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Imperialism, Alliances, and Imperialism, Alliances, and WarWar
1850-19001850-1900
Europe exercised influence over rest of Europe exercised influence over rest of world: emigrants streamed out world: emigrants streamed out almost all of Africa divided b/t European almost all of Africa divided b/t European
nations, dominance formed a world economynations, dominance formed a world economy Fostered hostility and competition in Europe Fostered hostility and competition in Europe
and a terrible war that undermined it’s and a terrible war that undermined it’s strengthstrength
peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the West, treated Germany harshlyWest, treated Germany harshly
frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed Europe’s peace, prosperity and dominanceEurope’s peace, prosperity and dominance
Expansion of European Expansion of European Power and New Power and New
ImperialismImperialism Explosive developments in science industry Explosive developments in science industry
agriculture and military powered Europeagriculture and military powered Europe allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others Europeans had another weapon: Europeans had another weapon:
they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867 contradicted capitalism;contradicted capitalism; After 1867After 1867
European states spread control over 1/5 world land European states spread control over 1/5 world land area: area:
New ImperialismNew Imperialism
The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism
New Imperialism invested capital in New Imperialism invested capital in less industrialized countryless industrialized country transform local economy and culture transform local economy and culture
and would loan money or intimidate and would loan money or intimidate local rulers local rulers
Failing that dominant power would Failing that dominant power would establish more direct political controlestablish more direct political control full annexationfull annexation
ColonyColony ProtectorateProtectorate ””spheres of influence”spheres of influence”
Motives for the New Imperialism: The Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic InterpretationEconomic Interpretation
Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism”stage of capitalism” European powers didn’t make full European powers didn’t make full
monopolymonopoly not many colonies formednot many colonies formed
Cultural, Religious, and Cultural, Religious, and Social InterpretationsSocial Interpretations
Justifications for imperialismJustifications for imperialism duty to bring civilization to backward duty to bring civilization to backward
peoplespeoples tool of social policy tool of social policy
BritainBritain Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as
source of profit to finance welfare source of profit to finance welfare some argued colonies would attract a some argued colonies would attract a
country’s excess populationcountry’s excess population most went to America)most went to America)
Strategic and Political Strategic and Political Interpretations: the Scramble for Interpretations: the Scramble for
AfricaAfrica Great BritainGreat Britain
Only power w/extensive overseas Only power w/extensive overseas holdings on eve of the scrambleholdings on eve of the scramble
Britain purchased major interest in Suez Britain purchased major interest in Suez canal 1875canal 1875
when Egypt troubled, British established when Egypt troubled, British established control/advanced into Sudancontrol/advanced into Sudan
North AfricaNorth Africa
Who took over N. AfricaWho took over N. Africa How was the take over of North How was the take over of North
Africa unique?Africa unique? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken
over?over?
EgyptEgypt
Who took over EgyptWho took over Egypt How was the take over of Egypt How was the take over of Egypt
unique?unique? What issues made Egypt a What issues made Egypt a
complicated territory to control?complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken
over?over?
The Belgian CongoThe Belgian Congo
Who took over the CongoWho took over the Congo How was the take over of the Congo How was the take over of the Congo
unique?unique? What issues made the Congo a What issues made the Congo a
complicated territory to control?complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken
over?over?
