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In this eBook:
History of Nobel PrizeBrief biography of Alfred Nobel100 years of Nobel Prize in Medicine or PhysiologyNobel Prize winners and their workA tribute to hard work and sacrifice of pioneers
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Book 2: A series of free educational ebooks from Edorium Journals
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©2017 Edorium Journals
100 years of Nobel Prize
inPhysiology or Medicine
(1901–2000)
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©2017 Edorium Journals
Copyright © 2017 Edorium Journals
Book Title: 100 years of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901–2000)
Conceptualized, written, published and distributed by:Edorium Journals
Publication DateNovember 2017
Release LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0International License.
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©2017 Edorium Journals
year Name Country Page No
Introduction viAlfred Bernhard Nobel Biography vii
1901 Emil Adolf von Behring Germany 11902 Sir Ronald Ross United Kingdom, India 21903 Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark, Faroe Islands 31904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Russia 41905 Robert Koch Germany 51906 Camillo Golgi Italy 61906 Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain 71907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran France 81908 Élie Metchnikoff Russia 91908 Paul Ehrlich Germany 101909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland 111910 Albrecht Kossel Germany 121911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden 131912 Alexis Carrel France 141913 Charles Richet France 151914 Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary 161915–1918 Not Awarded – 171919 Jules Bordet Belgium 181920 August Krogh Denmark 191921 Not Awarded – 201922 Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom 211922 Otto Fritz Meyerhof Germany 221923 Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada 231923 John James Rickard Macleod United Kingdom 241924 Willem Einthoven Netherlands 251925 Not Awarded – 261926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Denmark 271927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria 281928 Charles Jules Henry Nicolle France 291929 Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands 301929 Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom 311930 Karl Landsteiner Austria 321931 Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany 33
Table of Contents
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1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom 341932 Edgar Douglas Adrian United Kingdom 351933 Thomas Hunt Morgan United States 361934 George Whipple United States 371934 George Minot United States 381934 William Parry Murphy United States 391935 Hans Spemann Germany 401936 Sir Henry Dale United Kingdom 411936 Otto Loewi Austria, Germany 421937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary 431938 Corneille Heymans Belgium 441939 Gerhard Domagk Germany 451940–1942 Not Awarded – 461943 Henrik Dam Denmark 471943 Edward A. Doisy United States 481944 Joseph Erlanger United States 491944 Herbert Spencer Gasser United States 501945 Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom 511945 Sir Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom 521945 Howard Walter Florey Australia 531946 Hermann Joseph Muller United States 541947 Carl Ferdinand Cori United States 551947 Gerty Theresa Cori United States 561947 Bernardo Houssay Argentina 571948 Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland 581949 Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland 591949 António Egas Moniz Portugal 601950 Philip Showalter Hench United States 611950 Edward Calvin Kendall United States 621950 Tadeusz Reichstein Switzerland, Poland 631951 Max Theiler South Africa 641952 Selman Abraham Waksman United States 651953 Sir Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom 661953 Fritz Albert Lipmann United States 671954 John Franklin Enders United States 681954 Frederick Chapman Robbins United States 691954 Thomas Huckle Weller United States 70
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1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell Sweden 711956 André Frédéric Cournand France 721956 Werner Forssmann West Germany 731956 Dickinson W. Richards United States 741957 Daniel Bovet Italy 751958 George Wells Beadle United States 761958 Edward Lawrie Tatum United States 771958 Joshua Lederberg United States 781959 Arthur Kornberg United States 791959 Severo Ochoa United States, Spain 801960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia 811960 Sir Peter Brian Medawar Brazil, United Kingdom 821961 Georg von Békésy United States 831962 Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom 841962 James Dewey Watson United States 851962 Maurice Wilkins New Zealand, United Kingdom 861963 Sir John Eccles Australia 871963 Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin United Kingdom 881963 Sir Andrew Huxley United Kingdom 891964 Konrad Bloch United States 901964 Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen West Germany 911965 François Jacob France 921965 André Michel Lwoff France 931965 Jacques Monod France 941966 Francis Peyton Rous United States 951966 Charles Brenton Huggins United States 961967 Ragnar Granit Finland, Sweden 971967 Haldan Keffer Hartline United States 981967 George Wald United States 991968 Robert W. Holley United States 1001968 Har Gobind Khorana India, United States 1011968 Marshall Warren Nirenberg United States 1021969 Max Delbrück United States 1031969 Alfred Hershey United States 1041969 Salvador Luria Italy, United States 1051970 Julius Axelrod United States 1061970 Ulf von Euler Sweden 107
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1970 Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom 1081971 Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. United States 1091972 Gerald Edelman United States 1101972 Rodney Porter United Kingdom 1111973 Karl von Frisch West Germany 1121973 Konrad Lorenz Austria 1131973 Niko Tinbergen Netherlands 1141974 Albert Claude Belgium 1151974 Christian de Duve Belgium 1161974 George E. Palade Romania 1171975 David Baltimore United States 1181975 Renato Dulbecco Italy, United States 1191975 Howard Temin United States 1201976 Baruch Samuel Blumberg United States 1211976 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek United States 1221977 Roger Guillemin United States 1231977 Andrew Schally United States, Poland 1241977 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow United States 1251978 Werner Arber Switzerland 1261978 Daniel Nathans United States 1271978 Hamilton O. Smith United States 1281979 Allan M. Cormack South Africa 1291979 Sir Godfrey Hounsfield United Kingdom 1301980 Baruj Benacerraf Venezuela 1311980 Jean Dausset France 1321980 George D. Snell United States 1331981 Roger Sperry United States 1341981 David H. Hubel Canada 1351981 Torsten Wiesel Sweden 1361982 Sune Bergström Sweden 1371982 Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden 1381982 Sir John Vane United Kingdom 1391983 Barbara McClintock United States 1401984 Niels K. Jerne Denmark 1411984 Georges Jean Franz Köhler West Germany 1421984 César Milstein Argentina, United Kingdom 1431985 Michael Brown United States 144
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1985 Joseph Goldstein United States 1451986 Stanley Cohen United States 1461986 Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy 1471987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan 1481988 Sir James Black United Kingdom 1491988 Gertrude Elion United States 1501988 George Hitchings United States 1511989 J. Michael Bishop United States 1521989 Harold Varmus United States 1531990 Joseph Murray United States 1541990 E. Donnall Thomas United States 1551991 Erwin Neher Germany 1561991 Bert Sakmann Germany 1571992 Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland, United States 1581992 Edwin Gerhard Krebs United States 1591993 Sir Richard Roberts United Kingdom 1601993 Phillip Sharp United States 1611994 Alfred G. Gilman United States 1621994 Martin Rodbell United States 1631995 Edward Lewis United States 1641995 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany 1651995 Eric Francis Wieschaus United States 1661996 Peter Doherty Australia 1671996 Rolf Zinkernagel Switzerland 1681997 Stanley Prusiner United States 1691998 Robert F. Furchgott United States 1701998 Louis J. Ignarro United States 1711998 Ferid Murad United States 1721999 Günter Blobel Germany, United States 1732000 Arvid Carlsson Sweden 1742000 Paul Greengard United States 1752000 Eric R. Kandel United States 176
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INTRODUCTIONThe Nobel Prize is regarded as the most prestigious award recognizing intellectual achievement in the fields of Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry, Physics, Literature, and Peace. It was established in 1895 under the aegis of the will of Alfred Nobel, Swedish industrialist and inventor, and awarded for the first time in 1901 for outstanding contributions to humanity in the aforementioned fields.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. Alfred Nobel had an active interest in medical researches and the life sciences. Physiology or Medicine was the third Nobel Prize mentioned in his will. Through this award Alfred Nobel wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in the field of medicine.
