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Implications of advances in molecular
genetic technology for food security and
ownership
Robert J Henry
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation
Working together with the
Queensland Government
Genetic Resources for Food
Security
World population growth
Population growth
Food consumption per person
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
500
1000
1965 1975 1985 1998 2015 2030
Year
(kc
al p
er
ca
pit
a p
er
da
y)
0
One billion starving
Two billion obese
Food
50% more population may
require twice the food from the
same area of land
Sustainability Challenges
• Food Production
• Energy Production
• Biodiversity conservation
FOR FOOD FUEL AND
CONSERVATION
Innovation Options
• What biological resources do we have to meet these
challenges?
• What tools do we have to better utilise these resources?
Genome science for food
Advances in Plant
Molecular Marker Technology
Analysis of rice
New Tools
C C G
A C
T
C A
T
G
C
C G
A C
T
C
A T
G
Oryza sativa japonica, rice genome
DNA base pairs
%
chloroplast 134,551
0.04
mitochondrial 490,669
0.13
nuclear 382,151,945
99.84
Total 100 382,776,165
Sources of total plant DNA
DNA sequencing
Nock C, Waters DLE, Edwards MA, Bowen S, Rice N, Cordeiro GM, Henry RJ (2011)
Chloroplast genome sequence from total DNA for plant identification. Plant
Biotechnology Journal. 9: 328-333.
Example of IP: A small protein to feed a billion people
Product:
High yielding and good bread making wheat
Bread without wheat
Gluten free bread
Solution: A protein for bread quality
Improved bread making
Problem: Wheat to feed the world
Bread making quality prevents advances
Variation within genotypes
Pattemore JA, Rice N, Marshall DF,
Waugh R, Henry RJ (2010) Cereal
Variety Identification using MALDI-TOF
mass spectrometry SNP Genotyping.
Journal of Cereal Science 52: 356-361.
Food security
Australian genetic resources for major crops
Rice wild relatives
Kasem S, Waters DLE, Rice N,
Shapter FM, Henry RJ (2010)
Whole grain morphology of
Australian rice species. Plant
Genetic Resources:
Characterization and Utilization
8:74-81.
Australian Wild
Rice Distribution of Oryza species in
Australia as indicated by Australian
Herbarium records
Henry RJ, Rice N, Waters DLE, Kasem S, Ishikawa R, Dillon SL, Crayn D, Wing R,
Vaughan D (2010) Australian Oryza: Utility and conservation. Rice. 3: 235-241.
Australian wild rice
Areas of low diversity in plant genomes
Domestication genes in wild rice
Chromosome 5
Gopala Krishnan S.
New and improved crops
Australia may be
source of new
globally
important crops
and diversity for
existing crops
Wild relatives of rice
New rice species?
Ishikawa et al 2012
Wild coffee species
Fertile Crescent
Sites of domestication
Domestication of New Crops
Microlaena domestication
Shapter et al., 2012 in preparation
Fragrance in Plants and Foods
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
Popcorn
Tortillas
Baguettes
Ham
Cheese
Mung bean
Green tea
Wine
Lobster
Pearl millet
Potatoes
Bradbury LMT, Fitzgerald TL, Henry RJ, Jin Q, Waters DLE (2005) The Gene for
Fragrance in Rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 3: 363-370.
