Industrialization, Immigration, and Urbanization

IndustrializatioIndustrialization, Immigration, n, Immigration,

and and UrbanizationUrbanization

IndustrializationIndustrialization Technological innovations led to Technological innovations led to

industrialization.industrialization.

Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process produced steel produced steel quicker and cheaper.quicker and cheaper.

IndustrializationIndustrialization In 1859, In 1859, Edwin L. DrakeEdwin L. Drake created created

a drill and pump system to obtain a drill and pump system to obtain oil.oil.

More technologyMore technology:: Electric trolleyElectric trolley TypewriterTypewriter

IndustrializationIndustrialization In 1870s, In 1870s, Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

perfected the light bulb.perfected the light bulb.

Factories could operate at Factories could operate at night and increased night and increased production!!!production!!!

Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.invented the telephone.

Increased communication!!!Increased communication!!!

Who is the farmer’s worst Who is the farmer’s worst enemy???enemy???

. . . RAILROADS. . . RAILROADS

Who is the worker’s worst Who is the worker’s worst enemy???enemy???

. . . BIG BUSINESS AND TRUSTS. . . BIG BUSINESS AND TRUSTS

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism – idea that – idea that promotes business competition and promotes business competition and “survival of the fittest.”“survival of the fittest.”

Novels of Novels of Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger stressed stressed possibility that anyone could move possibility that anyone could move from poverty to wealth and fame.from poverty to wealth and fame.

IndustrializationIndustrialization Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt – –

RailroadsRailroads

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie - Steel - Steel

IndustrializationIndustrialization ““Gospel of Gospel of

Wealth”Wealth” belief belief that wealthy that wealthy should give back should give back and try to and try to improve society.improve society.

IndustrializationIndustrialization J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan – Banking and Steel; – Banking and Steel;

America’s first billion-dollar America’s first billion-dollar corporation!!!corporation!!!

John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller – – Standard Standard Oil CompanyOil Company

IndustrializationIndustrialization Vertical integrationVertical integration – buy out – buy out

suppliers to control raw materials and suppliers to control raw materials and transportation systems.transportation systems. Ex: Control iron mines and railroadsEx: Control iron mines and railroads

Horizontal integrationHorizontal integration – buy out – buy out companies producing the same product companies producing the same product to eliminate competition.to eliminate competition. Ex: Control other steel companiesEx: Control other steel companies

IndustrializationIndustrialization MonopolyMonopoly – a company so – a company so

powerful it can block powerful it can block competition.competition.

TrustTrust – board of trustees – board of trustees controls different controls different companies as one large companies as one large corporation.corporation.

Laissez-faireLaissez-faire – – government should “let it government should “let it do what it do”do what it do”

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Captains of Industry . . Captains of Industry . . . .

OROR

. . . Robber Barons . . . Robber Barons

Immigration Immigration and and

UrbanizationUrbanization

ImmigrationImmigration

Why would Why would immigrants choose immigrants choose

to give up their to give up their lives and families to lives and families to come to the United come to the United

States???States???

ImmigrationImmigration

Ellis IslandEllis Island – immigration station in – immigration station in the New York Harbor (mostly the New York Harbor (mostly European).European).

Immigrants had to pass an inspection.Immigrants had to pass an inspection. Took several daysTook several days Physical exam (diseases)Physical exam (diseases) Legal immigration papersLegal immigration papers

ImmigrationImmigration Angel Angel

IslandIsland immigration immigration station in the station in the San San Francisco Francisco Bay.Bay.

Mostly Mostly Chinese Chinese immigrantsimmigrants

ImmigrationImmigration Immigrants needed to . . . Immigrants needed to . . .

Find a job and homeFind a job and home

Learn to speak English and become Learn to speak English and become “American”“American”

Culture shockCulture shock – overwhelmed by – overwhelmed by living in a different culture.living in a different culture.

ImmigrationImmigration

Chinatown

Little Italy

ImmigrationImmigration Melting potMelting pot – different ethnic groups – different ethnic groups

and cultures blend into one American and cultures blend into one American identity.identity.

OROR Salad bowlSalad bowl – each culture maintains – each culture maintains

its own identity.its own identity.

