Intrusive or plutonic magma crystallizes at depth in the Earth: Granite Volcanic or extrusive:...

Igneous Rocks: crystallization of magma. They include two types of igneous rocks

Intrusive or plutonic magma crystallizes at depth in the Earth: Granite

Volcanic or extrusive: magma crystallizes on the surface of the Earth: Lava

Igneous rocksVery Fast cooling (days) on the surface results in many small crystals or quenching to a glass. Obsidian, pumice

Fast cooling (days to weeks) small crystals fine grain: basalt

Slow cooling (103s of years)large crystals, course grain.

Sedimentary rock Limestone: sea

shells , CaCO3

Sandstone : seas shells and mudZion National Park

Metamorphic rocks: Sedimentary or Igneous rocks that have been squashed and /or heated

Pressure: Major Earth movements ( Earthquakes) example: Gneiss

Heat close to Igneous intrusion Ex. schist

Rock Cycle How can sedimentary

rock become igneous rock?

How can igneous rock become sedimentary rock?

Abundance of elements in earth’s crust

O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg

Mining Caterpillar’s view of mining

Surface mining environmental effects

Habitat destruction Soil erosion Air pollution from dust particulates Pollution (especially from sediments) Acid mine damage

Water and oxygen dissolve and react with compounds

FeS2 is oxidized H2SO4

Surface mining Strip mining, as the name describes, is a

process of removing rock and soil in strips to get to the valuable mineral ores below.

Alberta tar sands 4 barrels of water to make 1 barrel of oil

Water gets put into a slurry pit, not back into river.

Surface mining: Mountain Top Removal (MTR)

similar to the strip mining but on a much larger scale.

Open pit mine

Pit mining involves digging a large hole to gather rocks and minerals from the Earth’s crust

Tar sand pits in Alberta: Energy:Water:Pollution:Global warming

Surface mining Disrupts land

Topography: alters the watershed Soil texture: compacts soil, decrease particle size Soil microbes: reduces nutrient cycling

Pollutes surface and ground water Sedimentation: dams water ways, inhibits

development of eggs and larvae Acid drainage: Pyrite contains sulfur

FeS2 + H20 > Fe + SO + H Mine subsidence

Above ground collapses

Reclaim the land

Establish topography to prior condition Replace topsoil Seed and plant native vegetation