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START
Is the imageBlack and White?
YES
NO
1
Meaning of SymbolsMeaning of Symbols
Identifying 35mm Films
ByBrian R Pritchard
© 2011
Go to Page 10Go to Page 10
Go to Page 2Go to Page 2
To identify Formats go to Page 33To identify Formats go to Page 33
Version 3.2 Jan 2013
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Is ImagePositive
NO
YES
Does it haveclear perforation
area
Is theperforationarea black
YES
YES
NO
NO
Does the filmhave edge numbers
in black and neg perforations
NO
YES
2
To check perforations
Go to Page 9Go to Page 9
Go to Page 3Go to Page 3
Go to Page 5Go to Page 5
Go to Page 4Go to Page 4
Go to Page 13Go to Page 13
Go to Page 15
Black and WhiteReturn to Start
Return to Start
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Black and White Positive
Is therepicture only?
Does it occupythe completearea between
the perforations?
YES
YES
Silent Print
NO
NO
YES
NO
Mute Print
Is theresound only?
Combined Print
3
Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
Go to Page 21 for further identificationGo to Page 21 for further identification
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Go to Page 30Go to Page 30
Is there morethan one image
per frame?NO
YES Go to Page 26Go to Page 26
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Black and White Reversal Positive
Is there
picture only?
Does it occupythe completearea between
the perforations?
YES
YES
Silent Reversal Print
NO
NO
YES
NO
Mute Reversal Print
Is there
sound only?
Combined Reversal Print
Sound Print
4
Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
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If the maximum density is lowand the print reads throughthe base it could be a directpositve print. Used to make
'slash dupes' and dubbing printsFrom cutting copies
Go to Page 34
For further informationon Reversal
prints
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Is the baseLavender or Blue
YES
NOFine Grain
Duplicating Positive
Lavender Fine GrainDuplicating Positive
Duplicating Positives5
Note printedthrough (White)Edge numbers
Fromoriginal negative
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Positive Sound Tracks
Is the track Variable Area
YES
NO
Single Bilateral
Dolby encoded Stereo
Bilateral Multi-hump
PhotophoneTwin Bilateral with centre septum
noise reduction
Class B Push-Pull
Class A Push-PullLeevers-Rich Twin Unilateral
Twin Unilateral
Visatone
6
Go to Page 7Go to Page 7
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Negative tracks are blackwhere the positive are white
and white where they are black
Twin Bilateral Negative track
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Unilateral Negative with shutter noise reduction
Sound Tracks
Is the track Variable Density
YES
NO
Variable Density
Twin Squeezed Variable Density
Variable Density on tinted stock
Technicolor Variable Density
Gasparcolor Variable Density
7
Go to Page 8Go to Page 8
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Digital Tracks
Control Track
SDDS Digital Track
Analogue Dolby Stereo
Dolby Digital
SDDS Digital Track
8
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
B/W Negative
Does it have picture only?
YES
Does it occupythe completearea between
the perforations?
NODoes it have
Picture and Sound?
YES
NO
Mute NegativeSilent Negative
YES
NO
Combined Negative
Sound Negative
9
Is there morethan
one image ina frame?
NO
YES
Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
Go to Page 26Go to Page 26
Return to StartReturn to Start
Go to Page 23 for further identificationGo to Page 23 for further identification
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Is ImagePositive
NO
YES
Does it haveClear Perforation
Area
Is thePerforationarea Black
YES
YES
NO
NO
10
Go to Page 11Go to Page 11
Go to Page 24Go to Page 24
ColourReturn to Start
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Go to Page 18Go to Page 18
Go to Page 27Go to Page 27
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Is thePerforationarea Black?
NO
Colour Negative
Colour ReversalIntermediate
Is thePerforation
area Orange?YES
YESNO
Does it havea sound track?
YES
Positive stockused
as a leader whenmaking a colour
negative
NO
11
Combinedcolour Internegative
Does it havea sound track?
