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IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS RICHARD M. NIXONRICHARD M. NIXON NEW FEDERALISMNEW FEDERALISM REVENUE SHARINGREVENUE SHARING FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLANFAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN SOUTHERN STRATEGYSOUTHERN STRATEGY STAGFLATIONSTAGFLATION O.P.E.C.O.P.E.C. REALPOLITIKREALPOLITIK DÉTENTEDÉTENTE S.A.L.T. I TREATYS.A.L.T. I TREATY
IMPORTANT DATESIMPORTANT DATES 1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT 1969:1969:
• FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN CONGRESSCONGRESS
• JULY: APOLLO 11 MOON LANDINGJULY: APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING 1971: 1971: SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD
OF EDUCATIONOF EDUCATION 1972: 1972:
• NIXON VISITS CHINANIXON VISITS CHINA• NIXON & SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATYNIXON & SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATY
1973: YOM KIPPUR WAR1973: YOM KIPPUR WAR 1973-74: OPEC OIL EMBARGO1973-74: OPEC OIL EMBARGO
NIXON ENTERS THE NIXON ENTERS THE PRESIDENCYPRESIDENCY
WHEN? 1968WHEN? 1968 WHY?WHY?
• LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN • VIETNAMVIETNAM• FAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETYFAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY• DISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATSDISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATS
GOALS:GOALS:• DECREASE THE SIZE & INFLUENCE OF THE DECREASE THE SIZE & INFLUENCE OF THE
FEDERAL GOV’T.FEDERAL GOV’T.• VIETNAMIZATIONVIETNAMIZATION• IMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMYIMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMY• IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST
WORLDWORLD
RICHARD M. NIXONRICHARD M. NIXON
CHANGING THE ROLE OF CHANGING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN “BIG” GOV’T : TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN “BIG” GOV’T (DEFINE)(DEFINE)
REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED, OR : TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED, OR “SMALL” GOV’T.“SMALL” GOV’T.
NIXON:NIXON:• WANTED TO REDUCE THE “SIZE” OF GOV’T.WANTED TO REDUCE THE “SIZE” OF GOV’T.• ALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY LIFEALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY LIFE
HOW?HOW?• NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT)NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT)
Ex: REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT)Ex: REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT)• WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE)WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE)
Ex: FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE)Ex: FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE) PROBLEM: FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESSPROBLEM: FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESS
OTHER PROBLEMS: U.S. GOV’T. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL OTHER PROBLEMS: U.S. GOV’T. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL PARTIESPARTIES• EXECUTIVE: REPUBLICANEXECUTIVE: REPUBLICAN• CONGRESS: DEMOCRATCONGRESS: DEMOCRAT• SO WHAT?SO WHAT?
POSITIVE CHANGES POSITIVE CHANGES NIXON’S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE NIXON’S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE
FOR AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME FOR AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME SUCCESSES:SUCCESSES:• SOCIAL SECURITY INCREASEDSOCIAL SECURITY INCREASED• MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE
EASILY AVAILABLEEASILY AVAILABLE• FOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLEFOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLE• SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE & LOWER SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE & LOWER
INCOME FAMILIESINCOME FAMILIES• U.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDEDU.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDED
VIETNAMIZATIONVIETNAMIZATION DEFINEDEFINE WHY?WHY? HOW?HOW?
• BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE (PARIS)(PARIS)
• GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS & GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS & WITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAMWITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAM
• LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP TRANSITIONTRANSITION
• CONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN & S. V-NAMCONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN & S. V-NAM WHEN? 1968-72WHEN? 1968-72 RESULT? 1973: LAST U.S. COMBAT RESULT? 1973: LAST U.S. COMBAT
TROOPS LEAVE V-NAMTROOPS LEAVE V-NAM
REALPOLITIKREALPOLITIK DEFINE: DEFINE:
• DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL & FELXIBLE DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL & FELXIBLE WAYWAY
• MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR:MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR: HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION?HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION? IF WEAK, IGNORE IT.IF WEAK, IGNORE IT. IF POWERFUL, CONFRONT ITIF POWERFUL, CONFRONT IT
• CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN NEGOTIATIONNEGOTIATION AND/OR AND/OR MILITARY MILITARY ENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENT
• EX.: EX.: COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND
NEGOTIATE WITH THEMNEGOTIATE WITH THEM USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE
W/THEMW/THEM WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A.WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A. RESULT? RESULT? DÉTENTEDÉTENTE
DEFINE: POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONSDEFINE: POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONS
NIXON & HENRY KISSINGERNIXON & HENRY KISSINGER
RELATIONS WITH THE RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLDCOMMUNIST WORLD
NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE U.S. THAN NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE U.S. THAN RED CHINARED CHINA
NIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST WORLDNIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD HOW?HOW?