The Nobel winners in Physiology or Medicine are discoverers that have changed the paradigm in an area of Medicine and Physiology; they change the understanding of life or the practice of medicine. DNA and molecular biology, and research on infections have been the most awarded areas. The most criticized award was the 1949 Nobel Prize to Egas Moniz for Lobotomy while the most popular was the 1945 Nobel to Alexander Fleming for Penicillin along with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.
Till today 107 Nobel Prizes have been awarded in this category. The first one was awarded to Emil von Behring for developing a vaccine against diphtheria in 1901. The prize was withheld in nine occasions during both the World Wars. The shared and unshared recipients of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology number 211 individuals of which only 12 are women and out of this only one, Barabara McClintock awarded in 1983, received an unshared prize.
In this ebook, we give a brief introduction of distinguished personalities who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to 2000. This ebook is a tribute to the hard work and sacrifices made by the pioneers in Medicine and Physiology, which laid the foundation for modern medicine research and practice. We hope this ebook would serve as a useful reference for readers.
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Alfred Bernhard Nobel BiographyAlfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Born on October 21, 1833, Alfred Nobel was the third son of Immanuel Nobel and Carolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel. Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. After a bankruptcy in 1842, Alfred’s family moved to Russia where his father was a successful manufacturer of explosives and torpedoes. Alfred’s family involvement with instruments of destruction was responsible to bring him both his fortune and the humiliation that eventually drove him to found the Nobel Prize which keeps his memory alive.
Born in a rich family, Nobel brothers received first class education at Russian, and just at an age of 17 Alfred could speak and write in Russian, French, Swedish, English, and German. He was sent abroad at a small age to study and become a chemical engineer. In Paris, Alfred worked in the laboratory of famous chemist Professor T. J. Pelouze, where he met an Italian chemist named Ascanio Sobrero and came to know about highly explosive liquid nitroglycerine.
When Alfred returned back to Russia after finishing his studies, he tried to work together with his father to develop nitroglycerine as a commercially useful explosive to use it in construction works. In 1863, Nobel family had to move back to Sweden after their sudden business failure in Russia. There at Sweden Alfred focused on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Unfortunately, these experiments caused accidents that killed several people, including Alfred’s younger brother, but Alfred did not lose hope and continued his experiment opting safer methods.
In 1866, after various experiments, Alfred found that mixing nitroglycerine with fine sand called kieselguhr would turn the liquid into the paste that could be turned into various shapes as per drilling requirements. Next year Alfred got a legal right of ownership on this material. He named it dynamite. This invention helped in cost reduction of diamond drilling and many construction works
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like drilling tunnels, blasting rocks and building bridges. He also invented detonator or blasting cap which could be triggered just by lighting a fuse.
Alfred also performed experiments in making synthetic materials. By the time of his death in 1896, 355 patents had been registered by him. Since his inventions, dynamite and detonating caps were there in huge demand in construction industry; Alfred established factories in 90 different places and traveled to more than 20 countries for business.
In November 1895, Nobel signed his will providing for the establishment of what came to be the most highly regarded of International awards, the Nobel Prizes. He bequeathed his huge fortune to establish annual prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The Economics prize was added later. In 1901, the first Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature were awarded in Stockholm, Sweden and the Peace Prize in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway.