ImmigrationImmigration NativismNativism – favor – favor

native-born native-born Americans, don’t like Americans, don’t like immigrants.immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882Act, 1882 – banned – banned entry of Chinese entry of Chinese workers for 10 years.workers for 10 years.

UrbanizationUrbanization Immigrants lived and worked in very poor Immigrants lived and worked in very poor

conditions.conditions.

Many young children had to work in factories. Many young children had to work in factories.

Dumbbell tenementDumbbell tenement – several families would – several families would live in very small, unclean rooms.live in very small, unclean rooms.

UrbanizationUrbanization How the How the

Other Half Other Half LivesLives written written by Jacob Riis by Jacob Riis to expose the to expose the unsanitary unsanitary conditions of conditions of the the tenements.tenements.

UrbanizationUrbanization Settlement housesSettlement houses – community – community

centers to help needy families.centers to help needy families.

Jane AddamsJane Addams opened opened Hull HouseHull House in in Chicago to assist poor, immigrant Chicago to assist poor, immigrant families.families.

UrbanizationUrbanization

Frederick Law Frederick Law OlmsteadOlmstead designed designed Central Park in Central Park in NYCNYC

UrbanizationUrbanization People flocked to watch spectator People flocked to watch spectator

sports like baseball and football.sports like baseball and football.

Labor Labor UnionsUnions

Labor UnionsLabor Unions Worked long days in poor conditions Worked long days in poor conditions

for very low wages!!!for very low wages!!!

Labor UnionsLabor Unions Workers formed Workers formed labor unionslabor unions to improve to improve

economic and social conditions of workers.economic and social conditions of workers.

Collective bargainingCollective bargaining – workers – workers negotiated as a group with employers.negotiated as a group with employers.

StrikeStrike – refuse to work until an employer – refuse to work until an employer accepts workers’ demands.accepts workers’ demands.

BIG BUSINESS HATES LABOR BIG BUSINESS HATES LABOR UNIONS!!!UNIONS!!!

Labor UnionsLabor Unions Knights of Labor Knights of Labor was a labor union was a labor union

that included skilled and unskilled that included skilled and unskilled workers.workers.

Labor UnionsLabor Unions In, 1886, In, 1886, Haymarket Square RiotHaymarket Square Riot took took

place in Chicago.place in Chicago.

Workers protesting and eight policemen Workers protesting and eight policemen were killed by a bomb.were killed by a bomb.

Protesters were charged and some Protesters were charged and some executed.executed.

End of the Knights of Labor!!!End of the Knights of Labor!!!

Americans turned against Americans turned against labor unions!!!labor unions!!!

Labor UnionsLabor Unions American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor

(AFL)(AFL) was a labor union for skilled was a labor union for skilled workers ONLY.workers ONLY.

Also, Also, Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Debs

wanted to unite skilled wanted to unite skilled

and unskilled workers; and unskilled workers;

led the Pullman Strike.led the Pullman Strike.

Who is the worker’s Who is the worker’s worst enemy?worst enemy?

BIG BUSINESSBIG BUSINESS

Who is the enemy of Who is the enemy of big business?big business?

LABOR UNIONSLABOR UNIONS

Political Political MachinesMachines

Political MachinesPolitical Machines Political machinePolitical machine – group that controlled – group that controlled

politics within a city; worked to get votes for politics within a city; worked to get votes for candidates.candidates.

Tammany HallTammany Hall was the most famous political was the most famous political machine in NYC, led by machine in NYC, led by Boss Tweed.Boss Tweed.

Thomas Nast created political cartoons to show Tammany Hall’s

corruption

Political MachinesPolitical Machines Political machines provided Political machines provided

immigrants with housing and jobs, immigrants with housing and jobs, immigrants provided VOTES!!!immigrants provided VOTES!!!

Political MachinesPolitical Machines Graft Graft – politicians illegally use their – politicians illegally use their

influence for personal gain.influence for personal gain.

Credit Mobilier scandalCredit Mobilier scandal – railroad – railroad company signed a contract to build a company signed a contract to build a railroad at three times the actual cost ($$$) railroad at three times the actual cost ($$$) and kept the profits.and kept the profits.

Political MachinesPolitical Machines PatronagePatronage – giving government jobs – giving government jobs

to friends and supporters.to friends and supporters.

Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 – – must pass a civil service exam to work must pass a civil service exam to work in a federal government job.in a federal government job.