Fragrance Gene
Rice_BAD2 MA--TAIPQRQLFVAGEWRAPALGRRLPVVNPATESPIGEIPAGTAEDVDAAVAAAREAL 58
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 MA--TAIPQRQLFVAGEWRAPALGRRLPVVNPATESPIGEIPAGTAEDVDAAVAAAREAL 58
Rice_BAD1 MAAPSAIPRRGLFIGGGWREPSLGRRLPVVNPATEATIGDIPAATAEDVELAVSAARDAF 60 ** :***:* **:.* ** *:*************:.**:***.*****: **:***:*:
Rice_BAD2 KRNRGRDWARAPGAVRAKYLRAIAAKIIERKSELARLETLDCGKPLDEAAWDMDDVAGCF 118
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 KRNRGRDWARAPGAVRAKYLRAIAAKIIERKSELARLETLDCGKPLDEAAWDMDDVAGCF 118
Rice_BAD1 GRDGGRHWSRAPGAVRAKYLKAIAAKIKDKKSYLALLETLDSGKPLDEAAGDMEDVAACF 120 *: **.*:***********:****** ::** ** *****.******** **:***.**
Rice_BAD2 EYFADLAESLDKRQNAPVSLPMENFKCYLRKEPIGVVGLITPWNYPLLMATWKVAPALAA 178
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 EYFADLAESLDKRQNAPVSLPMENFKCYLRKEPIGVVGLITPWNYPLLMATWKVAPALAA 178
Rice_BAD1 EYYADLAEALDGKQRAPISLPMENFESYVLKEPIGVVGLITPWNYPLLMATWKVAPALAA 180 **:*****:** :*.**:*******:.*: ******************************
Rice_BAD2 GCTAVLKPSELASVTCLELADVCKEVGLPSGVLNIVTGLGSEAGAPLSSHPGVDKVAFTG 238
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 GCTAVLKPSELASVTCLELADVCKEVGLPSGVLNIVTGLGSEAGAPLSSHPGVDKVAFTG 238
Rice_BAD1 GCTAVLKPSELASLTCLELGGICAEIGLPPGVLNIITGLGTEAGAPLASHPHVDKIAFTG 240 *************:*****..:* *:***.*****:****:******:*** ***:****
Rice_BAD2 SYETGKKIMASAAPMVKPVSLELGGKSPIVVFDDVDVEKAVEWTLFGCFWTNGQICSATS 298
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 SYETGIYFSCSYG----------------------------------------------- 251
Rice_BAD1 STETGKRIMITASQMVKPVSLELGGKSPLIVFDDVDIDKAVEWAMFGCFANAGQVCSATS 300 * *** : : .
Rice_BAD2 RLILHKKIAKEFQERMVAWAKNIKVSDPLEEGCRLGPVVSEGQYEKIKQFVSTAKSQGAT 358
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 ------------------------------------------------------------
Rice_BAD1 RLLLHEKIAKRFLDRLVAWAKSIKISDPLEEGCRLGSVVSEGQYQKIMKFISTARCEGAT 360
Rice_BAD2 ILTGGVRPKHLEKGFYIEPTIITDVDTSMQIWREEVFGPVLCVKEFSTEEEAIELANDTH 418
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 ------------------------------------------------------------
Rice_BAD1 ILYGGARPQHLKRGFFIEPTIITNVSTSMQIWREEVFGPVICVKEFRTEREAVELANDTH 420
Rice_BAD2 YGLAGAVLSGDRERCQRLTEEIDAGIIWVNCSQPCFCQAPWGGNKRSGFGRELGEGGIDN 478
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 ------------------------------------------------------------
Rice_BAD1 YGLAGAVISNDLERCERISKAIQSGIVWINCSQPCFVQAPWGGNKRSGFGRELGQWGLDN 480
Rice_BAD2 YLSVKQVTEYASDEPWGWYKSPSKL 503
Fragrant_Rice_BAD2 -------------------------
Rice_BAD1 YLSVKQVTKYCSDEPYGWYRPPSKL 505
Conflict between human and
natural selection Fragrance
Bradbury LME, Gillies SA, Brushett D, Waters DLE, Henry RJ (2008) Inactivation of an
aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase is responsible for fragrance in rice. Plant Molecular
Biology 68: 439-449.
Bioenergy
Economics
Climate change
Security of energy supply
Global CO2 concentrations
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Y ear
pp
m
Global carbon dioxide concentrations
Global temperatures
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Yea r
Te
mp
era
ture
0C
Global temperature
Declining Australian oil production
Australian production
Imported
Oil
co
nsu
mp
tio
n
2010 2020
Source: ABARE
$30 Billion
by 2030
Biofuel from non food plants
Biomass
(cellulose) Sugars
Pre-
treatment Enzyme
Ethanol Aviation Fuel Biodiesel
Sugarcane
Souza GM, Berges H, Bocs S, Casu R, D’Hont A, Ferreira JE, Henry R, Ming R Potier B,
Van Sluys MA, Vincentz M and Paterson AH (2011) The sugarcane genome challenges:
Strategies for sequencing a highly complex genome. Tropical Plant Biology 4: 145-156.