Alfred Nobel died at his home in Italy on 10th December 1896. He Is buried in Stockholm. He himself remains a figure of paradoxes; a brilliant but lonely man, part alarmist and part idealist.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1901
Emil Adolf von Behring
Born: 15 March 1854Died: 31 March 1917Country: GermanyField: Physiology, Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria and tetanus.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1902
sir Ronald Ross
Born: 13 May 1857Died: 16 September 1932Country: India, United Kingdom Field: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his work on transmission of malaria in which he had shown how malaria parasites enter into the organism.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1903
Niels Ryberg Finsen
Born: 15 December 1860Died: 24 September 1904Country: Denmark, Faroe IslandsField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1904
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Born: 26 September 1849Died: 27 February 1936Country: RussiaField: Physiology, Physician
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1905
Robert Koch
Born: 11 December 1843Died: 27 May 1910Country: GermanyField: Microbiology
Nobel PrizeFor his investigations and discoveries about tuberculosis.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1906
Camillo golgi
Born: 7 July 1843Died: 21 January 1926Country: ItalyField: Neuroscience
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the structure of the nervous system.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1906
santiago Ramón y Cajal
Born: 1 May 1852Died: 17 October 1934Country: SpainField: Neuroscience
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the structure of the nervous system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1907
Charles louis Alphonse laveran
Born: 18 June 1845Died: 18 May 1922Country: FranceField: Tropical Medicine Parasitology
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1908
Élie Metchnikoff
Born: 15 May 1845Died: 15 July 1916Country: RussiaField: Immunology, Gerontology, Zoology
Nobel PrizeFor his work on immunity.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1908
Paul Ehrlich
Born: 14 March 1854Died: 20 August 1915Country: GermanyField: Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor his work on immunity.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1909
Emil Theodor Kocher
Born: 25 August 1841Died: 27 July 1917Country: SwitzerlandField: Surgery
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1910
Albrecht Kossel
Born: 16 September 1853Died: 5 July 1927Country: GermanyField: Research
Nobel PrizeFor his contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1911
Allvar gullstrand
Born: 5 June 1862Died: 28 July 1930Country: SwedenField: Ophthalmology
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1912
Alexis Carrel
Born: 28 June 1873Died: 5 November 1944Country: FranceField: Transplantation
Nobel PrizeFor his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1913
Charles Richet
Born: 25 August 1850Died: 4 December 1935Country: FranceField: Immunity
Nobel PrizeFor his work on anaphylaxis.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1914
Róbert Bárány
Born: 22 April 1876Died: 8 April 1936Country: Austria-HungaryField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINE
Nobel Prize was not awarded from1915–1918
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1919
Jules Bordet
Born: 13 June 1870Died: 6 April 1961Country: BelgiumField: Bacteriology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to immunity.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1920
August Krogh
Born: 15 November 1874Died: 13 September 1949Country: DenmarkField: Zoophysiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINE
Nobel Prize was not awarded in 1921
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1922
Archibald Vivian hill
Born: 26 September 1886Died: 3 June 1977Country: United KingdomField: Physiology and Biophysics
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1922
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
Born: 12 April 1884Died: 6 October 1951Country: GermanyField: Physics and Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1923
sir Frederick grant Banting
Born: 14 November 1891Died: 21 February 1941Country: CanadaField: Endocrinology, Metabolism
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of insulin.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1923
John James Rickard Macleod
Born: 6 September 1876Died: 16 March 1935Country: United KingdomField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of insulin.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1924
Willem Einthoven
Born: 21 May 1860Died: 29 September 1927Country: NetherlandsField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINE
Nobel Prize was not awarded in 1925
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1926
Johannes Andreas grib Fibiger
Born: 23 April 1867Died: 30 January 1928Country: DenmarkField: Medicine Parasitology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Born: 7 March 1857Died: 27 September 1940Country: AustriaField: Pathology, Psychiatry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1928
Charles Jules henry Nicolle
Born: 21 September 1866Died: 28 February 1936Country: FranceField: Bacteriology
Nobel PrizeFor his work on typhus.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1929
Christiaan Eijkman
Born: 11 August 1858Died: 5 November 1930Country: NetherlandsField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1929
sir Frederick gowland hopkins
Born: 20 June 1861Died: 16 May 1947Country: United KingdomField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1930
Karl landsteiner
Born: 14 June 1868Died: 26 June 1943Country: AustriaField: Medicine, Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of human blood groups.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1931
Otto heinrich Warburg
Born: 8 October 1883Died: 1 August 1970Country: GermanyField: Cell biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1932
sir Charles scott sherrington
Born: 27 November 1857Died: 4 March 1952Country: United KingdomField: Bacteriology, Histology, Neurology, Pathology, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1932
Edgar Douglas Adrian
Born: 30 November 1889Died: 4 August 1977Country: United KingdomField: Biology (Electrophysiology)
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1933
Thomas hunt Morgan
Born: 25 September 1866Died: 4 December 1945Country: United StatesField: Embryology, Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1934
george Whipple
Born: 28 August 1878Died: 1 February 1976Country: United StatesField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1934
george Minot
Born: 2 December 1885Died: 25 February 1950Country: United StatesField: Hematology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1934
William Parry Murphy
Born: 6 February 1892Died: 9 October 1987Country: United StatesField: Hematology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1935
hans spemann
Born: 27 June 1869Died: 9 September 1941Country: GermanyField: Embryology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1936
sir henry Dale
Born: 9 June 1875Died: 23 July 1968Country: United KingdomField: Pharmacology, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1936
Otto loewi
Born: 3 June 1873Died: 25 December 1961Country: Austria, GermanyField: Pharmacology, Psychobiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1937
Albert szent-györgyi
Born: 16 September 1893Died: 22 October 1986Country: HungaryField: Biochemistry, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1938
Corneille heymans
Born: 28 March 1892Died: 18 July 1968Country: BelgiumField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1939
gerhard Domagk
Born: 30 October 1895Died: 24 April 1964Country: GermanyField: Bacteriology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINE
Nobel Prize was not awarded from1940–1942
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1943
henrik Dam
Born: 21 February 1895Died: 17 April 1976Country: DenmarkField: Biochemistry, Chemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of vitamin K.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1943
Edward A. Doisy
Born: 13 November 1893Died: 23 October 1986Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
©2017 Edorium Journals 49
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1944
Joseph Erlanger
Born: 5 January 1874Died: 5 December 1965Country: United StatesField: Neuroscience
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 50
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1944
herbert spencer gasser
Born: 5 July 1888Died: 11 May 1963Country: United StatesField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
©2017 Edorium Journals 51
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1945
sir Alexander Fleming
Born: 6 August 1881Died: 11 March 1955Country: United KingdomField: Bacteriology, Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 52
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1945
sir Ernst Boris Chain
Born: 19 June 1906Died: 12 August 1979Country: United KingdomField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 53
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1945
howard Walter Florey
Born: 24 September 1898Died: 21 February 1968Country: AustraliaField: Bacteriology, Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
©2017 Edorium Journals 54
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1946
hermann Joseph Muller
Born: 21 December 1890Died: 5 April 1967Country: United StatesField: Genetics, Molecular Biology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.
©2017 Edorium Journals 55
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1947
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Born: 5 December 1896Died: 20 October 1984Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 56
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1947
gerty Theresa Cori
Born: 15 August 1896Died: 26 October 1957Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Metabolism, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor her discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 57
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1947
Bernardo houssay
Born: 10 April 1887Died: 21 September 1971Country: ArgentinaField: Physiology, Endocrinology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
©2017 Edorium Journals 58
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1948
Paul hermann Müller
Born: 12 January 1899Died: 12 October 1965Country: SwitzerlandField: Chemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the high efficiency of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) as a contact poison against several arthropods.
