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© 2006 IBM Corporation
Introduction to
Malcolm BeattieLinux Technical Consultant, IBM UK
z/VM and Linux on System z
From a presentation by Ralf Schiefelbein, IBM Germany
2 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Trademarks
Intel is a trademark of the Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries.Java and all Javarelated trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries.Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both.Microsoft, Windows and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.SET and Secure Electronic Transaction are trademarks owned by SET Secure Electronic Transaction LLC.UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.* All other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Notes: Performance is in Internal Throughput Rate (ITR) ratio based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput improvements equivalent to the performance ratios stated here. IBM hardware products are manufactured from new parts, or new and serviceable used parts. Regardless, our warranty terms apply.All customer examples cited or described in this presentation are presented as illustrations of the manner in which some customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics will vary depending on individual customer configurations and conditions.This publication was produced in the United States. IBM may not offer the products, services or features discussed in this document in other countries, and the information may be subject to change without notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for information on the product or services available in your area.All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.Information about nonIBM products is obtained from the manufacturers of those products or their published announcements. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the performance, compatibility, or any other claims related to nonIBM products. Questions on the capabilities of nonIBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.Prices subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography.This presentation and the claims outlined in it were reviewed for compliance with US law. Adaptations of these claims for use in other geographies must be reviewed by the local country counsel for compliance with local laws.
* Registered trademarks of IBM Corporation
The following are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
AIX*CICS*DB2*DB2ConnectDB2 Universal Databaseebusiness logo
ESCON*FICONIBM*IBM logo*IMS/ESAMQSeries*
System i5*System xVSE/ESAVirtualisation Engine*WebSpherez/OS
The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of other companies.
Multiprise*NetfinityOS/390*PR/SMRS/6000*S/390*
S/390 Parallel Enterprise ServerSecureWaySystem/390*System z9*System p5*
z/VMzSeriesxSeriespSeriesBladeCenterOn Demand
3 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Logical representation of resources not constrained by physical limitations► Create many virtual resources within single physical device
► Reach beyond the box – see and manage many virtual resources as one
► Dynamically change and adjust across the infrastructure
What is virtualization?
4 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
* Resources include: processors, memory, I/O adapters and devices, networking interfaces, coprocessors
Partitioning is the division of a single server’s resources* into multiple, independent, isolated systems capable of running their own operating system
Three types of partitioning:► Hardware – resources are allocated to partitions on a onetoone
basis with the underlying physical hardware (no sharing among partitions)
► Logical – resources are managed by hardware firmware and allocated to partitions with a finer granularity than hardware partitioning (resource sharing among partitions)
► Software – resources are managed by a software layer, aggregated into shared resource pools, and apportioned to users as virtual system resources, separating the presentation of the resources from the actual physical entities
What is partitioning?
5 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Hardware partitioning subdivides a server into fractions, each of which can run an OS Hypervisors use a thin layer of code to achieve finegrained, dynamic resource sharing Type 1 hypervisors with high efficiency and availability will become dominant for servers Type 2 hypervisors will be mainly for clients where host OS integration is desirable
Hypervisor software/firmwareruns directly on server
Hypervisor software runs ona host operating system
System z PR/SM and z/VMPOWER HypervisorHP Integrity VMVMware Infrastructure (ESX)
VMware Server (GSX)Xen HypervisorMicrosoft Virtual Server
Sun Domains, HP nPartitionsLogical partitioning
Physical partitioning
System p LPAR, HP vPartitions
Adjustablepartitions
PartitionController
...