France and Smaller France and Smaller NationsNations
18301830 sent expedition to attack pirates in sent expedition to attack pirates in
AlgiersAlgiers extended their controlextended their control took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West
Africa, Congo and MadagascarAfrica, Congo and Madagascar smaller states acquired new African smaller states acquired new African
coloniescolonies compelled Britain to expandcompelled Britain to expand political status equated with # of coloniespolitical status equated with # of colonies
GermanyGermany::
Bismarck declared protectorates overBismarck declared protectorates over SouthwestSouthwest East AfricaEast Africa TogolandTogoland Cameroons Cameroons
acquired only for diplomatic positionacquired only for diplomatic position
The Irrational ElementThe Irrational Element Germany’s annexations started scrambleGermany’s annexations started scramble
areas not profitable/strategic areas not profitable/strategic In Asia, Japan emerged as great powerIn Asia, Japan emerged as great power
Frightened other powers interested in ChinaFrightened other powers interested in China Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of
Liaotung PeninsulaLiaotung Peninsula US proposed Open Door Policy 1899US proposed Open Door Policy 1899
became informal protectorate for all of Western Hemispherebecame informal protectorate for all of Western Hemisphere By turn of centuryBy turn of century
most of world came under industrialized West(except most of world came under industrialized West(except for Ottoman Empirefor Ottoman Empire
fate closely tied w/European developments)fate closely tied w/European developments)
Emergence of the German Empire Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-and the Alliance Systems (1873-
1890)1890)
German Empire revolutionized German Empire revolutionized diplomacydiplomacy
Britain/Russia retained standingsBritain/Russia retained standings Austria severely weakenedAustria severely weakened
nationalism threatened disintegrationnationalism threatened disintegration France damaged by Franco-Prussian France damaged by Franco-Prussian
WarWar afraid of new neighborafraid of new neighbor
Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-1890)1890)
After 1871, Bismarck After 1871, Bismarck declared Germany satisfieddeclared Germany satisfied didn’t want territorydidn’t want territory afraid of war afraid of war cooled French resentment cooled French resentment
prevented alliance of France prevented alliance of France w/another nationw/another nation
War in the BalkansWar in the Balkans Bismarck established Bismarck established Three Emperors’ LeagueThree Emperors’ League: :
Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873)Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873) Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War
in 1875in 1875 Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to
rebelrebel Russia joined frayRussia joined fray
Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace:Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace: Treaty of San StefanoTreaty of San Stefano:(1878) :(1878) Russian victory Russian victory got money/land,got money/land, alarmed other powers, alarmed other powers, jingoismjingoism: superpatriotism: superpatriotism
The Congress of BerlinThe Congress of Berlin Disraeli sent fleet to ConstantinopleDisraeli sent fleet to Constantinople
Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin under Bismarckunder Bismarck Bulgaria reduced, Bulgaria reduced, Austria-Hungary given Austria-Hungary given
Bosnia/HerzegovinaBosnia/Herzegovina some territories divided up some territories divided up
Balkan states annoyed by settlementBalkan states annoyed by settlement resented Austrian occupationresented Austrian occupation south Slavic question a threat to Europesouth Slavic question a threat to Europe
German Alliances with Russia German Alliances with Russia and Austriaand Austria
Bismarck made secret treaty Bismarck made secret treaty w/Austriaw/Austria
Would aid each other if attacked by Would aid each other if attacked by RussiaRussia Frightened Russia into bargaining Frightened Russia into bargaining
w/Germanyw/Germany Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans
w/Austriaw/Austria
The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance
Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria and Germany 1882and Germany 1882
Bismarck negotiated the Bismarck negotiated the Reinsurance Reinsurance TreatyTreaty Russia would stay neutral if attackedRussia would stay neutral if attacked William II gained German throne in 1888William II gained German throne in 1888
ImpetuousImpetuous disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an
empireempire
Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907)1907)
Franco-Russian AllianceFranco-Russian Alliance after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890 system of alliances collapsedsystem of alliances collapsed succeeded by General Leo von succeeded by General Leo von
CapriviCaprivi alienated Russiaalienated Russia drove Russians toward Francedrove Russians toward France alliance against Germany signed 1894alliance against Germany signed 1894
Britain and GermanyBritain and Germany Germany became enemy in British eyesGermany became enemy in British eyes
overtook British production overtook British production William II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mindWilliam II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mind
Barred British attempts to build railroad from Barred British attempts to build railroad from Capetown to CairoCapetown to Cairo
other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that Germany could make trouble for themGermany could make trouble for them
Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz,Tirpitz, doomed to failure, doomed to failure, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain,
