View
214
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Intra-EU mobility: trends, policies and
impact
Conference on ‘Stimulating Mobility of Young Workers through
Mentoring’, Lisbon, 29th of May 2015
By
Klára Fóti
Research Manager,
Eurofound, LCQL
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Recent Eurofound research – as key source
• Eurofound report Labour mobility in the EU: Recent trends and policies (2014), based on national reports (28 EU countries)
• Preliminary findings from Eurofound project Intra-EU mobility: Impact on public services. Empirical evidence from nine host countries. (Consolidated overview report to be published in 2015)
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Outline
• Introduction: policy discourse
• Trends and extent of mobility between 2008 and 2013
• Experiences with measures for labour market and social inclusion
• Intra-EU mobility: direction East-West dominates – focus on inflow from the Central and East-European Member States (EU8+EU2=EU10) with high level of employment
• Take-up of unemployment benefits and employment services by EU10 citizens in some host countries
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Intra-EU mobility: key dilemmas
Conflicting views on facilitating intra-EU mobility: At EU level: - Free movement as one of the core values of the EU, closely linked
to European citizenship; - The level of intra-EU mobility is low (compared, especially, to US) - Higher labour mobility within the EU – an efficient tool for better
matching labour demand with supply At Member State level: - Most key host countries of EU15: concerns, such as potential
abuse of their welfare system, social dumping, etc. - Many sending countries of the EU12/EU13: losing talented young
people (brain drain), aggravated consequences of ageing of their population, etc.
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Annual cross-border and within-region mobility as a percentage of total population, 2010
0,29
0,39
0,95
0,98
1,24
1,5
2,4
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
EU27: between 27 countries
Canada: between Quebec and 9 otherprovinces/territories
EU15: between NUTS-1 regions within countries
Canada: between 10 provinces/territories
US: between 4 main regions
Australia: between 8 states/territories
US: between 50 states
Labour mobility: low in international comparison (OECD-data)
Source: OECD, 2012
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Changing patterns in labour mobility in the EU
Change in employment by nationality, 2008–2012, EU27 (thousands)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Change
08-12
EU27 migrant
workers 5,771.5 5,870.8 6,073.0 6,405.2 6,599.0 14.3
Non-EU migrant
workers 8,854.6 8,574.0 8,559.5 8,684.7 8,582.3 -3.1
Native born
workers 206,535.0 202,930.8 201,679.5 201,851.1 200,799.0 -2.8
Source: EU-LFS, 2008–2012
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
EU nationals working in another Member State as a percentage of total employment, 2008–2012
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2008 2012
Scale of intra-EU labour mobility
Source: EU-LFS, 2008–2012
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Mobile EU citizens and third-country nationals as % of the total labour force, by country of residence, 2013
Activity rate Employment rate Unemployment rate
TCN 67.7% 52.6% 12.4%
Nationals 72% 64.5% 22.2%
EU mobile
citizens
77.7% 68% 10%
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Age composition of natives, EU-born foreign and non-EU-born foreign workers (%)
Source: Eurostat, EU-LFS, annual data, 2011, quoted in Eurofound, 2014, p. 29.
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Main barrier to intra-EU mobility: Language
Practical difficulties encountered or expected in relation to working abroad (% of respondents)
52%
24%
16%
16%
13%
11%
10%
10%
10%
9%
6%
4%
4%
2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Lack of language skills
Finding a job
Finding a suitable housing
Adapting to a different culture
Dealing with the necessary adinistrative formalities
Accessing health care and other social benefits
Obtaining a work permit
Finding a job for my partner / spouse
Having my educational and professional qualifications recognised
having my pension rights transferred
Problems to return home and integrate inot professional or private life
Problems with income taxes or similar
Access to childcare, school or university for your children
Other
Source: Eurobarometer, 337/ Wave 72.5
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
• 14 EU Member States offer publicly funded language courses to EU mobile citizens: CZ, DK, EE, DE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, PT, RO, SK, SE
• National public employment services offer language courses to their citizens prior to departure to another country: HR, EE, FR, LV, LU, PL and SI
Availability of publicly-funded foreign language courses in the Member States
Source: Eurofound 2014, based on national reports
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Main source of help received by working EU migrants in the host country to find current job or set up a business
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
GR CY PT IE FR LU LT NL UK AT ES BE SE EU15
Relatives/friends Public employment services
Private employment services Migrant or ethnic organisation
Other None
Availability of information about job opportunities in EU countries
Source: 2008 ad-hoc module of the EU-LFS Notes: Data available only for selected EU countries; data refers to migrants aged 15–74 yrs.
