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Introduction
To VRF:
System
Overview,
Applications,
& Savings
Opportunities
System System
OverviewOverview
What is VRF?
• Zoning System
• Two-Pipe / Three Pipe System
• Packaged DDC Control
• Operates as a Heat Pump
• Simultaneous Cooling & Heating
• Inverter Technology / Variable Speed Compressor
• Multiple Indoor Units – Up to 50 Indoor Units Per System
• Connected Diversity – Up to 150%
• Variable Capacity Indoor Units
• EMS / BMS Compatibility
• High Turn Down Ratios – Below 10% In Many Cases
Variable
Refrigerant
Flow
INVERTER Technology
Changes electrical frequency from 60 Hz (line Power) to a varying range (10 Hertz to 110 Hertz – depending on the system)
INVERTER Technology
Time
Room Temperature
� Automatically adjusts compressor speed to meet load� Sizing flexibility with variable capacity � Strives to run long periods at lower speeds.
• Reduced / eliminated cyclic losses � Improved temperature control
• No more minimum cycle timers – no temperature overshoot.
VRFVRF
VR
FSETPOINT
CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONAL
AHRI Standard 1230 – VRF HAS ARRIVED !
3.27 VRF Multi-Split System. A split system air-conditioner or heat pump incorporating a single refrigerant circuit, with one or more outdoor units, at least one variable speed compressor or an alternative compressor combination for varying the capacity of the system by three or more steps, multiple indoor fan coil units, each of which is individually metered and individually controlled by a proprietary control device and common communications network. The system shall be capable of operating either as an air conditioner or a heat pump. Variable refrigerant flow implies three or more steps of control on common, inter-connecting piping.
The Evolution VRF
Example (Mitsubishi City Multi):
� Japan 20+ Years, Tried and Proven!
� Europe 15+ Years, depending on the country
� Latin America 10+ Years, from Mitsubishi US
� Bermuda 10+ Years
� USA since 2002!
Simultaneous Systems Components
OUTDOORUNIT Remote
Controllers+BC / BranchCONTROLLER + INDOOR
UNITS+
or
WATER-SOURCE UNIT
Typical Simultaneous 2-Pipe VRF System Layout
Changeover Systems Components
OUTDOORUNIT
CONTROLS+INDOORUNITS+
or
WATER-SOURCE UNIT
Typical Changeover VRF Systems Layout
COOLING
HEATING
Power Supply
Controls Example
Central Controllers
Power Supply
TG-2000 LAN
Hub
TG-2000
PC Control
Remote Controllers
Building Management System (BMS)
HubEthernet
LonTalk
Central Controller
BACnet
Building Management Systems
May Be A HardwareInterface
ApplicationsApplications
& System & System
CapabilitiesCapabilities
Target Commercial Applications
Buildings where zoning is required
Applications where sound is important
HistoricRenovations
Multi-Story Office Buildings
Hotels
Banks
Universities
Churches
SEACOAST PROTECTION
Hospital Admin Areas / MOB – Non Procedure
RESIDENTIAL
BANKS
Additional Applications
Building UseOccupant LoadSolar Load
Cooling Diversity – 3 Types
VRF Excels at Heat Recovery Applications !
Typical Winter Loads
Heat
CHILLER, COOLINGTOWER, &PUMPS
Heat BOILER& PUMPS
$
$
Why Spend Money On
Both?
Heat
BTU/$ - VRF Makes Good Sense !
Diversity - Heating
Minimal Diversity Available !
Ambient Modification Charts• Available capacity decreases• Both outdoor and indoor units de-rated• Defrost Operation
Evaluation of De-ratings Important!• Use tools available from VRF manufacturer to
accurately access de-ratings.
Auxiliary Heating Changeover Point• Try and maximize heat pump hours – depends on
climate.Columbus Ohio:90% of heating hours above 25 Deg F based on Hourly Average Weather Data.
Evaluation of De-ratings Important !• Use tools available from VRF manufacturer to
accurately access de-ratings.