Grasses related to sorghum and
sugarcane Anzoua KG, Yamada T and Henry RJ (2011)
Miscanthus In: Kole C ed., Wild Crop
Relatives: Genomic and Breeding
Resources Industrial Crops, Springer,
Heidelberg, 157-164.
Bhattacharya A, Rice N, Shapter FM, Norton
SL, Henry RJ (2011) Sorghum and its Wild
Crop Relatives. In: Kole C ed. , Wild Crop
Relatives: Genomic and Breeding
Resources Cereals, Springer, Heidelberg
397-406.
Bonnett G, Henry RJ (2011) Saccharum. In:
Kole C ed., Wild Crop Relatives:Genomic
and Breeding Resources Industrial Crops,
Springer, Heidelberg, 165-178.
Jackson P, Henry RJ (2011) Erianthus. In:
Kole C ed.,Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic
and Breeding Resources Industrial Crops,
Springer, Heidelberg, 97-108.
Shepherd M, Bartle, J, Lee DJ,
Brawner J, Bush D, Turnbull P,
Macdonell P, Brown TR, Simmons B
and Henry R (2011) Eucalypts as a
biofuel feedstock. Biofuels 2: 639-
657.
International collaboration
Essential to success in
innovation
International Climate-Resilient
Crop Genomics Consortium
(ICRCGC)
Robert Henry, Roberto Tuberosa,
Chittaranjan Kole
Impact of climate change on
biodiversity
Cronin, JK, Bundock, PC, Henry, RJ and Nevo, E (2007) Adaptive Climatic
Molecular Evolution in Wild Barley at the Isa Defense Locus. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Science USA, 104: 2773-2778.
Climate and biodiversity: Collection sites from sea level to mountain tops
Fitzgerald TL, Shapter FM, McDonald S, Waters DLE, Chivers IH, Drenth A, Nevo E
and Henry RJ (2011) Genome diversity in wild grasses under environmental stress.
Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA 108, 21139-21144.
XIX PAG 2011
Coffee Consortium
Nestlé R&D: Dominique Crouzillat
Michel Rigoreau
UMR DIADE:
Alexandre de Kochko
Romain Guyot
Christine Tranchant
Valérie Poncet
Perla Hamon
Serge Hamon
Claudine Campa
Stéphane Dussert
Thierry Joët
UMR RPB: Philippe Lashermes
Benoît Bertrand
Marie-Christine Combes
François Anthony
UMR AGAP: Xavier Argout
Thierry Leroy
GENOSCOPE: Patrick Wincker
Università di Trieste: Giorgio Graziosi
Alberto Pallavicini
ENEA:
Giovanni Giuliano
Gaetano Perrotta
EMBRAPA:
Alan C. Andrade
University at Buffalo:
Victor Albert
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign:
Ray Ming
Hawaii Agriculture Research Center:
Chifumi Nagai
Ming-Li Wang
University of Arizona: Steve Rounsley
University of Queensland: Robert Henry
University of Ottawa: David SANKOFF
ICCRI: Priyono
QuickTime™ et undécompresseur
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
QuickTime™ et undécompresseur
sont requis pour visionner cette image. Coffee Bord of India: Jayarama
Genomes to Genes: Comparative genomic analysis in Prunoideae
Amit Dhingra
Horticulture Genomics and Biotechnology
Washington State University
Legal frameworks
Biodiversity convention
Biodiversity acts
FAO Treaty
CITES
Nagoya Biodiversity Agreement
IP laws: patents, trade marks, PBR, copyright, MTAs
Technology advances
DNA analysis (sequencing) (DNA to data)
DNA synthesis (data to DNA)
DNA transfer (DNA to new organism)
I P in Relation to Genetic Resources
Who owns the
-Plant
-Seed
-DNA
-DNA sequence data
Novel wheat gene expression in maize
Australian Plant DNA Bank
Exchange of data and materials
Depends on individual decisions
Data more easily exchanged
Little policing of IP rights
Recommended