far been discovered
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
13/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope14
and which the scient ists may explore in the t imes to come. He
is really an embodiment of all knowledge and wisdom that is
required to lead the Umma out of its current ordeal.
Restoring mans status in the universe
Fallin g prey to stray ideologies and burdened by the stresses
and strains of modern life, the modern man has become
thoroughly materialistic, consigning all moral, spiritual and
human values to oblivion. It seems as if the Hereafter, the
Last Day and the Final Accountability during life after death
have no more been his concerns. This has added enormous
miseries to his daily chores leaving little chances of his
survival from the quagmire of material pursuits and base
nature. In this context, Shaikh-ul-Islam Dr Qadri has emerged
as a saviour to sa lvage and rescue the human society from the
evils of the earthly existence and lead them to mans real
status Allah Almighty has blessed him with. This restoration
of real spiritual as well as worldly status of man in this world
is, in nutshell, all what Dr Qadri is up to.
Minhaj-ul-Quran International
a message ofglobal peace
To achieve his objectives Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri launched his
struggle in 1977 with the establishment of Mahaz-e-
Hurriyyat, an intellectual forum for the ideological training
of the youth. He advanced dynamically in the right direction
and established Minhaj-ul-Quran Internat ional in 1981. His
voice received warm welcome; people would sit around their
TV sets and wait for his Fahm-ul-Quran programme
impatiently. The MQI soon became the heartbeat of the
masses. Shaikh-ul-Islam then planned to take his message to
the entire globe. It was in 1982 that he visited Iran, met the
Iranian leadership and put forth his message which was given
a hearty welcome. He then visited Europe in 1984 to extend
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
14/44
Beyond Description 15
the range of his missionary services and to introduce the
Europeans to the true essence of Islam. The tour was a great
success. The Muslims of Denmark were highly impressed and
invited Dr Qadri to establish an institute in Denmark under his
supervision. Consequently, an Islamic Centre was established
in Copenhagen, Denmark on 25 January 1986. Dr Qadri
himself performed its inauguration.
He toured Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharja and other Gulf States
in 1984 and 1985 where people accorded him rousing
receptions. As a result of his energizing tours, a huge branch
of the Institute of Minhaj-ul-Quran was established in the
United Emirates.
Dr Qadri visited England to further widen the scope of his
missionary campaign: He visited the country first in May
1985 and then in January 1986. During his tour of England headdressed huge gatherings in London, Manchester,
Birmingham and Boston etc. He visited United States in
April, 1986 in order to extend and promote his mission. He
delivered lectures in many seminars and symposia on various
Islamic topics specifically pertaining to Islamic revival in the
West, at New York, Washington, Chicago and others states.This visit laid the foundation of the MQI in the United States.
The late 80s and the early 90s then saw a wave spreading
through entire Europe, the US, Canada and the Middle East,
and in only a decades time the MQI Centres were established
in more than 80 countries of the world. That is how the magic
of true Islam works. Shaikh-ul-Islam Dr Qadri workedsleeplessly to spread his mission and it is now a globally
welcome mission to spread Islam as the most moderate,
tolerant, realistic, scientific and practicable way of life and
religion for the entire mankind.
The quest for knowledge
The modern scientific thought has undergone metamorphic
changes over ages. Its spirit, however, has constantly
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
15/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope16
remained to justify the existing fact on rational grounds.
Eventually, the twentieth century has witnessed an
unimaginable scientific advancement that has assigned a vital
role to man on the globe in conquest of universe. In the quest
for knowledge, the modern man has also discovered that the
centuries old concepts about religion are contrary to the
scientific thought and, therefore, need to be either discarded
or made compatible with the scientific method. This is the
challenge that the religious scholars and theologians have
failed to face. Instead of analyzing the problem on scientific
basis, they have adhered to their timeworn ideologies with a
practical surrender to the materialistic values in vogue. Even
the torchbearers, the so-called intellectuals and modern
scholars of Islam who pretend to be abreast with the modern
scientific thought have given in to the onslaught of modernsciences and in secret depths of their hearts feel nervous how
to defend their position. They are doing more harms than
good by defendin g their post with archaic weapons.
However, at the dawn of new millennium, Shaikh-ul-
Islam Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri has risen like a guiding
star on the intellectual horizon and has sho wered ray s of hiseffulgent wisdom on the modern mind. Equipped adequately
with the scient ific and religious kno wledge, he has given the
call to modern man that Islam is the religion that, ever since
its revelation, has the scientific bases which the modern
scientific thought is now claiming to discover and further
needs to explore in its totality.