Typical Range Of Available VRF Systems
Air Cooled6 – 24 Ton (Simultaneous)
6 – 30 Ton (Change Over)
208/230, 460 Volt – 3 Phase
62 dB(A) Operating Sound Level
Water Cooled6 – 20 Ton (Simultaneous)
6 – 30 Ton (Change Over)
208/230, 460 Volt – 3 Phase
Single Phase3, 4 Ton (Change Over)
208/230, 1 - Phase
Partial Backup capability with multiple / twinned u nits.
The remaining one or two units will perform backup operation
Twinned Units Typically Required above 12 Tons
Partial Back-up Operation
Typical Outdoor Temperature Operating Range
Cooling – Can be extended with low ambient options ( as low as -10 F)
-20-4
-155
-1014
-523
032
541
1050
1559
2068
2577
3086
3595
40104
45113
50122
oCDBoFDB
Heating
-24-13
-13-10
-20-4
-155
-1014
-523
032
541
1050
1559
2068
2577
3086
3595
40104
oCWBoFWB
Outdoor Temperature
Outdoor Temperature
115 F 23 F Single Phase – Air Cooled
23 F Simultaneous & Changeover – Air Cooled 115 F
23 F 115 F Extended Heat Capacity – Air Cooled
Single Phase – Air Cooled0 F 60 F
Simultaneous & Changeover – Air Cooled-4 F 60 F
Extended Heat Capacity – Air Cooled 60 F -13 F
NOT your typical Heat Pump Technology !
Extended Range Heat Pump Technology
70oF entering air temp
Not Your Typical Heat Pump !
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-13 -4 5 17 25 30 35 40 47
Outdoor Temperature oFWB
% H
eatin
g C
apac
ity
Extended Rang VRF Standard VRF
100%
87%
75%
50%
Water-source VRF Units - Changeover Systems
Heat Recovery In Water Loop OnlyHeat Recovery In Water Loop Only
Water Circuit
System System ““ AA”” in in COOLING ModeCOOLING Mode
(refrigerant (refrigerant absorbing heat)absorbing heat)
Heat is recovered
between the units within
the water loop
System System ““ BB”” in in HEATING ModeHEATING Mode
(refrigerant (refrigerant discharging heat)discharging heat)
PQHY Unit “A”
PQHY Unit “B”
Cooling
Cooling
Cooling
Cooling
Heating
Heating
Heating
Heating
Water-source VRF Units – Simultaneous Systems
Heat Recovery In Two Locations
Indoor unitsIndoor units
Water circuit
Indoor unitsIndoor unitsHeat recovery
Heat recovery
Cooling
Cooling
Cooling
Cooling
Heating
Heating
Heating
Heating
PQRY
PQRY
Heat is recovered
between the units within
the water loop
Directly Coupled to a Lake or PondOpen Loop
NO
NO
Directly Coupled to Ground water
Open Loop
Water-source VRF Units
Installations not allowed! NO
Heat Exchanger Isolation
Coupled to a Lake or PondClosed Loop
HX YESHeat ExchangerIsolation
Coupled to Ground WaterClosed Loop
HX
YES
Water-source VRF Units
Installations allowed YES
Closed PipingLoop
Coupled to EarthVertical Closed Loop
YES
Closed Piping Loop
Coupled to EarthHorizontal Closed Loop
YES
Water-source VRF Units
Installations allowed YES
IndoorIndoor
Equipment Equipment
FlexibilityFlexibility
Indoor Unit Flexibility
� Multiple styles ranging from 6,000 to 96,000 Btu/h
� Typically single phase below 6 Nominal Tons
� Linear Expansion Valve
� Variable Capacity Operation
� Mode: Fan,Fan, Cool,Cool, Dry, Dry, AutoAuto, HeatHeat
� Built in or accessory condensate removal options from factory.