YES
NO
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Go to Page 17Go to Page 17
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Colour Positive
Is therepicture only?
Does it occupythe completearea between
the perforations?
YES
YES
Silent Print
NO
NO
YES
NO
Mute Print
Is theresound only?
Combined Print
Sound Print
12Return to Start
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Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
Go to Page 14 for identitication using soundtrackGo to Page 14 for identitication using soundtrack
Go to Page 20 for identifying two colour systemsGo to Page 20 for identifying two colour systems
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
13Perforation Area Coloured
Tinted Print
Image goesfrom colour
to black
Are the darkestdensities coloured?NO
YES
Tinted andToned Print
Image goesfrom colour
of tint(perforation area)
to colour oftone (densest areas)
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
14Identification using sound tracks
Is the sound trackand any edge
printingBlack and White?
YESTechnicolor
NO
Is the trackblack or
dark blue?
YES
Colour printEastman, Agfa
Fuji
NOIs the track
Neutral/Brown?
YES
Colour printOrwo or Sovcolor
NO
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Likely to be a non-substantivecolour system; possibly Gasparcolor, Dufaycolor or a two colour system
Such as Cinecolor
Negor
BH Perforations
Posor
KS Perforations
DH PerforationsCinemascope
orCS Perforations
Perforations
PathePerforations
Early Perforations
15Return to Start
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
16
CinecolorDufaycolor Print
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CheckFor
Reseau
The Dufaycolor reseauis a series of crossed
red, green and blue lines
NoteBlue Trackand Pink
Perforations
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
17
Can you seea reseau?
YES
Dufaycolor Negative
NO
Unmasked Negative
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Enlargementof the reseau
The Dufaycolor reseauis a series of crossed
red, green and blue lines
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Note the baseis clear. This sample
the image hasfaded to magenta
18
Is the imagein colour?
YES
NO
Does it haveoriginal black
edge numbers andneg perforations?
YES
Colour Interpositive
NO
tocheck perforations
Go to Page 13Go to Page 13
Go to Page 16Go to Page 16
Go to Page 15Go to Page 15
Colour Interpos Return to StartReturn to Start
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
19
Return to StartReturn to Start
Decision BoxAdditional InformationAbout the illustrations
Advice forfurther Identification
Hyperlink toreturn to start
Hyperlink toreturn to start Hyperlink
Hyperlink
Film Type Identified
Legend
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Two Colour Systems using tones (dye and metallic)
Look for tracesof the two coloursaround the frameor in and aroundthe perforations
Check also forduplex films –
those with emulsionon both sides
20
Dascolor
Duplex
Technicolor (2 colour)
Cinecolor
Technicolor (2 colour)
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Further Identification of B/W Positives21
Are adjacentframes identical?
YES
NO
Kinemacolor Friese-Green Lee-Turner 3 Colour
Look for differencesin densities of
things such as treesor here, the colour
of the parrot
Are there two or threerolls that are identical
but with densitydifferences forthe colours?
YES Separation Positives
NO
Go to Page 22 for further identificationGo to Page 22 for further identification
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Go to Page 29Go to Page 29
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Separation Positives22
Are theseparationsof normaldensity?
YES
Do they have TechnicolorCMY Logos?
NO Separation Positives
YES
TechnicolorProtection Masters
NO TechnicolorRGB Matrices
If the matrices have beenused there will be traces ofYellow, Cyan and Magenta
dye left in the emulsion
Red Green and Blue Separation Positives
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Further Identification of B/W Negatives23
Are adjacentframes identical?
YES
NO
Kinemacolor 2 colour sequential
Lee-Turner3 Colour Sequential
Look for differencesin densities of
things such as treesor here, the colour
of the parrot
Are there two or threerolls that are identical
but with densitydifferences forthe colours?
