Inner core crust mantle outer core. reverse fault

inner coreinner core

crust

crust

mantle

mantle

outer coreouter core

reverse fault

normal fault

strike-slip fault

thrust or reverse fault

thrust or reverse fault

normal faultnormal fault

strike-slip faultstrike-slip fault

P WavesP Waves

push and pull motionfastest-moving wavestravel in straight pathmove through solid and liquid material

move in up-and-down zigzag patternmove more slowly than P wavescannot travel through liquid material

S WavesS Waves

P waveP wave

S waveS wave

Love waveLove wave

Rayleigh waveRayleigh wave

Mercalli Richtermeasures magnitude

measures destruction

based on man’s observations

2.0 - 2.92.0 - 2.9

4.0 - 4.94.0 - 4.9

5.0 - 5.95.0 - 5.9

6.0 - 6.96.0 - 6.9

7.0 - 7.97.0 - 7.9

8.0 - 8.98.0 - 8.9

3.0 - 3.93.0 - 3.9

Richter Scale EffectsRichter Scale Effects

magma chambermagma chamber

ventvent

lavalava

ashash

sideventsidevent

cratercrater

ClassifyingVolcanoesClassifyingVolcanoes

by shapeby shape

by type of eruption

by type of eruption

by how often they erupt

by how often they erupt

by shapeby shape

cinder cone

cinder cone

shieldshield

composite cone

composite cone

hill-shaped with a bowl-like crater

hill-shaped with a bowl-like crater

upside-down-saucer-shaped

upside-down-saucer-shaped

symmetrical, cone-shapedsymmetrical, cone-shaped

shield volcanoshield volcano

cinder cone volcanocinder cone volcano

composite cone volcanocomposite cone volcano

shieldshield

cinder conecinder cone

composite conecomposite cone

by how often they erupt

by how often they erupt

extinctextinctdormantdormant

activeactive

activeactive• has erupted during

recorded history• is expected to erupt

again

dormantdormant• erupted in distant past• not expected to erupt

again

extinctextinct• does not have a

recorded eruption• is not expected to

erupt

by type of eruption

by type of eruption

PlinianPlinianPeleanPelean

VulcanianVulcanianavalanche of

red-hot dust and gases;

pyroclastic flow

avalanche of red-hot dust and

gases; pyroclastic flow

violent, loud explosion of lava, ashes, cinders,

and gases

violent, loud explosion of lava, ashes, cinders,

and gases

most powerful eruption,

spewing lava, gas, and dust

into atmosphere

most powerful eruption,

spewing lava, gas, and dust

into atmosphereHawaiian/

StrombolianHawaiian/

Strombolian

quiet, runny lava; little or no cinder, ash, or

steam

quiet, runny lava; little or no cinder, ash, or

steam