� Typical Ventilation Air options – most models
� Average operating sound levels around 35 dB(A) +/-
Wall Mounted6 - 30 MBtu/h
Ceiling Suspended15 - 36 MBtu/h
Floor Standing6 – 24 MBtu/h
Product Review CITY MULTI VRF
Indoor Unit Flexibility
4 – Way Large Cassette12 - 36 MBtu/h
4 - Way Small Cassette8 – 15 Mbtu/h
One Way Cassette6 – 15 Mbtu/h
Product Review CITY MULTI VRF
Indoor Unit Flexibility
Enhanced air distribution by independent vane settings
Independent Vane Control
Vanes can be independently adjusted by a remote controller
Fixed
Horizontal
Air Vanes – 4 Way Cassettes
Medium Static6 – 54 Mbth/h
High Static15 – 96 Mbtu/h
Low Profile15 – 24 Mbtu/h
Vertical Ducted12 – 54 Mbtu/h
Product Review CITY MULTI VRF
Indoor Unit Flexibility – Ducted Units
Recessed Unit – St. Xavier Cathedral
Refrigerant Refrigerant
Piping & Piping &
Refrigerant Refrigerant
LeakageLeakage
Refrigerant Piping Flexibility – 2 Pipe Example
393 ft.984 ft.-1640 ft.
3,280 ft.1,804 ft.-2,460 ft.1,804 ft.-2,625 ft.Total Piping Length
PIPING LENGTH`Simultaneous
Air Cooled
2-Pipe
Simultaneous Water Cooled
2-Pipe
Changeover
Air Cooled
2-Pipe
Changeover
Water Cooled
2-Pipe
Single Phase Air
Cooled
Farthest Indoor unit 541 ft. 541 ft. 541 ft. 541 ft. 26 2 ft.
PIPING HEIGHTSimultaneous Air & Water Cooled
2-Pipe
Changeover Air & Water Cooled
2-Pipe
Single Phase Air
cooled
Outdoor Unit HIGHER than Indoor Unit 164 ft.* 98 ft.
Outdoor Unit LOWER than Indoor Unit 131 ft. 65 ft.
Indoor Unit to Any BC Controller 49 ft. n/a n/a
Two Pipe Example
• Soft Copper BC to IU
• Reducers possible at BC
• Soft Copper BC to IU
• Reducers possible at BC
12 indoor-unit system – Heat Recovery12 indoor-unit system – Heat Recovery
Three Pipe Example
• Hard copper from OU to BS
• Reducer fittings
• Hard copper from OU to BS
• Reducer fittings
12 indoor-unit system – Heat Recovery12 indoor-unit system – Heat Recovery
Refrigerant Leakage Concentration Levels
What is RCL?� Refrigerant Concentration Limit (RCL): “the refrigerant
concentration limit, in air, determined in accordance with this standard and intended to reduce the risks of acute toxicity asphyxiation and flammability hazards in normally occupied, enclosed spaces”
� RCL typically expressed as lbs/1000 ft3
Determination of RCL
�Referenced Codes/Standards� International Mechanical Code
• Previously set RCL for R-410A at 10 lbs/MCF• 2009 Revisions raises RCL to 25 lbs/MCF
� ISO-5149• ISO-5149 sets R-410A RCL as 18.7 lbs/MCF
� ASHRAE 15-2007• ASHRAE 15-2007 establishes the R-410A RCL as 25lbs/MCF
through reference to ASHRAE 34.
Critical Concentration Calculation
RCL (R410A) = 25 lb./McfRefrigerant Charge (Rc) of a P72 = 23 lbs 3 oz = 23.1875 lbs
MAV = Minimum Applied Volume (cubic feet)MAV = Rc/RCL
MAV = (23.1875 lbs)/(25 lbs/1000 cu ft)MAV = 927.5 cu ft
Appropriate Solutions
Option 1-Locate Equipment within larger space•Ducted communicating spaces w/ no closure devices that restrictairflow below 10% of peak airflow.
Option 2-Do not use equipment with refrigerant
Option 3-Increase room volume through the use of openings•Door Undercuts, transfer ducts or grilles.
