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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
CHAPTER 2
Neuroscience & Biological
Foundations
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Lecture Overview
Neural Bases of Behavior
Nervous System Organization
A Tour Through the Brain
Our Genetic Inheritance
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Neural Bases of Psychology
Neuroscience: interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral & mental processes
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Neural Bases of Psychology (Continued)
Our nervous system consists of neurons (cells responsible for receiving & transmitting electrochemical information).
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Neural Bases of Psychology: The Structure of a Neuron
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Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication
Within a neuron, communication results from an action potential (a neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron).
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Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued)
Between neurons, communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons).
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Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons. These multiple messages then determine if an action potential occurs or not.
Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication
(Continued)
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Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued)
Note how the axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron.
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Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
What happens to excess neurotransmitters or to those that do not “fit” into the adjacent receptor sites? (Answer appears on the next slide.)
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The sending neuron normally reabsorbs the excess (called “reuptake) or they are broken down by special enzymes.
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
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Neural Bases of Psychology: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life
Key neurotransmitters: • Serotonin• Acetylcholine (ACh)• Dopamine (DA)• Norepinephrine (NE)• Epinephrine (adrenaline)• GABA (gamma aminobutyric
acid)• Endorphins
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Neural Bases of Psychology: How Hormones Affect Us
Endocrine System: collection of glands that manufacture & secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Why Do We Need Two Communication Systems—Neurotransmitters + Hormones?
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Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. _____ receive information from other neurons. The _____ carries the neuron’s messages to other body cells.
2. How does neural communication within neurons differ from communication between neurons?
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Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System (CNS):
brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS): all nerves & neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body PNS is subdivided into the somatic
& autonomic nervous systems Autonomic nervous system
subdivided into sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Central Nervous System: Important Terms
Neuroplasticity: brain’s lifelong ability to reorganize & change its structure & function throughout the life span
Neurogenesis: process by which new neurons are generated
Stem Cells: immature (uncommitted) cells with the potential to develop into almost any type of cell
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Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking
Understanding neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, & stem cells helps make us better informed consumers of scientific research & more knowledgeable participants in political debates. Can you explain why?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal Cord (transmits information into & out of the brain )
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Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS)
The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes.
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Nervous System Organization: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
PNS connects CNS to the rest of the body & is subdivided into:
Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects to sensory receptors & controls skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions & is further subdivided into:
Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses)Parasympathetic Nervous System
(calms)
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Nervous System Organization
Anatomy & functions of the sympathetic (arouses) & parasympathetic (calms) nervous systems
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Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. You touch a hot stove & then immediately & reflexively pull away. This action was controlled by _____.
2. After being startled by the sight & sound of a fierce dog rushing toward you, it is most likely that your _____ is dominant.
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A Tour Through the Brain
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A Tour Through The Brain: Hindbrain
Three key structures & functions of the hindbrain: Medulla: life survival functions Pons: respiration, movement, waking,
sleeping, & dreaming Cerebellum: coordination of fine
muscular movement, balance, & some aspects of perception & cognition
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A Tour Through The Brain (Continued)
Midbrain: collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, & arousal
Reticular Formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, & brainstem; screens incoming information & controls arousal
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A Tour Through The Brain (Continued)
Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, & limbic system Thalamus: relays sensory messages to
the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: responsible for drives,
hormones, & regulating the body’s internal environment
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Structures of the Forebrain
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A Tour Through The Brain (Continued)
Limbic System: interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, & memory
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Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. What are the three key structures of the hindbrain?
2. The _____ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, & limbic system.
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Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
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A Tour Through The Brain: Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex: thin surface layer on the left & right cerebral hemispheres; regulates most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, & higher mental processes
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A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Continued.)
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A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes: receive & coordinate messages from other lobes; responsible for motor control, speech production, & higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, & memory
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Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking
Phineas Gage’s mining accident sent a 13-pound tamping iron through his frontal lobes. How did this affect his short- & long-term behavior & mental processes?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Continued)
Parietal Lobes: located at the top of the brain directly behind the frontal lobes; responsible for interpreting bodily sensations
Temporal Lobes: located on each side of the brain above the ears; responsible for audition, language comprehension, memory, & some emotional control
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A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Continued)
Occipital Lobes: located at the back of the brain; responsible for vision & visual perception
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A Tour Through The Brain: Motor Cortex & Somatosensory Cortex
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking
Why are the hands & face on this drawing so large? What do they represent?
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A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research
Severing the corpus callosum provides information on the role & functions of the left & right hemispheres.
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A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research (Continued)
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A Tour Through The Brain: Lateralization
The left & right hemispheres of your
brain each specialize
in particular (but often overlapping) operations.
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Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. What are the major functions of the four lobes of the brain?
2. The _____ hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, & it controls the right side of the body.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Our Genetic Inheritance
Behavioral Genetics: studies the relative effects of nature (heredity, genes, & chromosomes) & nurture (environment) on behavior & mental processes
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Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA
The nucleus of every cell contains genes, which carry the code for hereditary transmission. These genes are arranged along chromosomes (strands of paired DNA).
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Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA
Tongue-curling is one of the few traits that depends on a specific dominant gene.
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Our Genetic Inheritance: Twin Research
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Our Genetic Inheritance
Evolutionary Psychology: studies how natural selection & adaptation help explain behavior & mental processes
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Our Genetic Inheritance
Sex differences in lateralization. Note how activation (red color) is confined to only one hemisphere in the male brain on the left, & how it occurs on both hemispheres in the female brain on the right.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
End of CHAPTER 2
Neuroscience & Biological
Foundations
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation
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