©2017 Edorium Journals 59
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1949
Walter Rudolf hess
Born: 17 March 1881Died: 12 August 1973Country: SwitzerlandField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 60
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1949
António Egas Moniz
Born: 29 November 1874Died: 13 December 1955Country: PortugalField: Neurology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses.
©2017 Edorium Journals 61
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1950
Philip showalter hench
Born: 28 February 1896Died: 30 March 1965Country: United StatesField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 62
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1950
Edward Calvin Kendall
Born: 8 March 1886Died: 4 May 1972Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 63
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1950
Tadeusz Reichstein
Born: 20 July 1897Died: 1 August 1996Country: Switzerland, PolandField: Medicine and Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
©2017 Edorium Journals 64
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1951
Max Theiler
Born: 30 January 1899Died: 11 August 1972Country: South AfricaField: Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.
©2017 Edorium Journals 65
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1952
selman Abraham Waksman
Born: 22 July 1888Died: 16 August 1973Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry and Microbiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
©2017 Edorium Journals 66
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1953
sir hans Adolf Krebs
Born: 25 August 1900Died: 22 November 1981Country: United KingdomField: Internal Medicine, Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the citric acid cycle.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 67
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1953
Fritz Albert lipmann
Born: 12 June 1899Died: 24 July 1986Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabo-lism.
©2017 Edorium Journals 68
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1954
John Franklin Enders
Born: 10 February 1897Died: 8 September 1985Country: United StatesField: Biomedical
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 69
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1954
Frederick Chapman Robbins
Born: 25 August 1916Died: 4 August 2003Country: United StatesField: Pediatrics, Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 70
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1954
Thomas huckle Weller
Born: 15 June 1915Died: 23 August 2008Country: United StatesField: Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
©2017 Edorium Journals 71
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1955
Axel hugo Theodor Theorell
Born: 6 July 1903Died: 15 August 1982Country: SwedenField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.
©2017 Edorium Journals 72
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1956
André Frédéric Cournand
Born: 24 September 1895Died: 19 February 1988Country: FranceField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 73
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1956
Werner Forssmann
Born: 29 August 1904Died: 1 June 1979Country: West GermanyField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 74
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1956
Dickinson W. Richards
Born: 30 October 1895Died: 23 February 1973Country: United StatesField: Medicine, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
©2017 Edorium Journals 75
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1957
Daniel Bovet
Born: 23 March 1907Died: 8 April 1992Country: ItalyField: Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.
©2017 Edorium Journals 76
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1958
george Wells Beadle
Born: 22 October 1903Died: 9 June 1989Country: United StatesField: Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 77
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1958
Edward lawrie Tatum
Born: 14 December 1909Died: 5 November 1975Country: United StatesField: Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 78
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1958
Joshua lederberg
Born: 23 May 1925Died: 2 February 2008Country: United StatesField: Microbiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.
©2017 Edorium Journals 79
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1959
Arthur Kornberg
Born: 3 March 1918Died: 26 October 2007Country: United StatesField: Molecular biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 80
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1959
severo Ochoa
Born: 24 September 1905Died: 1 November 1993Country: United States, SpainField: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.
©2017 Edorium Journals 81
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1960
sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Born: 3 September 1899Died: 31 August 1985Country: AustraliaField: Virology
Nobel PrizeFor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 82
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1960
sir Peter Brian Medawar
Born: 28 February 1915Died: 2 October 1987Country: Brazil, United KingdomField: Immunology, Zoology
Nobel PrizeFor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
©2017 Edorium Journals 83
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1961
georg von Békésy
Born: 3 June 1899Died: 13 June 1972Country: United StatesField: Biophysics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.
©2017 Edorium Journals 84
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1962
Francis harry Compton Crick
Born: 8 June 1916Died: 28 July 2004Country: United KingdomField: Molecular Biology, Physics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 85
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1962
James Dewey Watson
Born: 6 April 1928Age: 89 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 86
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1962
Maurice Wilkins
Born: 15 December 1916Died: 5 October 2004Country: New Zealand, United KingdomField: Molecular Biology, Physics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
©2017 Edorium Journals 87
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1963
sir John Eccles
Born: 27 January 1903Died: 2 May 1997Country: AustraliaField: Neuroscience, Philosophy of Mind
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 88
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1963
sir Alan lloyd hodgkin
Born: 5 February 1914Died: 20 December 1998Country: United KingdomField: Physiology and Biophysics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 89
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1963
sir Andrew huxley
Born: 22 November 1917Died: 30 May 2012Country: United KingdomField: Physiology and Biophysics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
©2017 Edorium Journals 90
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1964
Konrad Bloch
Born: 21 January 1912Died: 15 October 2000Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Metabolism, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 91
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1964
Feodor Felix Konrad lynen
Born: 6 April 1911Died: 6 August 1979Country: West GermanyField: Biochemistry, Metabolism, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
©2017 Edorium Journals 92
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1965
François Jacob
Born: 17 June 1920Died: 19 April 2013Country: FranceField: Molecular Developmental Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 93
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1965
André Michel Lwoff
Born: 8 May 1902Died: 30 September 1994Country: FranceField: Microbiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 94
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1965
Jacques Monod
Born: 9 February 1910Died: 31 May 1976Country: FranceField: Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.
©2017 Edorium Journals 95
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1966
Francis Peyton Rous
Born: 5 October 1879Died: 16 February 1970 Country: United StatesField: Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 96
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1966
Charles Brenton huggins
Born: 22 September 1901Died: 12 January 1997Country: United StatesField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.
