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8/4/2019 Improvement of Vehicle and Road Safety at National
1/46
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Improvement of vehicle and road safety at
national and international level
Ernst Tomasch
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
An accident is an unexpected or surprised
incident which changes the situation of
vehicles involved as well as situations of
passengers or pedestrians
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
International
PENDANT
ROLLOVER
RISER
National
ZEDATU
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
PENDANTPan-European Co-ordinated Accident and
Injury Databases
Co-ordinatior
Vehicle Safety Research Centre
Loughborough University
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
PENDANT Project Structure
Project Structure
WP 1
Development of
accident
investigation tools& procedures
Leader: TU Graz
WP 2
Development &
analysis of in-
depth crash injurydatabase for car
occupants
Leader: VSRC
WP 3
Hospital based
data
Leader: INRETS
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Main outputs of accident investigation
Harmonised injury coding method
Recommendations and guidelines for harmonised
accident investigation practice Methods to predict casualty reductions of both accident
and injury reduction measures
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Harmonised injury coding
method
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Types of Injury Coding Systems
Classification with primary use in mortality(International Classification of Diseases - ICD)
Modified classification with primary use inreimbursement; (developed from the ICD-9 and used inNorth America for reimbursement of Medicare)
Severity with focus on identification of injury(Abbreviated Injury Scale - AIS)
Severity with focus on location of injury (US NationalAutomotive Sampling System - NASS)
Impairment with focus on identification of injury(Functional Capacity Index - FCI)
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Systems in existence worldwide
International Classification of Diseases - ICD
Abbreviated Injury Scale - AIS
National Automotive Sampling System NASS Functional Capacity Index - FCI
AO fracture classification (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Ostosynthesefragen) Organ Injury Scaling - OIS
Glasgow Coma Score - GCS
Revised Trauma Score - RTC
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Limitations of coding systems
Describe only specific body regions
Comprehensive classification of fractures to the
skeletal region Differentiation between severity within an organ
Covers the major abdominal and thoracic organs
Relating to head injury and even then only describesthe consequences of the injury and not the injury itself
Provides an overall score for the associated level of
trauma
V hi l S f I i
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Appropriate Injury Codes
Which information should the system perform?
Detailed injury description
Injury location
Severity of injury
Flexible system to accommodate changes over time
Easily to use and relevant for the project
Possible Injury Coding Systems for PENDANT
AIS
ICD
Neither AIS or ICD comprehensively addresses the needs of theproject to develop a system for PENDANT would require a
significiant investment of ressources.
V hi l S f t I tit t
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Suitable coding system: AIS
Injury location
Injury description
Severity Easy for use
Flexible
Is used in vehicle safety research since 1960s
MAIS and ISS are used in conjunction
NISS and TRISS could be used as well
Vehicle Safety Institute
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Recommendations and
guidelines for harmonisedaccident investigation
practice
Vehicle Safety Institute
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Purpose
ensure that accident data collected by several
organisations are directly comparable
overview at which thinks investigator has to
look at
Vehicle Safety Institute
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Accident investigation
on-scene retrospective
measuring of accident scene
take evidence of accident
measuring vehicle (exterior interior)
classify collision CDC
record injuries
reconstruct accident
combination
Support frompolice
necessary
Input frompolice
Investigator
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Measuring accident scene Conventional
Photogrammetry (PC-Rect)
Aerial photography
Evidence on-scene Throwing range of broken glass
Skid marks from movement, locked wheels, sliding vehicles
Skid mark interference
Vehicle measurement - CDC
Evidence of vehicle Damage-, Material-, Wiping -
Abrasion, melting marks
Biological traces Webbing marks
Triangle measuring
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Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Methods to predict casualty
reductions of both accidentand injury reduction
measures
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yGraz University of Technology
Estimating casualty and injury reductions
Analysis to compare the casualty of single accidents ofcars with and without Electronic Stability Programme(ESP)
Compare single car accidents with cars not equippedwith ESP and reconstruct these cases with theassumption car was equipped with ESP
Influence of engineering countermeasures to predictthe acceleration, deformation and intrusion behaviourduring a real world accident
Predict injuries or the effect of engineeringcountermeasures on the injury risk of the occupants
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yGraz University of Technology
Accident reconstruction - ESP
Case source: MHH (Medical
University Hannover)
Wet road
Driver didnt pay enough
