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Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
LAN RoadsLAN Roads
UTPUTP STPSTP CoaxialCoaxial Fiber OpticsFiber Optics
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Unshielded Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)(UTP)
Relies on cancellation to Relies on cancellation to reduce EMIreduce EMI
Precise specifications Precise specifications for the number of twists for the number of twists per braidper braid
Resistance = 100 ohmsResistance = 100 ohms Be sure to handle & Be sure to handle &
inspect our classroom inspect our classroom sample of UTPsample of UTP
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Unshielded Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)(UTP)
AdvantagesAdvantages Easy to installEasy to install Least expensive of all Least expensive of all
mediamedia Small diameter of Small diameter of
cable cable Proper termination Proper termination
procedures insures procedures insures reliable connectionreliable connection
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Unshielded Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)(UTP)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages More prone to EMI/RFI More prone to EMI/RFI
than any other cablethan any other cable Shortest allowable Shortest allowable
length of any other length of any other cable.cable.
Know these specs!!
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) All the advantages and All the advantages and
disadvantages of UTP.disadvantages of UTP. Foil shields provide Foil shields provide
greater protection greater protection against EMI & RFI.against EMI & RFI.
Increased cost of cableIncreased cost of cable Be sure to handle & Be sure to handle &
inspect our classroom inspect our classroom sample of STPsample of STPKnow these
specs!!
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Coaxial CableCoaxial CableAdvantagesAdvantages Longer cable runs than Longer cable runs than
UTP & STP (up to 500m)UTP & STP (up to 500m) Cheaper than using fiber Cheaper than using fiber
for your backbonefor your backbone Technology is well Technology is well
known (Cable TV)known (Cable TV) Better at reducing EMI Better at reducing EMI
than UTP or STPthan UTP or STP
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Thickness of cableThickness of cable Copper shielding must Copper shielding must
be grounded at both be grounded at both ends of the connectionends of the connection
No longer used as a No longer used as a LAN mediaLAN media
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
Know these diagramed Know these diagramed parts & their purposeparts & their purpose
Be sure to handle & Be sure to handle & inspect our classroom inspect our classroom samples of coaxial samples of coaxial cablecable
Know these specs!!
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Fiber OpticsFiber Optics Know these diagramed Know these diagramed
parts & their purposeparts & their purpose
AdvantagesLonger runs than any other cable (2km)Higher data rates than any other cable (>100Mbps)NO EMI!!
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Fiber OpticsFiber OpticsDisadvantagesDisadvantages Very expensive!!Very expensive!! Difficult to installDifficult to install
Therefore, fiber is used Therefore, fiber is used only for backbone only for backbone installations.installations.
Know these specs!!
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
The “Standards Guys”The “Standards Guys” ISOISO—International Standards —International Standards
OrganizationOrganization IEEEIEEE—Institute of Electrical and —Institute of Electrical and
Electronic EngineersElectronic Engineers TIATIA—Telecommunications Industry —Telecommunications Industry
AssociationAssociation EIAEIA—Electronics Industry Association—Electronics Industry Association ULUL—Underwriters Laboratories—Underwriters Laboratories
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
TIA/EIATIA/EIA TIA & EIA issue standards together for TIA & EIA issue standards together for
technologies that involve both technologies that involve both telecommunications & electronics.telecommunications & electronics.
TIA & EIA have had the greatest impact TIA & EIA have had the greatest impact on networking media standardson networking media standards
TIA/EIA 568A is the cable standard we TIA/EIA 568A is the cable standard we will use when making our cableswill use when making our cables
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
TIA/EIA 568A OverviewTIA/EIA 568A Overview Specifies cable performance & Specifies cable performance &
termination procedures for termination procedures for horizontal horizontal cablingcabling
Six categories (CAT 1 to CAT 6)Six categories (CAT 1 to CAT 6) CAT 5 media includes UTP, STP, CAT 5 media includes UTP, STP,
Coaxial & FiberCoaxial & Fiber CAT 5 UTP is most commonCAT 5 UTP is most common
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Horizontal v. Vertical CablingHorizontal v. Vertical Cabling Horizontal Cabling includes all cabling Horizontal Cabling includes all cabling
that runs from work areas to the wiring that runs from work areas to the wiring closet.closet. ExampleExample:: All Cat 5 UTP cabling in this classroom All Cat 5 UTP cabling in this classroom
is horizontal cablingis horizontal cabling Vertical Cabling is another name for Vertical Cabling is another name for
backbone cabling. backbone cabling. ExampleExample::The fiber optic cabling at Carroll High The fiber optic cabling at Carroll High
School is vertical cablingSchool is vertical cabling
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Horizontal Cabling (TIA/EIA Horizontal Cabling (TIA/EIA 568A)568A)
Work Station(Patch Cable)
HorizontalCable Run
Cross-Connect Jumpers(Patch Cable)
3m 90m 6m+ + = 99m...or approx. 100 meters for CAT 5 UTP
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
IEEE 802.3 (10Base-T IEEE 802.3 (10Base-T Ethernet)Ethernet)
Emerged out of Hawaii’s need to Emerged out of Hawaii’s need to connect islands (Aloha standard)connect islands (Aloha standard)
Has become the “chosen” LAN Has become the “chosen” LAN technologytechnology
Includes specifications for both Layer 1 Includes specifications for both Layer 1 & Layer 2& Layer 2
Your skill in 802.3 implementation will Your skill in 802.3 implementation will migrate to 100Base-TX & 1000Base-Tmigrate to 100Base-TX & 1000Base-T
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
IEEE 802.3 Layer 1 IEEE 802.3 Layer 1 ComponentsComponents
Passive Components (do not add energy)Passive Components (do not add energy) CablingCabling ConnectorsConnectors JacksJacks Patch PanelsPatch Panels
Active Components (adds energy)Active Components (adds energy) Repeaters, Transceivers, & HubsRepeaters, Transceivers, & Hubs
Let’s briefly look at each passive component
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
10Base-T Cabling10Base-T Cabling
Cat 5 Cable is a Layer 1 Cat 5 Cable is a Layer 1 componentcomponent
It carries bits!It carries bits! CAT 5 is the 10Base-T CAT 5 is the 10Base-T
standard cablestandard cable The twisting of wires The twisting of wires
limits signal degradation limits signal degradation through cancellation.through cancellation.