SMP Server
OS
Apps
OS
Apps
Hypervisor
SMP Server
...OS
Apps
OS
Apps
Host OS
SMP Server
Hypervisor
...OS
Apps
OS
Apps
Hardware Partitioning Hypervisor: Type 1 Hypervisor: Type 2
Server Virtualization Approaches
6 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
What: Virtual Machines
A virtual machine is an execution context that obeysthe architecture
The purpose of z/VM is to virtualize the real hardware:► Faithfully replicate the z/Architecture Principles of Operation► Permit any virtual configuration that could legitimately exist in real hardware► Let many virtual machines operate simultaneously► Allow over commitment of the real hardware (processors, for example)► Your limits will depend on the size of your physical zSeries computer
Virtual machine aka VM user ID, VM logon, VM Guest, Virtual Server
Hypervisor (z/VM Control Program)
Virtual Machine…Virtual MachineVirtual Machine
7 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
What: Virtual Machines in Practice
Control Program Component – manages virtual machines that adhere to the S/390 architecture and the z/Architecture
Extensions available through CP system services and features
CMS is special single user system and part of z/VM Control Program interaction via console device
Hypervisor (z/VM Control Program)
Othersz/TPFLinux 64bit
Linux 32bitz/VSECMSz/OS
8 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Phrases Associated with Virtual Machines
Logical processorLogical processor
Logical processor
Logical processor
Logical processor
Logical processor
Logical processor
PR/SM LPARLogical PartitionLogical Partition
z/VM Control Program
Virtual processorVirtual processor
Virtual processor
Virtual processor
z/VM Control Program
Virtual processor z/OS or z/VSE
Linux
Linux
9 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Phrases associated with Virtual Machines In VM
► Guest: a system that is operating in a virtual machine,also known as user or userid
► Running under VM or Running on VM: Running a systemas a guest of VM
► Running second level: Running a system as a guest of VMwhich is itself a guest of another VM
► A virtual machine may have multiple virtual processors► Sharing is very important
In relationship to LPAR (partitioning)► Logical Partition: LPAR equivalent of a virtual machine► Logical Processor: LPAR equivalent of a virtual processor► Running native or Running in BASIC mode: running without
LPAR● Note: Basic mode is not available on z890, z990 or z9
► Isolation is very important
10 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
System z – A closer look at the ultimate virtualization resource
Utilization often exceeds 80%► Handles peak workload
utilization of 100% without service level degradation
Massive consolidation platform► 60 logical partitions, hundreds of
virtual servers under z/VM► Virtualization is builtin, not addedon► HiperSockets for memoryspeed
communication► Most sophisticated and complete
hypervisor function available Intelligent & autonomic mgmt.
of diverse workloads andsystem resources based on business policies and workload performance objectives
IBM Mainframe
CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4
Partitioning Firmware
z/VM z/VM z/VM
11 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
System z virtualization / partitioning
IFL Processors
Memory
z/VM
Linux Linux CMS Linux
L P A R
Memory
z/OS
L P A R
Control Program
WebSphere
Memory
L P A R
Processor Resource / System Manager (PR/SM)
Traditional OLTP and
BatchApacheSysAdmin
Tools
WebSphere
Test
HiperSockets & Virtual Networking and Switching
WLM WLM
I/O & Network
Processors
z/OS
z/VM
Linux
FTP
z/OS
Test
Memory
L P A R
System z provides two levels of partitioning
► PR/SM enablesscalable virtual server hosting for LPAR environments
► z/VM provides hypervisor function for highly scalable virtualization
12 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Logical Partitions (LPARs)
Virtual Servers z/VM
z/VM – Unlimited Virtualization
Mature technology► CP67 introduced in 1967
Software Hypervisor integrated in hardware► Sharing of CPU, memory and I/O resources► Virtual network – virtual switches/routers ► Virtual I/O (minidisks, virtual cache, …)► Virtual appliances (SNA/NCP, etc.)
Easy management► Rapid install of new servers
● Cloning or IBM Director task z/VM Center► Selfoptimizing workload management► Excellent automation and system management
facilities► Flexible solution for test and development
systems
13 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
The value of z/VM for Linux
Enhanced performance, growth and scalability► Server consolidation enables horizontal growth► Ntier architecture on two tiers of hardware► Extensive support for sharing resources ► Virtual networking► Effective isolation of Linux images, if required
Increased productivity► Development and testing► Production support
Improved operations► Backup and recovery► Command and control LPAR
Linux onSystem z images
Server farms
z/VM
14 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Key points to remember about virtualization Virtualization is not about higher performance
► Applications are not going to run faster on servers engaged in application consolidation. It is very important, though, that applications not run perceptibly slower. Increased efficiency and simplified management is the objective.