Option 1 Option 2
Option 3
• Inverter-driven compressors / part load performance !
• Variable capacity indoor units !
• Extended Heat Pump (Air to Air)Capability !
• Simultaneous cooling and heating !
The Efficiencies from “VRF System Effect”
Summary of Refrigerant Management
� Refrigerant Concentration Limit is a tool to protec t the public
� Informed and educated engineers can incorporate necessary measures to meet the RCL.
� R410A is of lowest toxicity and is NOT combustible.
Energy Standards Energy Standards
& Savings & Savings
AHRI 1230 & IEER
� AHRI Standard 1230 created a testing standard for VRF equipment above 65,000 Btu/h (below 65,000 Btu/h continues to be rated in accordance with AHRI Standard 210/240-2008)
� On January 1st, 2010, IEER superseded IPLV as the testing standard for VRF equipment above 65,000 Btu/h
� Unlike testing VRF for IPLV (according to AHRI Standard 210/240), testing for IEER involves actual testing at part load conditions and assigning weighted values to each test point
� Testing VRF for IEER involves testing at four fixed conditions: 100%, 75%, 50%, & 25% load. The equipment is still not allowe d to vary compressor speed and indoor unit capacity to meet a varying load as it was designed to do
� Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Efficiency (Not Ye t Tested)
� SCHE = (Heating Capacity (Btu/h) + Cooling Capacity (Btu/h)) / Total System Power Input (Watts)
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 VRF Benchmarks
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 VRF Benchmarks
Energy Star Requirements
Energy Modeling
EnergyProVersion 5.0
Accepted by the USGBC for Compliance with Energy and
Atmosphere Credit 1
Sample Building in Part Load: OA Temp 50oF
Simultaneous Load:
Cooling: 27000 BTUHeating: 21000 BTU
3000 BTU
6000 BTU
3000 BTU
3000 BTU
3000 BTU
Elect
Janitor
Break RoomLobby/Waiting Room
ConferenceRoom
Office #1 Office #2
Cubicle Area
Open WorkRoom
6000 BTU12000 BTU
6000 BTU
3000 BTU
3000 BTU
WomenMen
PURY-P72
What Makes Energy Pro Different
What Makes Energy Pro Different
Cooling Power Input PURY-P72
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0 12000 24000 36000 48000 60000 72000 84000
System Load BTUH
Pow
er
Inpu
t KW
72,000 BTUH6.48 KW
27,000 BTUH2.38 KW
What Makes Energy Pro Different
Outdoor Temperature Power Input Correction(For a 68 Indoor WB Temperature)
1.5000
1.6000
1.7000
1.8000
1.9000
2.0000
2.1000
2.2000
2.3000
2.4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
OA Temperature FDB
Pow
er In
put K
W
2.38 KW at 95oF
1.87 KW at 50oF
What does this mean
� Getting 27,000 BTUH of cooling and 21,000 BTUH of heating, while providing only 1.87 KW to the outdoor unit.
� This savings cannot be realized without the ability to model simultaneous heating and cooling.
For this scenario,Calculated Efficiency of 25.7 EER
School Energy Modeling Results
School--Percentage Energy Cost Savings V/S Comparab le Systems
0% 4% 7% 11% 14% 18% 21% 25% 28% 32%
Atlanta
Miami
Boston
NYC
Chicago
Dallas
LA
Seattle
Loca
tion
Energy Savings
CM v/s VAV
CM v/s 4 Pipe
CM v/s WSHP
Office Building Energy Modeling Results
Percentage Energy Savings V/S Comparable Systems
0% 4% 7% 11% 14% 18% 21% 25%
Atlanta
Miami
Boston
NYC
Chicago
Dallas
LA
Seattle
Loca
tion
Energy Savings
CM v/s 4 Pipe
CM v/s VAV
CM v/s WSHP
Questions & Answers
Thank You For Having Us Today!
We Are Here To Help Make Your VRF Projects Successful !
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