• VIETNAMIZATIONVIETNAMIZATION• IMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINAIMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINA
WHY?WHY?• IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT WOULD CONCERN IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT WOULD CONCERN
USSRUSSR• AND…FORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S.AND…FORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S.
DID WHAT?DID WHAT?• 1972: 1972:
NIXON VISITS CHINANIXON VISITS CHINA U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOV’T.U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOV’T. NIXON VISITS USSRNIXON VISITS USSR S.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNEDS.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNED
SO WHAT?SO WHAT?• NIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR & CHINANIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR & CHINA• DOMINO THEORY IS OVERDOMINO THEORY IS OVER• CONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONECONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONE
NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972
NIXON & MAO ZEDONGNIXON & MAO ZEDONG
OTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRSOTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRS OIL DEPENDENCY:OIL DEPENDENCY:
• LATE 60’s / EARLY 70’s: U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED LATE 60’s / EARLY 70’s: U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED OIL FOR ENERGY NEEDSOIL FOR ENERGY NEEDS
• WHERE? MIDDLE EASTWHERE? MIDDLE EAST• WHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONSWHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONS• EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?
• SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIA• IRANIRAN• IRAQIRAQ
PROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WARPROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WAR WHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIAWHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIA WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?
• U.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAELU.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAEL• ISRAEL WINSISRAEL WINS
OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S.OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S. OIL EMBARGO BEGINS ; OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S.OIL EMBARGO BEGINS ; OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S. U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
MORE SERIOUSLYMORE SERIOUSLY
ISRAEL & THEISRAEL & THE
MIDDLE EAST, 1973MIDDLE EAST, 1973
THE THE
YOM KIPPURYOM KIPPUR
WAR, 1973WAR, 1973
Egyptian Troop Crossing, Suez CanalEgyptian Troop Crossing, Suez Canal
Israeli Tank Convoy, Golan HeightsIsraeli Tank Convoy, Golan Heights
Golan Heights, 1973Golan Heights, 1973
Generals Ariel Sharon & Moshe Dayan Generals Ariel Sharon & Moshe Dayan
O.P.E.C. NATIONSO.P.E.C. NATIONS
NIXON’S POLITICAL STYLENIXON’S POLITICAL STYLE NIXON: NIXON:
• VERY CONSERVATIVEVERY CONSERVATIVE• BELIEVED IN “LAW AND ORDER” POLITICSBELIEVED IN “LAW AND ORDER” POLITICS• COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE
LATE 60’sLATE 60’s HOW?HOW?
• USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH • SOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLYSOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLY
EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?• WIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPSWIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPS• USED GOV’T. INFORMERS / “MOLES” INSIDE LEFT-WING USED GOV’T. INFORMERS / “MOLES” INSIDE LEFT-WING
ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS• CIA CREATES FILES ON GOV’T. OPPONENTSCIA CREATES FILES ON GOV’T. OPPONENTS• ADMINISTRATION CREATES “ENEMIES LIST”ADMINISTRATION CREATES “ENEMIES LIST”
““ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WE’LL ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WE’LL DESTROY”DESTROY”
-Nixon White House Aid-Nixon White House Aid PROBLEM?PROBLEM?
1972: RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN1972: RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC
PARTYPARTY WHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTYWHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTY NIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THISNIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS BEGINS BEGINS ““SOUTHERN STRATEGYSOUTHERN STRATEGY”” DEFINE:DEFINE:
• ATTEMPT TO SLOW NATION’S DESEGREGATION EFFORTSATTEMPT TO SLOW NATION’S DESEGREGATION EFFORTS• EX.: EX.:
ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC.ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC. OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF ’65OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF ’65 OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN SWANN V. SWANN V.
CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATIONCHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATION WHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSINGWHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSING
SUPREME COURT: NIXON MAKES IT MORE SUPREME COURT: NIXON MAKES IT MORE CONSERVATIVECONSERVATIVE
HOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGESHOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGES EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?
WARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICEWARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICE WILLIAM REHNQUISTWILLIAM REHNQUIST
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