©2017 Edorium Journals 97
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1967
Ragnar granit
Born: 30 October 1900Died: 12 March 1991Country: Finland, SwedenField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 98
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1967
Haldan Keffer Hartline
Born: 22 December 1903Died: 17 March 1983Country: United StatesField: Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 99
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1967
george Wald
Born: 18 November 1906Died: 12 April 1997Country: United StatesField: Neurobiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
©2017 Edorium Journals 100
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1968
Robert W. holley
Born: 28 January 1922Died: 11 February 1993Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 101
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1968
har gobind Khorana
Born: 9 January 1922Died: 9 November 2011Country: India, United StatesField: Molecular Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 102
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1968
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Born: 10 April 1927Died: 15 January 2010Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
©2017 Edorium Journals 103
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1969
Max Delbrück
Born: 4 September 1906Died: 9 March 1981Country: United StatesField: Biophysics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 104
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1969
Alfred hershey
Born: 4 December 1908Died: 22 May 1997Country: United StatesField: Bacteriology, Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 105
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1969
salvador luria
Born: 13 August 1912Died: 6 February 1991Country: Italy, United StatesField: Molecular Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
©2017 Edorium Journals 106
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1970
Julius Axelrod
Born: 30 May 1912Died: 29 December 2004Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 107
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1970
Ulf von Euler
Born: 7 February 1905Died: 9 March 1983Country: SwedenField: Physiology, Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 108
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1970
sir Bernard Katz
Born: 26 March 1911Died: 20 April 2003Country: United KingdomField: Neurophysiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.
©2017 Edorium Journals 109
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1971
Earl Wilbur sutherland Jr.
Born: 19 November 1915Died: 9 March 1974Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.
©2017 Edorium Journals 110
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1972
gerald Edelman
Born: 1 July 1929Died: 17 May 2014Country: United StatesField: Immunology, Neuroscience, Philosophy of Mind
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 111
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1972
Rodney Porter
Born: 8 October 1917Died: 6 September 1985Country: United KingdomField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.
©2017 Edorium Journals 112
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1973
Karl von Frisch
Born: 20 November 1886Died: 12 June 1982Country: West GermanyField: Ethology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 113
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1973
Konrad lorenz
Born: 7 November 1903Died: 27 February 1989Country: AustriaField: Ethology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 114
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1973
Niko Tinbergen
Born: 15 April 1907Died: 21 December 1988Country: NetherlandsField: Ethology, Zoology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.
©2017 Edorium Journals 115
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1974
Albert Claude
Born: 24 August 1899Died: 22 May 1983Country: BelgiumField: Cell Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 116
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1974
Christian de Duve
Born: 2 October 1917Died: 4 May 2013Country: BelgiumField: Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 117
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1974
george E. Palade
Born: 19 November 1912Died: 8 October 2008Country: RomaniaField: Cell Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.
©2017 Edorium Journals 118
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1975
David Baltimore
Born: 7 March 1938Age: 79 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 119
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1975
Renato Dulbecco
Born: 22 February 1914Died: 19 February 2012Country: Italy, United StatesField: Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 120
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1975
howard Temin
Born: 10 December 1934Died: 9 February 1994Country: United StatesField: Genetics, Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
©2017 Edorium Journals 121
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1976
Baruch samuel Blumberg
Born: 28 July 1925Died: 5 April 2011Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 122
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1976
Daniel Carleton gajdusek
Born: 9 September 1923Died: 12 December 2008Country: United StatesField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.
©2017 Edorium Journals 123
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1977
Roger guillemin
Born: 11 January 1924Age: 93 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology, Neurology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.
Continued...
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1977
Andrew schally
Born: 30 November 1926Age: 90 YearsCountry: United States, PolandField: Endocrinology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 125
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1977
Rosalyn sussman yalow
Born: 19 July 1921Died: 30 May 2011Country: United StatesField: Medical Physics
Nobel PrizeFor the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.
©2017 Edorium Journals 126
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1978
Werner Arber
Born: 3 June 1929Age: 88 YearsCountry: SwitzerlandField: Microbiology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 127
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1978
Daniel Nathans
Born: 30 October 1928Died: 16 November 1999Country: United StatesField: Microbiology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 128
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1978
hamilton O. smith
Born: 23 August 1931Age: 85 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Genomics
Nobel PrizeFor discovering type II restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
©2017 Edorium Journals 129
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1979
Allan M. Cormack
Born: 23 February 1924Died: 7 May 1998Country: South AfricaField: Physics
Nobel PrizeFor his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1979
Sir Godfrey Hounsfield
Born: 28 August 1919Died: 12 August 2004Country: United KingdomField: Electrical Engineering
Nobel PrizeFor his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1979
Baruj Benacerraf
Born: 29 October 1920Died: 2 August 2011Country: VenezuelaField: Immunology, Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography.
©2017 Edorium Journals 132
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1980
Jean Dausset
Born: 19 October 1916Died: 6 June 2009Country: FranceField: Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1980
george D. snell
Born: 19 December 1903Died: 6 June 1996Country: United StatesField: Genetics, Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
©2017 Edorium Journals 134
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1981
Roger sperry
Born: 20 August 1913Died: 17 April 1994Country: United StatesField: Neuropsychology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1981
David h. hubel
Born: 27 February 1926Died: 22 September 2013Country: CanadaField: Neurophysiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 136
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1981
Torsten Wiesel
Born: 3 June 1924Age: 93 YearsCountry: SwedenField: Neurophysiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1982
sune Bergström
Born: 10 January 1916Died: 15 August 2004Country: SwedenField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
Continued...
©2017 Edorium Journals 138
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1982
Bengt I. samuelsson
Born: 21 May 1934Age: 83 YearsCountry: SwedenField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 139
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1982
sir John Vane
Born: 29 March 1927Died: 19 November 2004Country: United KingdomField: Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
©2017 Edorium Journals 140
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1983
Barbara McClintock
Born: 16 June 1902Died: 2 September 1992Country: United StatesField: Cytogenetics
Nobel PrizeFor her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
©2017 Edorium Journals 141
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1984
Niels K. Jerne
Born: 23 December 1911Died: 7 October 1994Country: DenmarkField: Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 142
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1984
georges Jean Franz Köhler
Born: 17 April 1946Died: 1 March 1995Country: West GermanyField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.
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©2017 Edorium Journals 143
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1984
César Milstein
Born: 8 October 1927Died: 24 March 2002Country: Argentina, United KingdomField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.
©2017 Edorium Journals 144
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1985
Michael Brown
Born: 13 April 1941Age: 76 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1985
Joseph goldstein
Born: 18 April 1940Age: 77 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
©2017 Edorium Journals 146
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1986
stanley Cohen
Born: 17 November 1922Age: 94 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of growth factors.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1986
Rita levi-Montalcini
Born: 22 April 1909Died: 30 December 2012Country: ItalyField: Neurology
Nobel PrizeFor her discoveries of growth factors.