they abandoned friendshipthey abandoned friendship At first, Britain wasn’t concernedAt first, Britain wasn’t concerned
embarrassed from Boer war embarrassed from Boer war tried to make Alliancetried to make Alliance Germans refused, held out for greater concessionsGermans refused, held out for greater concessions
The Entente CordialeThe Entente Cordiale
British ended “splendid isolation”British ended “splendid isolation” Allied w/Japan to defend against Allied w/Japan to defend against
Russia,Russia, settled differences w/France settled differences w/France after Russo-Japanese War of 1905after Russo-Japanese War of 1905
British apprehension toward Russia British apprehension toward Russia was loweredwas lowered
The First Moroccan CrisisThe First Moroccan Crisis 1905, William II tried instigating 1905, William II tried instigating
independence in Moroccoindependence in Morocco challenge to France challenge to France Germans demanded international Germans demanded international
conference to show powerconference to show power met in 1906 in Spainmet in 1906 in Spain
Austria sided w/GermansAustria sided w/Germans Spain sided w/Britain/ France:Spain sided w/Britain/ France: Germany overplayed their hand, pushed Germany overplayed their hand, pushed
France/Britain togetherFrance/Britain together
British Agreement with RussiaBritish Agreement with Russia With French supportWith French support
British made agreement with Russia British made agreement with Russia like Entente Cordialelike Entente Cordiale
settled quarrels in Asiasettled quarrels in Asia Triple Entente formed vs. Triple Triple Entente formed vs. Triple
AllianceAlliance Germany felt encircledGermany felt encircled
let up on Austria in Dual Alliancelet up on Austria in Dual Alliance Bismarck’s alliances shatteredBismarck’s alliances shattered
The Road to War (1908-The Road to War (1908-1914)1914)
Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Peninsula,Peninsula, mostly nationalist Slavs,mostly nationalist Slavs, wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia
especially); especially); Young Turks brought revolution in Young Turks brought revolution in
Ottoman Empire 1908Ottoman Empire 1908 threatened to revive it and stop European threatened to revive it and stop European
powers from pouncing on its corpsepowers from pouncing on its corpse
The Bosnian CrisisThe Bosnian Crisis 1908,1908,
Austria/Russia made deal: Austria/Russia made deal: Russia would support annexation of Russia would support annexation of
Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria supported opening of Dardanelles to supported opening of Dardanelles to Russian warshipsRussian warships Austria annexed 1Austria annexed 1stst
Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Britain/France; Britain/France;
Serbs frustrated by annexation, Serbs frustrated by annexation, Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s
refusalrefusal
The Second Moroccan The Second Moroccan CrisisCrisis
Germany sent gunboat Germany sent gunboat PantherPanther to to MoroccoMorocco angered Britainangered Britain turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto
alliancealliance
War in the BalkansWar in the Balkans Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire,Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire,
forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan states to attackstates to attack
– – in 1912, many states attacked empire/won easilyin 1912, many states attacked empire/won easily dispute over division of territory,dispute over division of territory,
22ndnd Balkan War in 1913 Balkan War in 1913 Austria determined to suppress SlavsAustria determined to suppress Slavs Serbs retreatSerbs retreat Austrians got better results from brute force than Austrians got better results from brute force than
diplomacydiplomacy
Causes of World War OneCauses of World War One
Although it was the assassination of the Austrian Although it was the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak archduke, Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak of world war one in August 1914, the actual causes of world war one in August 1914, the actual causes of the war were more complicatedof the war were more complicated
Complicated AlliancesComplicated Alliances ImperialismImperialism NationalismNationalism Militarism Militarism
Sarajevo and Outbreak of Sarajevo and Outbreak of WarWar
Assassin killed Archduke Francis Assassin killed Archduke Francis FerdinandFerdinand (Black Hand) supported by Serbian (Black Hand) supported by Serbian
governmentgovernment
Germany’s and Austria’s Germany’s and Austria’s ResponseResponse
Germany promised German support on Germany promised German support on attack on Austriaattack on Austria
July 28- Austria declared war on SerbiaJuly 28- Austria declared war on Serbia Russia ordered partial mobilization against Russia ordered partial mobilization against
AustriaAustria July 30- Austria ordered mobilization July 30- Austria ordered mobilization
against Russiaagainst Russia Aug 1-3 Germany invaded Luxembourg Aug 1-3 Germany invaded Luxembourg
and Belgiumand Belgium
Triple Entente ResponseTriple Entente Response
Aug 4- Britain declared war and Aug 4- Britain declared war and Germany invaded FranceGermany invaded France
Strategies and Strategies and StalemateStalemate
Allied superior in numbers and Allied superior in numbers and financial resources and command of financial resources and command of seasea
Central powers advantages of Central powers advantages of communication and first attackcommunication and first attack
New WeaponsNew Weapons
Machine Guns made cavalry Machine Guns made cavalry redundant redundant
Later on Tanks -- after 1916 -- they Later on Tanks -- after 1916 -- they made Trench warfare impossible in made Trench warfare impossible in later wars. later wars.