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
• Evidence that EURES – through the national public employment agencies – is increasingly becoming a key provider of information on job vacancies
• Public employment services in some Member States (FR, LV, LT and SE) have established additional job search databases to promote international vacancies
• With support of ESF and in cooperation with EURES, special agreements were signed by the German government with other EU Member States to attract young EU workers to Germany (see details on MobiPro-EU on the next slide)
• Cooperation between national employment agencies and information-sharing resources is still limited and needs to be further enhanced.
Support to cross-border matching of jobseekers and vacancies
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
• Sweden seems to be the only country providing support also for cross-country mobility within its active labour market policy measures. Its public employment service provides: – support for relocation expenses
– support for travelling costs for job interviews
– compensation for travel costs and accommodation for participants in labour market programmes
– Support provided for interregional and cross-border labour mobility
• Coordination between public employment services (PES) is conducted by EURES, but more to be done. This is the reason for recent EURES-reforms.
Support for moving
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Support for young people – two examples
• MobiPro-EU: “The Job of my Life”. A programme, funded by Germany and partly by the EU and started in 2013. The new government continued it for the period of 2014-2017, for dual learning (budget: EUR 560 million), for people aged 18-17. Initially: agreement with Spain, later cooperation with EURES member-organisations, where unemployment is high. Partner countries: PT, ES, IT, BG, HR and IE. The programme included pre-departure training
• INOVContacto in Portugal: provision of quality training opportunities for young graduates, not only from the EU. Follow-up conducted with the participants (evaluation), having an alumni network.
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
INTRA-EU MOBILITY: DIRECTION EAST-WEST DOMINATES WITH HIGH EMPLOYMENT
(FOCUS ON EU10 CITIZENS)
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Increased inflow of EU 10 citizens compared to other EU citizens
between 2004 and 2013: the example of Germany
Increase in immigration of EU mobile citizens – due mainly to increasing inflow from EU10 countries
Increasing inflow from EU10 by countries
•
Source: Country study on Denmark and Germany, respectively
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
Number and share of EU10 citizens in the 9 host countries
Number of EU10 citizens
63.898
1200000
225.962
1.175.138 1.128.511
126.643 158.037 143.075
1328250
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
Their share in total population (%)
1,1
1,6
5
2,5
1,9
0,8
2
1,5
2,1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sources: Country studies/Eurostat
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
EU28 EU27 EU15 DK DE IEES IT
NLAT
SWUK
67,6 67,6 67,5 66,9 68,4 65
54,8
66,9 72
66,9 65
80,3
Total
Native
EU12
Source: Eurostat
Employment rate of EU12 mobile citizens (NMS), compared to that of natives and total, by host countries, 2011
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
TAKE-UP OF BENEFITS AND SERVICES BY EU10 MOBILE CITIZENS,
COMPARED WITH OTHER GROUPS
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Natives EU-10 Poland Bulgaria Romania EU-15 Candidatemember-states
Social assistance
Unemployment
Occupational disability
Take up of benefits – example Netherlands
Take up of main types of benefits by natives, EU-10 migrants and some other migrant groups in percent in the Netherlands (December, 2012)
Source: Eurofound – country study Netherlands
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
• Needs of mobile EU citizens not met by host countries: information provision and language services
• Pressure at local level (schools, health service etc.) where there is increased concentration of EU mobile citizens (especially UK, Germany)
• Staff in service providers need better and more training on regulations concerning EU mobile citizens
Impact of intra-EU mobility on public services
Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015
• More attention should be directed towards inclusion measures, for example language courses and information provision not only to facilitate better labour market and social integration, but also to prevent poverty among EU mobile citizens
• Enhanced cooperation between national employment services would assist job-matching across borders
• There is a need to know more about “best practices” so that they could be applied in other Member States as well.
Some conclusions
Recommended