YES Separation Negatives
NO
Technicolor system2 colour red and green
Go to Page 25 for further identificationGo to Page 25 for further identification
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Go to Page 31Go to Page 31
Check page 25if the negative
might be anorphan
Separationnegative
Note the density differencesbetween the frames and
that alternate framesare inverted. Also becausethe frames are shot in pairs
the different framelines
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Is the imagein colour?
(Is there morethan 1 colour?)
YES
NO
Toned Print
Edge printing,Stock manufacturer
for example,will also be the same
colour
24
Toning can eitherbe metallic
or dye toned
Toned Prints Return to StartReturn to Start
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Go to Page 12Go to Page 12
B/W Separation Negatives
Look for information on the leaderthat might identify for example
a red separation negative.
25
Technicolor three strip cameranegatives have an ink edge number
printed in the sound track areaand the red record will read
through the emulsion, the blueand green through the base
Do you havethree records?
NO
YES
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Note the ink edge numbers printed in the track area also that the numbers from the red separation
(the sample on the left) are reading the other way round,this separation reads through the emulsion.
Are there ink edgenumbers in the track
Area?
YES
NO
Separation Negatives
Technicolor Three StripCamera Negatives
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Are the images identical? YES
Multiple printing formats
NO
Early two and three colour systems
Francitacolor Horst
26Mutiple Images Return to Start
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Are the perforationsfor another format?
YES
NO
Stereo (3D) Images
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Colour Reversal Systems
27
Gasparcolor
Film has emulsion onboth sides, track
is usually red
Anscochrome, Kodachrome.Ektachrome Gevachrome,
Agfachrome
Traditionalcolour reversal
Look for the reseau
Dufaychrome
The Dufaycolor reseauis a series of crossed
red, green and blue lines
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Look for edge printingto identify manufacturer
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
28
Is there only one setof edge numbers?
NO
Duplicate Negative
YES
Original Negative
The edge numbers willbe dark from the
original negative andwhite from the interpos
and dark on the duplicatenegative
The original negativewill have one set ofedge numbers andwill be dark on aclear background
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
29
Can you see mouldedlines on the base and
does the print readthrough the base?
YES
Lenticular Colour Print
NO
Normal B/W positivebut check with page 22in case it is an orphan
separation positive
Go to Page 22Go to Page 22
Does it appearto be very thin and
blueish by reflection?NO
YES
Viscalar Film
Viscalar Film is anon-silver base process
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Can you seescan lines in the
Image?
NO
YES
Go to Page 31Go to Page 31
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
30
YES
Double-sidedSound PrintNO
Sound Print
Is theresound on
both sides>
Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
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Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
31
YES
NO
Combined Tele-recording PrintIs thereSound?
Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
Return to StartReturn to Start
Mute Tele-recording Print
Note the frame showing thescan lines
Tele-recordings arealso called Kinescoperecordings
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
32
YES
NO
Combined Tele-recording NegIs thereSound?
Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification
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Mute Tele-recording Neg
Tele-recordingsare also called
Kinescoperecordings
Note the sample which shows
a scene change ina tele-recording
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
35mm FormatsReturn to Start
Return to Start33
Silent or Full frame
Academy
Wide screen
Vistavision
Techniscope
Cinemascope
Technirama
Superscope
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
Cinerama
Three projectors were usedTo show the three images
Side by side
IMPORTANT!The Sigma printer, unlike most printers, prints the area between the perforations. This makes the print appear to be reversal. Look for white original edge print (i.e. KODAK Safety Film) to confirm it as a reversal print or find black original edge print to verify it is a positive print. If the reversal print has been made from a normal print or a duplicating positive then the print through of the stock edge print from those stocks will be black on white.
If the film stock is polyester then it is very unlikely that the film is B/W reversal there have not been any reversal processes in this country since the 70's; before polyester stocks were introduced.
If you can find an area that has not been exposed then if it is normal positive it will be white or black if it is reversal.
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Notes on Black and White Reversal Prints
34
Return to Page 4Return to Page 4
Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011
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