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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Two notions of consciousness
1. General state of arousal (sleep vs. wakefulness)
2. Attentional focus or current awareness (watching football game or listening to wife)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness Alternate States of
Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive Studies of Consciousness: Generally deal
with 2nd notion 1. Consciousness as attentional focus: Cocktail party effect (selective attention)
2. Automatic vs. Controlled processing (effects of practice on conscious awareness)
3. Implicit vs. Explicit memory Recall test vs. Perceptual Identification test Effects of priming
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive Studies of consciousness: Priming test
Word or non-word RT measure FORK = word; DXMZ = non-word SIGN – FORK DXMZ – FORK SPOON – FORK (sig reduction in rt) Unconscious priming? -- yes
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive studies of consciousness: Exclusion task in
priming Coconut…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only tree/uncon: either
Hand…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only wrist/uncon: either
Stem completion task: complete BUT_ _ _ (could be butter or butler). What happens when one is presented earlier either consciously or unconsciously?) But can only be excluded consciously
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive studies of consciousness: Brain Damaged
Subjects 1. Blindsight: loss of visual consciousness due to damage to primary visual cortex
2. Prosopagnosia: loss of face recognition due to damage to temporal lobe visual pathway.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
Stage 1 (lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)
REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep (also called paradoxical
sleep)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued)
NREM (non-REM) sleep: includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams
serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued)
REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep: also known as paradoxical sleep. involves high-frequency brain waves,
increased pulse and breathing, large muscle .
serves a biological need. may play a role in learning and
consolidating new memories.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Research
The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research.
What Happens When We Sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep?
Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities
Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators
Cognitive Theory: dreams improve information processing
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream?
Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires and anxieties
Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Sleep DisordersTwo major categories:
1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, and quality of sleep
2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias
Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early
Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias
Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others
Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
Psychological Dependence: desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug
Physical Dependence: bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)
Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs
Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
1. Depressants: act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)
Alcohol & Neurotransmitters
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
2. Stimulants: act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates
3. Opiates: act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:Club Drug Alert! Popular “Club Drugs”:
Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Special K (Ketamine) Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.
Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters.
Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.
Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis:
trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: Indications of rituals to achieve
ASC?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Traditional ceremonies Mandan Indiana sun-dance: altered state as
pain endurance
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Ritual Use of Altered State Intoxicants
As far back as we can trace, humans have used consciousness altering rituals and intoxicants, but always together and always under supervision or regulation. The ritual regulated the drug use.
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