attention
emergency manoeuvre to avoid
collision with traffic sign
steered to hard and had to
countersteer Finally started skidding and
lost control of vehicle
Only slight injury
Vehicle Safety Institute
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Graz University of Technology
ROLLOVERImprovement of rollover safety for
passenger vehicles
Co-ordinator
Graz University of Technology
Vehicle Safety Institute
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Graz University of Technology
ROLOVER Project Structure
(1) Accident Statistics
(2) In-depthAccidentAnalysis
(3) Rolling Phase /Injury mechanisms
(4) Virtual Test MethodsExperimental Test Methods
(5) Design Instructions&
Demonstration
Vehicle Safety InstituteG U i i f T h l
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Graz University of Technology
Aims & Innovations
Electronic Database of Rollover accident in EC
Categorisation of rollover types
Detailed knowledge of different injury types androllover mechanisms
New numerical test methods
New experimental test methods Design instruction for efficient rollover protection
Suggestion for new or improved EC regulations
Ideas for new restraint systems
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Graz University of Technology
Accident Statistics
Source: GIDAS, CCIS,STATS 19, Spain
~5-15% rollover accidents ~10-15% fatal/sever injured
occupants
Multiple impacts (2/3)
Single vehicle rollovers (1/3)
First event impact rather thanrollover
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Accidents:
Rollover / All
Accidents
Fatalities:
Rollover /All
Accidents
Risk: Rollover
Fatalities /
Rollover
Accidents
Risk: All
Fatalities / All
Accidents
Rate name
rate
Spain Catalonia
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Graz University of Technology
In-depth accident analysis
Reconstruction of ~80 realworld cases
Occupant behaviourexperiments
Pre-roll phase
1st phase of roll
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Graz University of Technology
Classification
Reconstruction estimatesmechanical parameters(in 3-d):
Tire forces Velocity
Roll angle, - rate, -acceleration
Importance on Roll rate asused in state-of-the-arttechnologies for detection
Focus on roll rate roll angledependency
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
-405 -360 -315 -270 -225 -180 -135 -90 -45 0 45
Rollangle [deg]
Rollrate
[1/s]
90
0.05 rad/sec
first phase of
roll
last siginficant
zero
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90
Rollangle [deg]
Rollrate[1/s
]
First phase of rollover
e.g. Impact induced rollover
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Graz University of Technology
Rolling phase / Injury mechanisms
Component tests forvalidation
Full scale reconstruction ofreal world accidents
Numerical simulation ofoccupant movement duringroll
Cause of injury summary
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
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Graz University of Technology
New tests methods (numerical / experimental)
Vehicle Structure
Restraint system
Sensing system
Trim and interior
example: Inverted drop test
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
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Graz University of Technology
Outlook
Definition of criteria fordifferent test methods
Set-up demonstrator withimprovements
Verification of improvementsby virtual methods
Cost/Benefit analysis
www.vsi.tugraz.at/rollover
Partners:
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
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y gy
RISERRoadside Infrastructure for Safer European
Roads
Co-ordinator
Chalmers University of Technology
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CTH
HUT
TUG
CIDAUT
CETEVRERF
VSRC
CIDAUT (REC)CETE (GOV)TUG (HES)VR (IND)
ERF (OTH)VSRC (HES)CTH (HES)HUT (HES)HIASA (IND)TNO (REC)
HIASA
TNO
RISER Consortium
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Problem to be Solved
Up to 40% of traffic fatalities aresingle vehicle, off-road collisions
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General European Figures
% Traffic Fatalities Due to Single Vehicle Collisions (1995)(Source: ETSC Forgiving Roadsides Briefing)
18% Great Britain
25% Sweden, Finland, The Netherlands 31% France
42% Germany
In fatality accidents:
Most commonly struck objects are trees (usually 1/2 of all cases)
Poles / lamp posts (approx 20%)
Barriers (approx 20%) - depending on the roadway
High speed & alcohol are often involved
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Program Objectives
To improve roadside safety in Europe, the followingobjectives have been identified: Identify collision data resources necessary for decision making (life
cycle analysis, cost-benefit, road safety audits) Identify technical performance data for decision making
Outline design, maintenance, and operations guidelines for roadsideinfrastructure
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General Statistics
Comparing road side furniture there are great differences in thefrequency, fatality and injury risk but the trend shows a highfatality risk on tree and pole impacts.
Regarding the vehicles involved in single vehicle accidents theresearch showed that this accident type mainly occurs for cars,vans and trucks. Motorcycle and moped crashes are minorimportant. Although motorcycle accidents have not a relevant
influence on the accident statistics there is an high fatality ratewithin these kind of accidents.
In the urban areas single vehicle accidents do not play a dominantrole as they do in rural areas. Front end rear end collisions
dominate, and lateral collisions and collisions with pedestriansexceed single vehicle accidents.
The crash severity peaks of with bad weather conditions.
