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Introduction to Colonization & Decolonization: Case Studies in Modern Africa and Asia. Colonization in 1945. Terms. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction to Colonization & Decolonization: Case Studies in Modern Africa and Asia
Colonization in 1945
Terms
colonialism: one country’s domination of another country or people, usually achieved through aggressive actions; involves formal political control of one country over another
colony: the territory acquired, usually through aggressive actions
colonization: the act of colonizing
imperialism: similar to colonialism but used more broadly to refer to political or economic control exercised either formally or informally
new imperialism: period of European imperialism involving extension of formal political control in Africa and Asia, 1870-1914
decolonization: process of granting independence to a colony; refers particularly to the period after WWII when European colonies in Africa and Asia achieved independence
History of Imperialism – Periods:
I. Imperialism before 1450II. Age of European Exploration & Early Modern
European Imperialism (1450-1700)III. European Merchant Empires (1700-1815)IV. Imperialism of Free Trade (1815-1870)V. New Imperialism (1870-1914)VI. Mandates (post-WWI) & Trusts (post-WWII)VII. Decolonization (1945-1970)VIII. Modern Economic Imperialism &
Neocolonialism
I. Imperialism before 1450
one state attempts to dominate all others through unified system of control
new territories usually adjacent or nearly adjacent to imperial center
Alexander the Great’s Empire, 320 B.C.
Roman Empire, 117 C.E.
Mongol Empire, late 1200s
Ottoman Empire, 1300-1699
Aztec Empire, 1400s-1521
II. Age of European Exploration & Early Modern European Imperialism (1450-1700)
emerging European nation-states compete for political and economic power drives exploration of and expansion into new lands
extension of formal political control over territories
new territories typically overseas – in S and SE Asia and New World
Why?
ECONOMIC/POLITICAL POWER desire for products
mercantilism – control trade ofcolonies in order to reap benefits
trade as war
Trading Companies
British East India Company (1600)
Dutch East India Company (1602)
Dutch West India Company (1621)
Why?
GOD (i.e. RELIGION)
Who?
1. Portugal (1415)2. Spain3. Netherlands, England,
France
In 1492 ….
… Columbus sailed the ocean blue …
… and the lucky guy ran into a giant heap of dirt in the way of his targeted destination.
Result: Spain builds a colonial empire in the so-called “New World.”
Going back a bit to 1488 …Bartholomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Good Hope
[And 518 years later, so did I!]
And in 1498…
Vasco da Gama rounds the southernmost tip of Africa...
… and reaches India via the sea
Cape Agulhas
Portuguese Empire, at maximum extent in the 16th c.
Spanish Empire in 1770
Dutch Colonies, 17th c.
British Colonies in North America, 1763-1775
French Colonial Empire
Keylight blue = first empire of 1600s-1700s; dark blue = second empire, built after 1830
III. European Merchant Empires (1700-1815)
by 18th c. European exploration and expansion resulted in the creation of powerful sea-based empires
world system = area where different cultures are related through commercial and other interactions
3 world systems
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
Indian Ocean
North Atlantic system
regions: Western Europe, Russia, the Baltic, Scandinavia, Newfoundland, Canada and northeastern USA
colonial powers: French, Dutch, English
main products: timber, fish, fur
South Atlantic system
regions: South and Central America, Brazil, Caribbean, West Africa, southeastern USA
colonial powers: Spanish, Portuguese, English
main products: silver, sugar, tobacco, African slaves, cotton
Indian Ocean system
regions: South and Southeast Asia, East Africa
colonial power: Britain main products: spices, silk, other
luxury goods
IV. Imperialism of Free Trade (1815-1870)
extension of informal influence (namely economic) rather than asserting formal political control
driven by capitalism product of Industrial Revolution
(begins in Britain ca. 1780) Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776)
“The sun never sets on the British Empire.”
V. New Imperialism (1870-1914)
states resume extending formal political control, not just economic or diplomatic influence
territories acquired in Africa and Asia
still driven by capitalism
Imperialism in Africa, 1914
Imperialism in Asia, 1914
VI. Mandates (post-WWI) & Trusts (post-WWII)
League of Nations mandates – transferred control of German and Ottoman colonies to WWI victors
United Nations Trust Territories – successors to mandates when UN replaced League of Nations in 1946 colonial power required to set target
date for trust’s independence
League of Nations mandates in Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific
VII. Decolonization (1945-1970)
VIII. Modern Economic Imperialism & Neocolonialism
economic domination: the domination by a powerful, usually Western nation of another nation that is politically independent but has a weak economy greatly dependent on trade with the powerful nation
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