On IslamThe contributions made by Shaikh-ul-Islam to the modern
Islamic thought and its reconstruction are colossal rather
incredible. Nor can we measure his achievements in clearing
and purifying Islamic ideology from muddling of variousisms wrought over centuries. A huge reservoir of literature,
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
16/44
Beyond Description 17
for instance, exists on Mysticism, Islamic Mysticism,
Pantheism and Transcendentalism, nature of Mystic
Experience, its variety, allied philosophies and schools of
thought. The antagonists too have generated colossal works
proving it contrary to the true Islam and labeling it as an
impious innovation in the approved Islamic code of life. This
controversy has inflicted serious damage to the modern
Muslim mind leading the young educated Muslims all over
the world to desperation and abhorrence from Islam. They are
confused and blatant ly question the intellectual validity and
logical well-being of Islamic thought. The Muslim scholars
engaged in this unfortunate controversy, however, ill afford
any attempt to recover from the spin. They drastically lack
in advanced kno wledge and are una ware of the phenomena
of modern scientific min d. Being the odd ones, they now stayout of this war of wits, which has spread over East and West.
How to satisfy the modern scientific mind on the question of
Islamic Spiritualism, its nature and significance? Shaikh-ul-
Islam Dr Qadri has performed this uphill task with absolute
facility, authority and command.
Knowledge of modern logicSimultaneously, endowed with a vividly historic insight , he
educates the modern Muslim mind how, centuries ago, the
Muslim scholars defeated their rival thinkers employing the
then contemporary logic against them. He emphatically
exhorts all educated Muslims of the world to acquire perfectknowledge of modern logic and defeat the antagonists of
Islam who have joined hands against the Umma with an
intention to shake the solid spiritual realities which are the
bases of Islamic thought and ideology. Shaikh-ul-Islam Dr
Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri has a sagacious eye on the rise
and fall of the Muslim and non-Muslim empires. He possessesa vision that penetrates into future and clearly discerns the
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
17/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope18
impending dangers and their remedies. He bases his
arguments on the Holy Quran, attracts and convinces the
modern reader and deletes his disbelief in permanent human
values revealed by the Quran
The primary mission of his life is to drag the Muslims out
of the mire and to elevate them to heights of unprecedented
glory. His creative interpretation of Islam has pulled it out of
its strait-jacket in which its strait-laced critics have robed it.
He has broadened the area of its meaning and application to
make it conform to the rapidly changing imperatives of the
contemporary world and assert its universality, which has
been muffled by centuries of narrow and conservative
attitudes. Shaikh-ul-Islam Dr Qadri is the most auspicious star
on the murky and cloud-capped galaxy of the Islamic world
whom God has blessed with knowledge, guidance andeloquence to steer the rocking world of Islam through the
tempestuous billo ws of strife and dissension and to put it back
on the rollers to make it self-reliant and self-sustaining.
He has dedicated all his energies and sources to promote
and spread the message of peace, moderation, and tolerance
not only in South Asia but also round the globe. Universally,he has earned reputation as ambassador of peace. His dynamic
and galvanizing endeavours for ecumenism and inter-faith
harmony in particular, have produced inspiring and concrete
results.
As such Shaikh-ul-Islam emerges as a person of destiny
with his learned instruction and creative interpretation ofIslam providing refreshing perspectives of the role of Islam in
the contemporary World. Unfortunately, in the past several
decades, the universality of Islam has been obscured by
stereotyped conservatism and Shaikh-ul-Islam with his
progressive ideas and better contemporary world vision is
performing an important role in the renaissance of Islam.
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
18/44
Beyond Description 19
A glimpse of his intellectual works
We find a vivid manifestation of his depth of learning, all-embracing insight and far-reaching vision in his intellectual
works of historic import. This short introduction simply
cannot encompass his works. Some of the most significant of
them include Irfan al-Quran, a scientific, exegetic, modern,
lucid and comprehensive translation of the Holy Quran;
Jami
as-Sunna, a compendium (in 25 volumes) of 30,000fair, fine and sound traditions of the Holy Prophet (Allah
bless him and give him peace) that validate the mainstream
Islamic doctrine; al-Minhaj as-Sawi, a col lection of 1100 fair,
fine and sound traditions; Sirat ar-Rasul, (in 12 volumes) a
detailed account of all the phases of the Holy Prophet s life
which the Qur
an has called Uswa Hasana
the best pattern;Kitab at-Tawhid, Kitab al-Bidah and dozens of books on the
true Islamic doctrines which dispel the existing disagreement
among Muslims on various doctrinal issues and present to the
non-Muslim world Islam in its right, true and scientific form
and spirit, precisely delineating what Islam is and what it is
not. His books particularly on the subject of beliefs are
numerous and voluminous. A list of these books has been
produced in the end of this treatise for the benefit of our
readers. His works have received global appreciation from the
leading authorities, t raditionists, jurists and scholars of the
Muslim world. Shaikh al-Islam has already been awarded
numerous internat ional t itles in this regard.