Higher utilization (virtualization) is directly proportional to available server throughput► All virtualization technologies must work within resource constraints of server
infrastructure. (All servers have a finite throughput capability.)► Throughput potential can best be identified with “changed data” benchmarks.
Virtualization will not overcome a weak server architecture► Virtualization introduces mixed / random / unpredictable behavior. Applications have
different instruction and data working sets, putting dynamic pressure on the server interconnect.
► Customers cannot afford to consolidate applications on low reliability servers! A history with virtualization matters
► Virtualization on IBM System z and POWER is an integration of hardware, firmware and software. All other architectures are physical and/or software implementations.
► Security, isolation, fairshare scheduling are not buzzwords. Common criteria certification.
16 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Why is Linux is important to customers
Drivers to use Linux Today► Attractive hardware
acquisition costs► Availability of lowcost, Open
Source software► Linux runs across all hardware
platforms● x86, x8664, RISC and CISC
(including mainframes)► Interest in alternatives to Windows
and UNIX, offering customers choice in software platforms
► Expectations of improved price/performance
► Reuse of existing UNIX skills in enterprise, HPC computing
Linux is about choiceand flexibility
Linux is secure Linux is reliable Linux drives business goals:
► Reduce costs► Simplification► Improve application service levels► Promotes innovation► Internally change business process
and drive contribution to business► Generate revenue
Source: IDC Directions 2005
17 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Standard Linux with ASCII Environment Uses System z HW, including IEEE floating point, HiperSockets, FCP
(Open Fibre Channel), CPACF cryptographic CPU instructions, … Runs native, within an LPAR, or under z/VM
Design Principles► Not a unique version of Linux
(Linux is Linux is Linux)► No change to Look & Feel of Linux on System z► The IBM commitment to z/OS, z/TPF, and z/VSE is not affected
What is Linux on System z?
Delta as low as 5%
LinuxKernel
GNURTL
GNUBinutils
Linux ApplikationGNU
Compiler
System z HardwareIBM developedr Code
IBM developedr Code
18 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Integrated Facility for Linux
Additional engines dedicated to Linux workloads► Supports z/VM and Linux on System z► IFLs on “subuni” systems run at “full speed”
● z800, z890, z9 EC, z9 BC
Traditional mainframe software charges unaffected► IBM mainframe software► Independent Software Vendor products
Linux and z/VM charged only against the IFLs
19 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
What System z brings to Linux The most reliable hardware platform available
► Redundant processors and memory► Error detection and correction► Remote Support Facility (RSF)
Designed to support mixed work loads► Allows consolidation while maintaining one server per application► Complete work load isolation
Centralized Linux systems are easier to manage Scalability
► System z9 scales to 54 application processors► 2 spare processors and up to 8 dedicated I/O processors► Hundreds of Linux virtual servers
Access to System z specific hardware► Cryptographic support – CPACF, Crypto Express2► HiperSockets for ultrahigh speed communication
20 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
IBM Software for Linux Product Matrixibm.com/linux/matrix
21 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Application serving with Linux on System z
z/VM z/OS
System z