©2017 Edorium Journals 148
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1987
susumu Tonegawa
Born: 5 September 1939Age: 77 YearsCountry: JapanField: Genetics, Immunology, Neuroscience
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.
©2017 Edorium Journals 149
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1988
sir James Black
Born: 14 June 1924Died: 22 March 2010Country: United KingdomField: Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1988
gertrude Elion
Born: 23 January 1918Died: 21 February 1999Country: United StatesField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor her discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1988
george hitchings
Born: 18 April 1905Died: 27 February 1998Country: United StatesField: Purine Metabolism
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1989
J. Michael Bishop
Born: 22 February 1936Age: 81 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Virology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1989
harold Varmus
Born: 18 December 1939Age: 77 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Cancer Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
©2017 Edorium Journals 154
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1990
Joseph Murray
Born: 1 April 1919Died: 26 November 2012Country: United StatesField: Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Transplantation
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1990
E. Donnall Thomas
Born: 15 March 1920Died: 20 October 2012Country: United StatesField: Medicine
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1991
Erwin Neher
Born: 20 March 1944Age: 73 YearsCountry: GermanyField: Biophysics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1991
Bert sakmann
Born: 12 June 1942Age: 75 YearsCountry: GermanyField: Cell physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1992
Edmond h. Fischer
Born: 6 April 1920Age: 97 YearsCountry: Switzerland, United StatesField: Biochemistry, Cell Physiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1992
Edwin gerhard Krebs
Born: June 6, 1918Died: 21 December 2009Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
©2017 Edorium Journals 160
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1993
sir Richard Roberts
Born: 6 September 1943Age: 73 YearsCountry: United KingdomField: Molecular Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of split genes.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1993
Phillip sharp
Born: 6 June 1944Age: 73 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries of split genes.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1994
Alfred g. gilman
Born: 1 July 1941Died: 23 December 2015Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1994
Martin Rodbell
Born: 1 December 1925Died: 7 December 1998Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1995
Edward lewis
Born: 20 May 1918Died: 21 July 2004Country: United StatesField: Developmental Biology, Embryology, Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1995
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Born: 20 October 1942Age: 74 YearsCountry: GermanyField: Embryology, Genetics
Nobel PrizeFor her discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1995
Eric Francis Wieschaus
Born: 8 June 1947Age: 70 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Developmental Biology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1996
Peter Doherty
Born: 15 October 1940Age: 76 YearsCountry: AustraliaField: Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1996
Rolf zinkernagel
Born: 6 January 1944Age: 73 YearsCountry: SwitzerlandField: Immunology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1997
stanley Prusiner
Born: 28 May 1942Age: 75 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Neurology, Infectious diseases
Nobel PrizeFor his discovery of Prions— a new biological principle of infection.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1998
Robert F. Furchgott
Born: 4 June 1916Died: 19 May 2009Country: United StatesField: Biochemistry
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1998
louis J. Ignarro
Born: 31 May 1941Age: 76 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1998
Ferid Murad
Born: 14 September 1936Age: 80 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Biochemistry, Pharmacology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 1999
günter Blobel
Born: 21 May 1936Age: 81 YearsCountry: Germany, United StatesField: Biology
Nobel PrizeFor the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 2000
Arvid Carlsson
Born: 25 January 1923Age: 94 YearsCountry: SwedenField: Neurophysiology
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 2000
Paul greengard
Born: 11 December 1925Age: 91 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Neuroscience
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
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NOBEl PRIzE IN PhysIOlOgy OR MEDICINEyear: 2000
Eric R. Kandel
Born: 7 November 1929Age: 87 YearsCountry: United StatesField: Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience
Nobel PrizeFor his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
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Name Country year Page NoAAlbert Claude Belgium 1974 115Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary 1937 43Albrecht Kossel Germany 1910 12Alexis Carrel France 1912 14Alfred G. Gilman United States 1994 162Alfred Hershey United States 1969 104Allan M. Cormack South Africa 1979 129Allvar Gullstrand Sweden 1911 13André Frédéric Cournand France 1956 72André Michel Lwoff France 1965 93Andrew Schally United States, Poland 1977 124António Egas Moniz Portugal 1949 60Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom 1922 21Arthur Kornberg United States 1959 79Arvid Carlsson Sweden 2000 174August Krogh Denmark 1920 19Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell Sweden 1955 71
BBarbara McClintock United States 1983 140Baruch Samuel Blumberg United States 1976 121Baruj Benacerraf Venezuela 1980 131Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden 1982 138Bernardo Houssay Argentina 1947 57Bert Sakmann Germany 1991 157
CCamillo Golgi Italy 1906 6Carl Ferdinand Cori United States 1947 55César Milstein Argentina, United Kingdom 1984 143Charles Brenton Huggins United States 1966 96Charles Jules Henry Nicolle France 1928 29Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran France 1907 8Charles Richet France 1913 15Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands 1929 30Christian de Duve Belgium 1974 116Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany 1995 165Corneille Heymans Belgium 1938 44
DDaniel Bovet Italy 1957 75Daniel Carleton Gajdusek United States 1976 122Daniel Nathans United States 1978 127