See Picture in
Curriculum
Page 5.4.3
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
10Base-T Connectors10Base-T Connectors Standard 10Base-T Standard 10Base-T
Termination is the Termination is the RRegistered egistered JJack-45ack-45
Similar to phone plug Similar to phone plug except the RJ-45 has 8 except the RJ-45 has 8 pins instead of 4 pinspins instead of 4 pins
Reduces noise, Reduces noise, reflection, & mechanical reflection, & mechanical stability problemsstability problems
See Picture in
Curriculum
Page 5.4.2
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
10Base-T Jacks10Base-T Jacks
RJ-45 Jacks have 8 RJ-45 Jacks have 8 conductors that conductors that match the RJ-45 match the RJ-45 plug’s connectors.plug’s connectors.
See Picture in
Curriculum
Page 5.4.4
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
10Base-T Patch Panels10Base-T Patch Panels Patch panels are used Patch panels are used
to conveniently group a to conveniently group a work area’s connectionswork area’s connections
One side has a place One side has a place for each RJ-45 plugfor each RJ-45 plug
The back side has The back side has punch down blocks that punch down blocks that provide connectivityprovide connectivity
See Pictures in Curriculum
Page 5.4.5
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Collision ReviewCollision Review Collisions occur in broadcast topologies Collisions occur in broadcast topologies
where devices are attached to a shared where devices are attached to a shared media.media.
Shared media is like shared highways.Shared media is like shared highways. Layer 1 devices Layer 1 devices will notwill not solve collision solve collision
problems.problems. Layer 1 devices simply Layer 1 devices simply extendextend collision collision
domainsdomains
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Collision DomainsCollision Domains Collision Domains are the area where Collision Domains are the area where
collisions occur.collisions occur. Layer 1 devices Layer 1 devices will notwill not separate separate
(segment) collision domains.(segment) collision domains. How many collision domains with…How many collision domains with…
A repeater?A repeater? A hub?A hub? A repeater and a hub?A repeater and a hub?
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Collision Domain Collision Domain SegmentationSegmentation Segmentation is the process of dividing Segmentation is the process of dividing
a collision domain into two or more a collision domain into two or more collision domains.collision domains.
Layer 1 devices Layer 1 devices will notwill not segment a segment a collision domain. Why?collision domain. Why?
The only way to segment a collision The only way to segment a collision domain is to use a device that can domain is to use a device that can filter filter network trafficnetwork traffic..
What devices are capable of filtering?What devices are capable of filtering?
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Linear BusLinear Bus
All nodes directly All nodes directly connected to one connected to one physical linkphysical link
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
RingRing
Each node Each node connected only to connected only to adjacent nodes.adjacent nodes.
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
StarStar
AdvantageAdvantage: all : all nodes can easily nodes can easily communicatecommunicate
DisadvantageDisadvantage: core : core node failurenode failure
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Extended StarExtended Star
Each end node of the Each end node of the core acts as its own core acts as its own star topologystar topology
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Hierarchical TopologyHierarchical Topology Also called a tree Also called a tree
topologytopology No central nodeNo central node Two types:Two types:
Binary TreeBinary Tree-each node -each node splits off into two splits off into two nodesnodes
Backbone TreeBackbone Tree-like at -like at Carroll High SchoolCarroll High SchoolWhich type is this graphic?
Institute of Technology Sligo - Dept of Computing
Complete MeshComplete Mesh
What’s unique about What’s unique about this topology?this topology?
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