The best LAN is one with
no wires
Internal networkDemilitarized Zone (DMZ)Outside world
Public Key Infrastructure
User
Commerce Server
Caching Proxy Server w/ HTTP Load Balancing
Load Balancer with SSL Acceleration
Shared File System
Directory Server
Application Node
Collaboration Server
Web Application
Server
Firewall / LoadBalancer
Systems Management
Database Server
Domain Name Server
Web Application
Server
Internet
Firewall / LoadBalancer
Domain Firewall
Protocol Firewall
23 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Typical Server Utilization (absolute)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
00:1
0:00
03:3
0:00
06:5
0:00
10:1
0:00
13:3
0:00
16:5
0:00
20:1
0:00
23:3
0:00
03:0
0:00
06:2
0:00
09:4
0:00
13:0
0:00
16:2
0:00
19:4
0:00
23:0
0:00
02:3
0:00
05:5
0:00
09:1
0:00
12:3
0:00
15:5
0:00
19:1
0:00
22:3
0:00
02:0
0:00
05:2
0:00
08:4
0:00
12:0
0:00
15:2
0:00
18:4
0:00
22:0
0:00
01:3
0:00
04:5
0:00
08:1
0:00
11:3
0:00
14:5
0:00
18:1
0:00
21:3
0:00
24 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
00:1
0:00
03:2
0:00
06:3
0:00
09:4
0:00
12:5
0:00
16:0
0:00
19:1
0:00
22:2
0:00
01:4
0:00
04:5
0:00
08:0
0:00
11:1
0:00
14:2
0:00
17:3
0:00
20:4
0:00
23:5
0:00
03:1
0:00
06:2
0:00
09:3
0:00
12:4
0:00
15:5
0:00
19:0
0:00
22:1
0:00
01:3
0:00
04:4
0:00
07:5
0:00
11:0
0:00
14:1
0:00
17:2
0:00
20:3
0:00
23:4
0:00
03:0
0:00
06:1
0:00
09:2
0:00
12:3
0:00
15:4
0:00
18:5
0:00
22:0
0:00
Typical Server Utilization (relative)
Installed Capacity
25 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
LogicalSimplification
Consistent Systems Mgmt. Multiple OS’s per ServerRapid ProvisioningAutomat. Workload Mgmt.
Virtualization
Virtual Server,Storage, Network
StorageServer
Network
Physical Consolidation
Windows Server
UNIX Server
LinuxServer
Network
Less Server and LicenseDifferent Mgmt. Tools Labour-intensive Provisioning
Storage
The Road to IT Simplification
ManagementServer
Windows Server
Linux Server
UNIX® Server
1 Workload per ServerDifferent Mgmt ToolsManual Provisioning
Complex
Network
Storage
26 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
4Q/00 4Q/01 4Q/02 4Q/03 4Q/04 4Q/053Q06
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900# ISVs
# Appl.
ISV Support for Linux on System z
As of: Sept. 2006For more details please see: http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/os/linux/apps/all.html
27 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Some Linux on System z References
28 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
Redbooks for Linux on System z (www.redbooks.ibm.com)
Actual 141 entries, e.g.:► IBM System z9 109 Technical Introduction, SG24666900,
Redbook, published 26 July 2005► z/VM and Linux on zSeries: from LPAR to Virtual Servers in Two Days, SG24669500,
Redbook, published 20 June 2005► IBM Communication Controller Migration Guide, SG24629801,
Redbook, published 14 June 2005► Linux on zSeries: Samba3 Performance Observations, REDP398800,
Redpaper, published 1 April 2005► IBM eServer zSeries Connectivity Handbook, SG24544404,
Redbook, published 15 February 2005► Experiences with Oracle 10g Database on Linux for zSeries, REDP385900,
Redpaper, last update 22 December 2004► ...
http://publibb.boulder.ibm.com/cgibin/searchsite.cgi?query=Linux+and+(System+and+z9+or+zseries+or+S/390)
29 01/16/07Intro to z/VM & Linux on System z
IBM Linux ibm.com/linux
IBM Software ibm.com/linux/software
IBM Global Services ibm.com/linux/support
IBM Linux on System z ibm.com/systems/z/os/linux
IBM developer works ibm.com/developerworks
IBM z/VM vm.ibm.com
Red Hat europe.redhat.com
Novell/SUSE novell.comExternal Linux onSystem z Mailing List www.marist.edu/htbin/wlvindex?linux390
Some Websites
Recommended