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Pica
Eating inedible substances Often in kids with developmental disabilities
Risk factors: Family disorganization Nutritional deficiencies Behavior is being unintentionally reinforced
Autism
Developmental disorder/communication disorder
Neurobiological
1 in 150 are diagnosedBoys are 4x more likely than girls
Autism
“spectrum” disorder
Lost in their private worlds
Impaired social interaction
Sensory difficulties
Autism
Early diagnosis/interventionLack of eye contactNo pointing
Behavior modificationNutritional interventions? Medication?
Adolescence
Adolescence is constructed differently across cultures
Different traits/attributes are seen as desirable, based on cultural context
Adolescence
Puberty: the biological event associated with adolescence
Body image:Boys become more satisfiedGirls become less satisfied
Erik Erikson: (1903-1994) Psychosocial Dilemmas Psychosocial stages
At each stage, a “crisis”
The stages are relational
Major events in a typical life
Assumptions:
Broad similarities across individuals during life stages
Developmental tasks
Developmental milestones
The Impact on Development
The manner in which we resolve the crises has implications for our future development
Stages
Industry vs. Inferiority (age 6-12)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Lawrence Kohlberg:Moral Development Piagetian tradition
Use of hypothetical moral dilemmashow do we reason about morality?
Exclusively male
Levels of Moral Development
Pre-conventional: moral thinking classified by the consequences
Conventional: desire to please others; follow socially prescribed rules
Post-conventional: self-accepting moral principles
Preconventional
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation Choices based on possible punishments We must obey rules without question
“it’s against the law; it’s bad to steal” Why? “Because you’ll get in trouble” “it’s okay if he stole it, because he won’t get punished”
Preconventional
Stage 2: Individualism vs. Exchange Pleasure seeking; self interest; helping others only if it
will benefit you Other people have different viewpoints; all relative
“Heinz thinks it’s okay, the druggist doesn’t” “Heinz was right, but the druggist should make him
work at the store to make the money back”
Conventional
Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationshipsGood boy/good girl: pleasing others/being
nice to gain approvalConcern for motives, concern for others
“Heinz was right, he had good intentions”“The druggist was selfish and greedy”
Conventional
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social OrderAuthority orientation; order, upholding the lawConcern for society as a whole
“Heinz was acting to save his wife, but if we all stole, society would be in chaos”
Post conventional
Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights Support of rules, but rules are open to question Democratic values Social contract between people and society
“While stealing is not ideal, Heinz was ultimately correct in his decision; his wife’s life was on the line, and life is more important than property”
Post conventional
Stage 6: Universal Principlesself chosen ethical principlesJustice and equalityPerspective taking
Civil disobedienceBecame a theoretical stage
How do people reason?
Pre-conventional: kids and delinquents
Conventional: older kids and most adults
Post-conventional: 20% of the adult population
Carol Gilligan
Justice or Caring?
Critique of Kohlberg:Emphasis on justiceMen did better than women
What about the ethic of caring?
Ethic of caring
Gilligan: women look for altruistic solutions that benefit everyone
Research: little to no difference in male/female decision making
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