Amanat Ali Chaudhry
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
19/44
Ijtihadand its need
Life is a dynamic process and forces of life keep changing
under its influence. The objective of law is that all demands oflife are met in such an amicable manner that its movement
continues in the right direction without any let or hindrance.
All decrees of Islamic law have two layers of meaning in
general:
1. Actual spirit or Essent ial aspect2.
Structural form or Existential aspectThe essential aspect guarantees dynamism and evolution
of human life, whereas the purpose of its structure or form is
to give it discipline and balance. When human life undergoes
changes dictated by the forces of life, it becomes necessary to
review the structure of law to keep it intact, commensurate
with its objective. The idea is to disallow away clash between
aspects of discipline and evolution of life because their
mutual conflict renders the movement of human life into
stagnant phenomenon, which in turn drifts the achievement of
the required purpose far from possible.
This situation is against the collective ideal of Islam.
Collective objectives of Islam cannot be attained without
fulfillment of all the demands of life. Keeping this objective
in view, undertaking a structural review of law in accordance
with Islamic teachings on matters not discussed by the Holy
Quran or Sunna and exploring new sources of legal
framework to maintain life as a progressive and dynamic
process is called ijtihad. This is through the institution of
ijtihad that attainment of aims of Islam is not only possible
but is also actualized.
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
20/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope22
There is no denying the fact that under the change in
forces of life, previous laws framed in accordance with
objectives and priorities of its own time fail to address the
newly emerging problems of life. The old laws give way and
render the system into a sterile process, incapable to cope
with the new realities. Their violation instead of
implementation proves productive which signifies deriving a
new legal framework. Its reconstruction becomes, therefore,
urgent and inevitable to keep life moving in the right
direction. If such a course of reforming law is not undertaken,
rule of law loses its importance in life resulting into violation,
violence, disobedience and lawlessness.
We have been unable to give ijtihad its due importance
that it naturally occupies in the Islamic system of
jurisprudence in spite of the vast changes in the realms ofsociety, politics and economy. As a result, demands of law
and life come into clash with each other. Life demands the
fulfillment of its needs, while law proposes punishment for
any violation committed in the process of fulfillment of needs.
Both are poised at different levels. This concept can further be
explained with this analogy that life does not afford deadlockin the struggle of economic advancement, whereas law insists
on the absolute forbiddance of interest-based economy.
According to Islamic point of view, if a religious mind insists
on the total forbiddance of interest-based economy without
the provision of ultimate and absolute resources to break the
deadlock over the creative economic struggle, , it willcertainly result into the diversion from Islamic dos and don'ts.
The legal responsibility of such a mind will rest on the idea,
which he does not want to ponder over, that the Holy Quran
had forbidden interest at a time when interest was practically
replaced with qarz hasana in accordance with
(#%r&u!$#$s%$Y|ym.
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
21/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope 23
And lend Allah a goodly loan.1
The difficulty in understanding this fact is that we think in
terms of providing for the poor, the disabled and the destitute
rather than overcoming this deadlock of creative struggle with
regard to the Quranic concept:
s9(#9$os?99$#4Lym(#)?$6tB.
You can never attain virtue unless you spend (in thecause of Allah) out of that which you cherish the
most.2
That is why the religious leadership has deprived itself of
the mantle of leadership of economic revolution because it
neglected this reality that without eliminating fear of poverty,
people cannot be saved from religious or moral destruction.
Those mired in economic quagmires cannot be expected to
understand and care for moral intricacies. The Holy Prophet
(A) described this reality in the following words:
.
That perhaps poverty and destitution may lead to kufr(infidelity).3
The basic purpose of law in Islam is to provide the people
with a life free from fear and anxiety. This condition cannot
be met without fulfilling all material and spiritual demands of
life. The Holy Quran has described the basic demands of
human life in this manner:
1. Quran (al-Muzzammil), 73:20.
2. Quran (AlImran), 3:92.
3. Set forth by Baihaqi in Shuab al-iman, vol. 5, p. 267 # 6612. Abu
Nuaim in Hilyat al-awliya wa tabaqa t a l-asfiya, vol. 3, pp. 53, 109
& vol. 8, p. 253.
8/9/2019 Ijtihad: Meanings, Application and Scope - (English)
22/44
Ijtihad: meanings, application & scope24
/
3
t/
C
t7
9A
t
(/
3s9 u
F{$#@s)tG
tFt u4n
Recommended