Chemical Weapons - Mustard Gas Chemical Weapons - Mustard Gas New Diseases - Shell ShockNew Diseases - Shell Shock
War in the WestWar in the West
Schlieffen Plan- going around French Schlieffen Plan- going around French defenses by going through Belgium and defenses by going through Belgium and going south and east to crush against going south and east to crush against German fortressesGerman fortresses
Germany defensive war in eastGermany defensive war in east Schlieffen died and left to Moltke to execute planSchlieffen died and left to Moltke to execute plan
Hesitant strategy and mistakes led to failureHesitant strategy and mistakes led to failure France and Britain stopped German in Battle France and Britain stopped German in Battle
of Marneof Marne Each side dug in behind a wall of trenches with Each side dug in behind a wall of trenches with
machine gun nests and artillerymachine gun nests and artillery
War in the EastWar in the East
Hindenburg captured/destroyed Hindenburg captured/destroyed entire Russian army at Battle of entire Russian army at Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian LakesTannenberg and Masurian Lakes
The Home FrontThe Home FrontPopular Support:Popular Support: Most people in the various countries saw the Most people in the various countries saw the
war in nationalistic/patriotic terms -- White Feathers war in nationalistic/patriotic terms -- White Feathers (chicken/dove) were given to non-fighting men in Britain(chicken/dove) were given to non-fighting men in Britain
Total War and Economic Mobilization:Total War and Economic Mobilization: Mobilizing for total war Mobilizing for total war Factories Factories Munitions Munitions Pub hours in England were shortened Pub hours in England were shortened Rationing - especially harsh in Germany Rationing - especially harsh in Germany Total control of economic and social life to obtain a Total control of economic and social life to obtain a
common goal strengthened socialist ideals.common goal strengthened socialist ideals. Labor shortages brought about benefits for organized labor. Labor shortages brought about benefits for organized labor.
Role of WomenRole of Women Changes drastically as women entered labor force. Changes drastically as women entered labor force. Right to vote was granted after the war to women in Britain Right to vote was granted after the war to women in Britain
and Germany and Austria.and Germany and Austria.
Breaking the DeadlockBreaking the Deadlock
Winston Churchill proposed to attack Winston Churchill proposed to attack Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Falkenhayn failed at VerdunFalkenhayn failed at Verdun Germans responded to British Blockade with Germans responded to British Blockade with
unrestricted sub warfareunrestricted sub warfare Americans angry after torpedoed LusitaniaAmericans angry after torpedoed Lusitania Battle of Jutland confirmed British control of seaBattle of Jutland confirmed British control of sea
Feb 1- Germany announces unrestricted sub Feb 1- Germany announces unrestricted sub warfare and U.S. breaks diplomatic relationswarfare and U.S. breaks diplomatic relations
Germany had won against Russia, but by Germany had won against Russia, but by 1916 morale had declined, 1916 morale had declined,
The United States entered the war. The United States entered the war. The "Lusitania" 1915 1,200 die (inc. 118 The "Lusitania" 1915 1,200 die (inc. 118
Americans)Americans) Altered American public opinion. Altered American public opinion.
The Zimmerman Telegram The Zimmerman Telegram America Enters the War 1917: America Enters the War 1917:
Germany had to act quickly before the US Germany had to act quickly before the US forces built up. forces built up. Spring Offensive by Germany -- March 1918 Spring Offensive by Germany -- March 1918
Russia Revolution Russia Revolution Tsar adjourned Duma and ruled aloneTsar adjourned Duma and ruled alone
March 1917- Petrograd worker demonstrationsMarch 1917- Petrograd worker demonstrations Tsar abdicated on Mar. 15Tsar abdicated on Mar. 15 Began to organize soviets, councils of Began to organize soviets, councils of
workers and soldiersworkers and soldiers
Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks demanded all political Bolsheviks demanded all political
power go to sovietspower go to soviets Coup failure and Lenin fled to Finland, Coup failure and Lenin fled to Finland,
and Leon Trotsky imprisonedand Leon Trotsky imprisoned Trotsky organized coup on Nov.6 and Trotsky organized coup on Nov.6 and
Bolsheviks ruled RussiaBolsheviks ruled Russia
Communist DictatorshipCommunist Dictatorship
Bolshevik gov. decrees that Bolshevik gov. decrees that nationalized land turned over to nationalized land turned over to peasant proprietorspeasant proprietors Bolsheviks took Russia out of WarBolsheviks took Russia out of War Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- treaty with Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- treaty with
Germany that Russia lost vast amounts Germany that Russia lost vast amounts of territory and pay much war of territory and pay much war reparationsreparations
Last PushLast Push
Germany pushed for one last Germany pushed for one last offensive and got no further from offensive and got no further from MarneMarne
Prince Max of Baden asked for peace Prince Max of Baden asked for peace on 14 pointson 14 points
End of the OttomansEnd of the Ottomans Ottomans under the “Young Turks” had Ottomans under the “Young Turks” had
sided with Germany. sided with Germany. Russian and British forces defeated the Russian and British forces defeated the
OttomansOttomans British aided by the Arabs under the control of British aided by the Arabs under the control of
Hussein the sherif of Mecca. Hussein the sherif of Mecca. 1920 Peace treaty dismantles the 1920 Peace treaty dismantles the
Ottomans, large portions of the empire fell Ottomans, large portions of the empire fell under the control of England and France.under the control of England and France.