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David Baltimore United States 1975 118David H. Hubel Canada 1981 135Dickinson W. Richards United States 1956 74
EE. Donnall Thomas United States 1990 155Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. United States 1971 109Edgar Douglas Adrian United Kingdom 1932 35Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland, United States 1992 158Edward A. Doisy United States 1943 48Edward Calvin Kendall United States 1950 62Edward Lawrie Tatum United States 1958 77Edward Lewis United States 1995 164Edwin Gerhard Krebs United States 1992 159Élie Metchnikoff Russia 1908 9Emil Adolf von Behring Germany 1901 1Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland 1909 11Eric Francis Wieschaus United States 1995 166Eric R. Kandel United States 2000 176Erwin Neher Germany 1991 156
FFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen West Germany 1964 91Ferid Murad United States 1998 172Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom 1962 84Francis Peyton Rous United States 1966 95François Jacob France 1965 92Frederick Chapman Robbins United States 1954 69Fritz Albert Lipmann United States 1953 67
gGeorg von Békésy United States 1961 83George D. Snell United States 1980 133George E. Palade Romania 1974 117George Hitchings United States 1988 151George Minot United States 1934 38George Wald United States 1967 99George Wells Beadle United States 1958 76George Whipple United States 1934 37Georges Jean Franz Köhler West Germany 1984 142Gerald Edelman United States 1972 110Gerhard Domagk Germany 1939 45Gertrude Elion United States 1988 150Gerty Theresa Cori United States 1947 56Günter Blobel Germany, United States 1999 173
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hHaldan Keffer Hartline United States 1967 98Hamilton O. Smith United States 1978 128Hans Spemann Germany 1935 40Har Gobind Khorana India, United States 1968 101Harold Varmus United States 1989 153Henrik Dam Denmark 1943 47Herbert Spencer Gasser United States 1944 50Hermann Joseph Muller United States 1946 54Howard Temin United States 1975 120Howard Walter Florey Australia 1945 53
IIvan Petrovich Pavlov Russia 1904 4
JJ. Michael Bishop United States 1989 152Jacques Monod France 1965 94James Dewey Watson United States 1962 85Jean Dausset France 1980 132Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Denmark 1926 27John Franklin Enders United States 1954 68John James Rickard Macleod United Kingdom 1923 24Joseph Erlanger United States 1944 49Joseph Goldstein United States 1985 145Joseph Murray United States 1990 154Joshua Lederberg United States 1958 78Jules Bordet Belgium 1919 18Julius Axelrod United States 1970 106Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria 1927 28
KKarl Landsteiner Austria 1930 32Karl von Frisch West Germany 1973 112Konrad Bloch United States 1964 90Konrad Lorenz Austria 1973 113
lLouis J. Ignarro United States 1998 171
MMarshall Warren Nirenberg United States 1968 102Martin Rodbell United States 1994 163Maurice Wilkins New Zealand, United Kingdom 1962 86
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Max Delbrück United States 1969 103Max Theiler South Africa 1951 64Michael Brown United States 1985 144
NNiels K. Jerne Denmark 1984 141Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark, Faroe Islands 1903 3Niko Tinbergen Netherlands 1973 114
OOtto Fritz Meyerhof Germany 1922 22Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany 1931 33Otto Loewi Austria, Germany 1936 42
PPaul Ehrlich Germany 1908 10Paul Greengard United States 2000 175Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland 1948 58Peter Doherty Australia 1996 167Philip Showalter Hench United States 1950 61Phillip Sharp United States 1993 161
RRagnar Granit Finland, Sweden 1967 97Renato Dulbecco Italy, United States 1975 119Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy 1986 147Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary 1914 16Robert F. Furchgott United States 1998 170Robert Koch Germany 1905 5Robert W. Holley United States 1968 100Rodney Porter United Kingdom 1972 111Roger Guillemin United States 1977 123Roger Sperry United States 1981 134Rolf Zinkernagel Switzerland 1996 168Rosalyn Sussman Yalow United States 1977 125
sSalvador Luria Italy, United States 1969 105Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain 1906 7Selman Abraham Waksman United States 1952 65Severo Ochoa United States, Spain 1959 80Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin United Kingdom 1963 88Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom 1945 51Sir Andrew Huxley United Kingdom 1963 89Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom 1970 108
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Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom 1932 34Sir Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom 1945 52Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia 1960 81Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom 1929 31Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada 1923 23Sir Godfrey Hounsfield United Kingdom 1979 130Sir Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom 1953 66Sir Henry Dale United Kingdom 1936 41Sir James Black United Kingdom 1988 149Sir John Eccles Australia 1963 87Sir John Vane United Kingdom 1982 139Sir Peter Brian Medawar Brazil, United Kingdom 1960 82Sir Richard Roberts United Kingdom 1993 160Sir Ronald Ross United Kingdom, India 1902 2Stanley Cohen United States 1986 146Stanley Prusiner United States 1997 169Sune Bergström Sweden 1982 137Susumu Tonegawa Japan 1987 148
TTadeusz Reichstein Switzerland, Poland 1950 63Thomas Huckle Weller United States 1954 70Thomas Hunt Morgan United States 1933 36Torsten Wiesel Sweden 1981 136
UUlf von Euler Sweden 1970 107
WWalter Rudolf Hess Switzerland 1949 59Werner Arber Switzerland 1978 126Werner Forssmann West Germany 1956 73Willem Einthoven Netherlands 1924 25William Parry Murphy United States 1934 39
Nobel Prize was not awarded in 1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942
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Country Name year Page NoAArgentina Bernardo Houssay 1947 57Argentina César Milstein 1984 143Australia Peter Doherty 1996 167Australia Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet 1960 81Australia Sir John Eccles 1963 87Australia Howard Walter Florey 1945 53Austria Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1927 28Austria Karl Landsteiner 1930 32Austria Konrad Lorenz 1973 113Austria Otto Loewi 1936 42Austria-Hungary Robert Bárány 1914 16
BBelgium Albert Claude 1974 115Belgium Christian de Duve 1974 116Belgium Corneille Heymans 1938 44Belgium Jules Bordet 1919 18Brazil Sir Peter Brian Medawar 1960 82
CCanada David H. Hubel 1981 135Canada Sir Frederick Grant Banting 1923 23
