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ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY IN THE EXPLORATION OF THE KATWE, BURANGA AND KIBIRO
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS, UGANDA
Godfrey BahatiGodfrey BahatiDepartment of Geological Survey and Mines, Department of Geological Survey and Mines,
P.O Box 9, Entebbe, UgandaP.O Box 9, Entebbe, Uganda
First East African Rift Geothermal ConferenceFirst East African Rift Geothermal Conference--ARGeoARGeo--C1C1November 24 November 24 -- December 2, 2006December 2, 2006
United Nations Conference Center United Nations Conference Center Addis Ababa, EthiopiaAddis Ababa, Ethiopia
Outline Outline
• Objectives of the study• Study areas• Methodology• Geology of the western Rift Valley• Sampling points• Stable isotopes• Tritium and mixing processes• Sources of solutes • Water–rock interaction • Conclusions
Objectives of the study
• To elucidate the origin of the geothermal fluids,
• identify the recharge mechanisms,• estimate subsurface temperature using isotope
geothermometry,• trace the source of solutes,• improve the conceptual geothermal models of
the study areas.
Study areas
Methodology
• 118 water samples from hot and cold springs, dug wells, rivers and lakes,
• 13 samples from surface outcrops of different types of rocks,
• Samples analyzed for chemical and isotopic compositions.
• Isotopes analyzed included hydrogen (δD and tritium), Oxygen (δ18O in water and sulphate), sulphur (34S in sulphate), and strontium (87/86Sr in water and rock).
Geology of the western Rift ValleyGeology of the western Rift Valley
• Katwe: Volcanics• Buranga:
Sedimentary environment
• Kibiro: sedimentary west of the escarpment and crystalline environment east of the escarpment (granites/gneisses)
Katwe: sampling points
Buranga: sampling points
Kibiro: sampling points
Stable isotopes in water
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
δ18O
δ2 H
hot springs
groundwater
lakes
rivers
LMWL
GMWL
Katwe: stable isotopes in water
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
δ18O
δ2 H
Kitagata HSRiversCrater LakesCold springsGroundwaterKibenge-HSFresh LakesKatwe HS Mixing line
LMWL
Katwe: deuterium concentration in water
-30
-27
-24
-21
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
805000 810000 815000 820000 825000 830000 835000 840000 845000 850000 855000
Eastings (m)
9975000
9980000
9985000
9990000
9995000
10000000
10005000
10010000
10015000
10020000
10025000
Nor
thin
gs (m
)
12
345
6 7
8
9
1011
12
131415
1617
18
1920
21
Rwenzori Mountains
Potenti
al gro
undw
ater
D
L. Katwe
L. Kitagata
Buranga: stable isotopes in water
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
-5 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
δ18O
δ2 H
Hot Springs
Rivers
Groundwater
Kibenge-HS
LMWL
Buranga: deuterium concentration in water
165000 170000 175000 180000 185000 190000 195000 200000 205000
Eastings (m)
60000
65000
70000
75000
80000
85000
90000
95000
100000
105000
Nor
thin
gs (m
)
1234
56
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
1617
1819
2021
2223
242526
2728
-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1012
Buranga
Bundibugyo
Rwenzori Mountain Ranges
Kibuku
Kichwamba
Bukuku
Kabarole
D
Kibiro: stable isotopes in water
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6δ18O
δ2 H
Hot Springs
Rivers
Lakes
Groundwater
LMWL
Kibiro: deuterium concentration in water
Deuterium in water Geology of Kibiro
Tritium and mixing processes
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Oxygen-18 (per mil)
Triti
um C
once
ntra
tion
(TU
)
Kibiro hotKibiro coldKatwe hotKatwe coldBuranga hotBuranga cold
Isotope and chemical geothermometry
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
δ18O in H2O
δ18O
in S
O4
KibiroBurangaKatwe
150°C
50°
200°C250°C 300°C
100°C
sulphate-water (S18O4-H218O) isotope geothermometer
Solute geothermometry:
• Katwe: 140-200˚C• Buranga: 120-150 ˚C
• Kibiro: (a) 150˚Cand (b) 200-220 ˚C
Sources of solutes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30δ18O(SO4)
δ34S(
SO4)
KibiroKatweBuranga
Devonian to Lower Triassic
Magmatic Continental evaporites
Cenozoic
Modern marine SO4
Atmospheric SO4
Water-rock interactions
Basalt
DioriteDolerite
Gneiss
GraniteGraniteSiliceous clayTravertine
TravertineXenolith
0.6800
0.6900
0.7000
0.7100
0.7200
0.7300
0.7400
0.7500
0.7600
0.7700
0.7800
0.7900
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00Strontium (mg/L)
87/8
6 Sr
0.6800
0.6900
0.7000
0.7100
0.7200
0.7300
0.7400
0.7500
0.7600
0.7700
0.7800
0.7900
Kibiro Buranga Katwe Kibenge Rocks
ConclusionsConclusions
•• Recharge to the geothermal areas is from high Recharge to the geothermal areas is from high ground: ground: RwenzoriRwenzori mountains for mountains for KatweKatwe and and BurangaBuranga; ; MukihaniMukihani--WaisembeWaisembe Ridge for Ridge for KibiroKibiro..
•• Movement of the fluids from recharge areas to the Movement of the fluids from recharge areas to the reservoirs and hot springs is fault controlled.reservoirs and hot springs is fault controlled.
•• Subsurface temperatures predicted by isotope Subsurface temperatures predicted by isotope geothermometry are highest for geothermometry are highest for BurangaBuranga (200(200°°C), C), and 140 and 140 –– 160160°°C for C for KatweKatwe and and KibiroKibiro. .
•• Reservoir rock types are most likely basalt and Reservoir rock types are most likely basalt and ultramaficultramafic xenolithxenolith in in KatweKatwe, and granites/gneisses in , and granites/gneisses in BurangaBuranga and and KibiroKibiro..
•• The major source of solutes is rock dissolution with The major source of solutes is rock dissolution with magmaticmagmatic input.input.
Thank You
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