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Remarkable is the high rate of none object hit inSpain (40 %) and the Netherlands (24 %). SafetyBarrier impact is between 20 and 24 % for France,Spain and Great Britain, 13 % for Austria (only thiscategory is reported in Austria) and 14 % for
Sweden, but only 2 % for Spain. Ditch accidentsare relevant for France (29 %) and Spain (15 %),but for the Netherlands no ditch accidents arereported
RISER SVA PER HIT OBJECT
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1 SWE 3 FIN 4 AUT 5 FRA 6 ESP 7 GB 8 NL Total
DATABASE
0 Unknown 1 None 2 Tree 3 Post
4 Safety Barrier 5 Ditch 6 Other natural object 7 Other man made structure
9 Other N/A
RISER SVA Hit object and injury
RISER INJURY (FATAL, SERIOUS, SLIGHT) SVA PER HIT OBJECT
10%6%
40%
15%
29%24%
20%
10% 18%
8%
14%
33%
14%
12% 11%6%
15%
10%
5%
30%
11%
100%
24%
20%
15%
14%
36%
34%
15%
10%
18%10%
3%22%
19%10%
10%
7%
9%
6%
23% 24%
4%
15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 SWE 3 FIN 4 AUT 5 FRA 6 ESP 7 GB 8 NL Total
1 None 2 Tree 3 Post 4 Safety Barrier 5 Ditch 6 Other natural object 7 Other man made structure 9 Other
There are great differences in the frequency of theobject types. The distribution of RISER injury SVAfor hit object is for none object hit between 6 % (F)
and 40 % (E), for tree between 9 % (E) and 33 %(NL), for post between 6 % (F) and 15 % (GB), forsafety barrier between 2 % (E) and 30 % (S), forditch between 10 % (GB) and 37 % (SF), for othernatural object between < 1 % (GB) and 10 % (S),for other man made structure it is between 2 %(GB) and 22 % (S),
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RISER conclusions
international comparability of these data is very limitedas they are based on widely differing national injurydefinitions
different level of reporting accident types
different national characteristics
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ZEDATU
Zentrale Datenbank tdlicher Unflle mitAuswertung der
Vermeidbarkeitsmglichkeiten
Co-ordinator
Graz University of Technology
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
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Accident statistics 2004
Source: Austrian Safety and Prevention Board - Institute for Road Accident Statistics
Fatalities Accidents
Injuries
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Injuries - Fatalities
Injuries:
63,5% cars
31,7% pedestrians, bicycles andmotorcycles
4,8% others
Fatalities:
54,6% cars
37,8% pedestrians, bicyclesand motorcycles
7,6% others
Source: Austrian Safety and Prevention Board - Institute for Road Accident Statistics
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
R f hi j
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Reason for this project
Situation 2002 in comparison to 2001 (source: www.statistik.at)
43.173 road accidents with injured persons +0,2%
56.684 injured +0,7%
956 fatalities -0,2%
No significant improvement on fatalities
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Sit ti 2004
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Situation 2004
Situation 2004 in comparison to 2003 (source: www.statistik.at)
42.657 road accidents with injured persons -1,8%
55.857 injured -1,8%
878 fatalities -5,7%
42657
37110
5547
difference /debit
current
accidents
878
755
123
difference /debit
current
fatalities
Gap:
Accidents: 5547 - 14%
Fatalities: 123 - 13%
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
G l
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Goal
Database with detailed Information
Based on STAIRS/PENDANT including RISER and ROLLOVERdata fields
General accident data
Vehicle data
Road infrastructure
Occupant and pedestrian injuries Statistical accident scene significance
Different accident scene - same significance
Analysis and methods for avoidance Structural
Optical
Conceptual
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
E ample single ehicle accident ith tree
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Example: single vehicle accident with tree
Straight road with a right bend atthe end and slight elevation
Situation: Too fast
Not belted
No safety barrier in the bend
Result:
Head contact with windscreen
Driver was jammed in car Died in accident
Improvement: Safety barrier along bend
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Test of road side barriers
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Test of road side barriers
Source: DELTA BLOC (http://www.deltabloc.com):
Test configuration: 38.000 kg, 65 km/h - 20
Prevent vehicles crossing the median
Vehicle Safety InstituteGraz University of Technology
Conclusions
http://www.deltabloc.com/http://www.deltabloc.com/8/4/2019 Improvement of Vehicle and Road Safety at National
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Conclusions
Harmonised methodology to collect accidents
STAIRS based
enhanced protocoll by PENDANT, RISER, ROLLOVER, CARE
Harmonised injury coding
These projects will be finished this year
Potential in new member states
Reach goal of 2010
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Thank you for your
attention
www.vsi.tugraz.at
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