DDenmark August Krogh 1920 19Denmark Henrik Dam 1943 47Denmark Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger 1926 27Denmark Niels K. Jerne 1984 141Denmark Niels Ryberg Finsen 1903 3
FFaroe Islands Niels Ryberg Finsen 1903 3Finland Ragnar Granit 1967 97France Alexis Carrel 1912 14France André Michel Lwoff 1965 93France André Frédéric Cournand 1956 72France Charles Jules Henry Nicolle 1928 29France Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran 1907 8France Charles Richet 1913 15France François Jacob 1965 92France Jacques Monod 1965 94France Jean Dausset 1980 132
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gGermany Albrecht Kossel 1910 12Germany Bert Sakmann 1991 157Germany Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 1995 165Germany Emil Adolf von Behring 1901 1Germany Erwin Neher 1991 156Germany Gerhard Domagk 1939 45Germany Hans Spemann 1935 40Germany Otto Fritz Meyerhof 1922 22Germany Otto Heinrich Warburg 1931 33Germany Otto Loewi 1936 42Germany Paul Ehrlich 1908 10Germany Robert Koch 1905 5Germany Günter Blobel 1999 173
hHungary Albert Szent-Györgyi 1937 43
IIndia Har Gobind Khorana 1968 101India Sir Ronald Ross 1902 2Italy Camillo Golgi 1906 6Italy Daniel Bovet 1957 75Italy Rita Levi-Montalcini 1986 147Italy Renato Dulbecco 1975 119Italy Salvador Luria 1969 105
JJapan Susumu Tonegawa 1987 148
NNetherlands Christiaan Eijkman 1929 30Netherlands Niko Tinbergen 1973 114Netherlands Willem Einthoven 1924 25New Zealand Maurice Wilkins 1962 86
PPoland Tadeusz Reichstein 1950 63Poland Andrew Schally 1977 124Portugal António Egas Moniz 1949 60
RRomania George E. Palade 1974 117Russia Élie Metchnikoff 1908 9Russia Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1904 4
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sSouth Africa Allan M. Cormack 1979 129South Africa Max Theiler 1951 64Spain Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1906 7Spain Severo Ochoa 1959 80Sweden Allvar Gullstrand 1911 13Sweden Arvid Carlsson 2000 174Sweden Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell 1955 71Sweden Bengt I. Samuelsson 1982 138Sweden Ragnar Granit 1967 97Sweden Sune Bergström 1982 137Sweden Torsten Wiesel 1981 136Sweden Ulf von Euler 1970 107Switzerland Emil Theodor Kocher 1909 11Switzerland Paul Hermann Müller 1948 58Switzerland Rolf Zinkernagel 1996 168Switzerland Walter Rudolf Hess 1949 59Switzerland Werner Arber 1978 126Switzerland Tadeusz Reichstein 1950 63Switzerland Edmond H. Fischer 1992 158
UUnited Kingdom Archibald Vivian Hill 1922 21United Kingdom César Milstein 1984 143United Kingdom Edgar Douglas Adrian 1932 35United Kingdom Francis Harry Compton Crick 1962 84United Kingdom John James Rickard Macleod 1923 24United Kingdom Maurice Wilkins 1962 86United Kingdom Rodney Porter 1972 111United Kingdom Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 1963 88United Kingdom Sir Alexander Fleming 1945 51United Kingdom Sir Andrew Huxley 1963 89United Kingdom Sir Bernard Katz 1970 108United Kingdom Sir Charles Scott Sherrington 1932 34United Kingdom Sir Ernst Boris Chain 1945 52United Kingdom Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1929 31United Kingdom Sir Godfrey Hounsfield 1979 130United Kingdom Sir Hans Adolf Krebs 1953 66United Kingdom Sir Henry Dale 1936 41United Kingdom Sir James Black 1988 149United Kingdom Sir John Vane 1982 139United Kingdom Sir Peter Brian Medawar 1960 82United Kingdom Sir Richard Roberts 1993 160United Kingdom Sir Ronald Ross 1902 2United States Alfred G. Gilman 1994 162United States Alfred Hershey 1969 104
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United States Arthur Kornberg 1959 79United States Barbara McClintock 1983 140United States Baruch Samuel Blumberg 1976 121United States Carl Ferdinand Cori 1947 55United States Charles Brenton Huggins 1966 96United States Daniel Carleton Gajdusek 1976 122United States Daniel Nathans 1978 127United States David Baltimore 1975 118United States Dickinson W. Richards 1956 74United States Edmond H. Fischer 1992 158United States E. Donnall Thomas 1990 155United States Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. 1971 109United States Edward A. Doisy 1943 48United States Edward Calvin Kendall 1950 62United States Edward Lawrie Tatum 1958 77United States Edward Lewis 1995 164United States Edwin Gerhard Krebs 1992 159United States Eric Francis Wieschaus 1995 166United States Eric R. Kandel 2000 176United States Ferid Murad 1998 172United States Francis Peyton Rous 1966 95United States Frederick Chapman Robbins 1954 69United States Fritz Albert Lipmann 1953 67United States Günter Blobel 1999 173United States Georg von Békésy 1961 83United States George D. Snell 1980 133United States George Hitchings 1988 151United States George Minot 1934 38United States George Wald 1967 99United States George Wells Beadle 1958 76United States George Whipple 1934 37United States Gerald Edelman 1972 110United States Gertrude Elion 1988 150United States Gerty Theresa Cori 1947 56United States Haldan Keffer Hartline 1967 98United States Hamilton O. Smith 1978 128United States Harold Varmus 1989 153United States Herbert Spencer Gasser 1944 50United States Har Gobind Khorana 1968 101United States Hermann Joseph Muller 1946 54United States Howard Temin 1975 120United States J. Michael Bishop 1989 152United States James Dewey Watson 1962 85United States John Franklin Enders 1954 68United States Joseph Erlanger 1944 49United States Joseph Goldstein 1985 145
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United States Joseph Murray 1990 154United States Joshua Lederberg 1958 78United States Julius Axelrod 1970 106United States Konrad Bloch 1964 90United States Louis J. Ignarro 1998 171United States Marshall Warren Nirenberg 1968 102United States Martin Rodbell 1994 163United States Max Delbrück 1969 103United States Michael Brown 1985 144United States Paul Greengard 2000 175United States Philip Showalter Hench 1950 61United States Phillip Sharp 1993 161United States Renato Dulbecco 1975 119United States Robert F. Furchgott 1998 170United States Robert W. Holley 1968 100United States Roger Guillemin 1977 123United States Roger Sperry 1981 134United States Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1977 125United States Selman Abraham Waksman 1952 65United States Stanley Cohen 1986 146United States Stanley Prusiner 1997 169United States Salvador Luria 1969 105United States Thomas Huckle Weller 1954 70United States Thomas Hunt Morgan 1933 36United States William Parry Murphy 1934 39United States Andrew Schally 1977 124United States Severo Ochoa 1959 80
VVenezuela Baruj Benacerraf 1980 131
WWest Germany Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen 1964 91West Germany Georges Jean Franz Köhler 1984 142West Germany Karl von Frisch 1973 112West Germany Werner Forssmann 1956 73
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