Turkish nationalists under Ataturk founds Turkish nationalists under Ataturk founds the Republic of Turkey in 1923. the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
Settlement at ParisSettlement at Paris
The AlliesThe AlliesWoodrow Wilson (1856-1924)Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) The Fourteen Points Jan 8 1918The Fourteen Points Jan 8 1918
Self Determination - was it a good idea (think of problems Self Determination - was it a good idea (think of problems with this in Eastern Europe)with this in Eastern Europe)
Aims of Other AlliesAims of Other Allies Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)
David Lloyd George (1865-1945, PM 1916-1922)David Lloyd George (1865-1945, PM 1916-1922)Vittoria Emanuale Orlando, 1860-1952 Vittoria Emanuale Orlando, 1860-1952
Britain:Britain: Bowed to public opinion at home, and they wanted Bowed to public opinion at home, and they wanted reparations.reparations.
France:France: Wanted the destruction of German Threat and Reparations.Wanted the destruction of German Threat and Reparations.
Provisions - The New EuropeProvisions - The New EuropeNine new "nation-states": Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Nine new "nation-states": Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary.Austria, Hungary.
FranceFrance - gains Alsace-Lorraine - gains Alsace-Lorraine
GermanyGermany - loses territory - loses territory
Alsace-Lorraine Alsace-Lorraine Saarland Saarland A lot of Prussia to Poland A lot of Prussia to Poland
Austria-Hungary: An Empire disappears Austria-Hungary: An Empire disappears Austria - a small state Austria - a small state Hungary - (problem - many Hungarians in Hungary - (problem - many Hungarians in
Transylvania, which was given to Romania). Transylvania, which was given to Romania). Czechoslovakia - the democratic success story -Czechoslovakia - the democratic success story -
Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians (Problem - Germans in Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians (Problem - Germans in Sudetenland) Sudetenland)
Balkans Balkans Yugoslavia - Serbia grows and gains a little Yugoslavia - Serbia grows and gains a little
empire over Croats, Slovenes. Dalmatians, empire over Croats, Slovenes. Dalmatians, Macedonians, Bosnians, some Hungarians, Macedonians, Bosnians, some Hungarians, and Montenegrins (Problem - Albanians.) and Montenegrins (Problem - Albanians.)
Rumania - gains territory Rumania - gains territory Transylvania + Moldavia + many Hungarians. Transylvania + Moldavia + many Hungarians.
Gypsies ignored. Gypsies ignored. Bulgaria Bulgaria
Loses land to Yugoslavia and GreeceLoses land to Yugoslavia and Greece
RussiaRussia -- loses a lot of land -- loses a lot of land Finland Finland Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Poland Poland Moldavia to Rumania Moldavia to Rumania
Colonies: Colonies: German colonies are divided up. German colonies are divided up. Britain gets African lands Britain gets African lands Japan gets Asian lands. Japan gets Asian lands.
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Britain and France divided the Middle East. Britain and France divided the Middle East. Britain renegades on promise made to Arabs. Britain renegades on promise made to Arabs. Greece tried to conquer Western Anatolia Greece tried to conquer Western Anatolia The New Turkey, under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk The New Turkey, under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk
repulsed and drove out the Greeksrepulsed and drove out the Greeks
ReparationsReparations
Germany was to pay $5 Billion per Germany was to pay $5 Billion per year until 1921 year until 1921
Then a fixed sum which would be Then a fixed sum which would be paid off over 30 years. paid off over 30 years. Never paid, and could not be,Never paid, and could not be, Infuriated the Germans.Infuriated the Germans.
League of NationsLeague of Nations
A League of Nations to be A League of Nations to be established to govern later disputes. established to govern later disputes.
Germany and Russia excluded. Germany and Russia excluded. USA would not join. USA would not join. It never worked. It never worked.
Germany’s SurrenderGermany’s Surrender The War Guilt ClauseThe War Guilt Clause – –
"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies“Germany and her allies“
Germany was not instigator of the War, it was regard Germany was not instigator of the War, it was regard as main defeated power. as main defeated power. Not a complete defeat. Not a complete defeat. Military Defeat not acknowledged by the army. Military Defeat not acknowledged by the army. Military insisted that the Civil Government bears the blame. Military insisted that the Civil Government bears the blame.
Made things hard for the new postwar government.Made things hard for the new postwar government.
Led to UK and USA really leaving France to Led to UK and USA really leaving France to enforce the Treaty, - France was unable to enforce the Treaty, - France was unable to this.this.
Versailles settlement managed to set the Versailles settlement managed to set the scene for the next war within 25 years.scene for the next war within 25 years.
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