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Information Digest Volume 3Revised Edition September 2003
Project ‘ZAAN’
A joint Project of
Kashmiri Pandits’ Association,
Mumbai
&
(Registered Charitable Educational Trust. Regn No. E-1715-Thane) Ground Floor, Pushp ViharShastri Nagar, Vasai Road (W) 401 202
Dist. Thane, Maharashtra (India)
Tel: 0250 - 2342777 E. Ma il: pr oj ectza an @y ah oo .co. in
Book : Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language
Authors : M. K. Raina & Neelam Trakru
First Edition: March 2001
Revision : September 2003
Publishers : Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust
under Project ‘ZAAN’
Website : www.zaan.net
© Copyright 2003.All rights of reproduction reserved with the
Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust
Copyrights © 2000-2010Kashmir News Network KNN)
All Rights Reserved.
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IIInnndddeee x x x
Foreword to the First Edition 5
Preface to the First Edition 6 A Note from Authors for the revised Edition 7
Symbols and Abbreviations for Indo-Roman Type 11
Section 1 ~ Introduction to Nagari-Kashmiri Alphabet 13
· Vowels and Symbols in Nagari-Kashmiri 15
· Combination of Anusvara with Vowels and Symbols 20
· Consonants in Nagari-Kashmiri 23
· Consonants forming Conjuncts with Vowels & 27
· Using Ardhachandra"
30
· Using #$ and Ardhachandra " #"$(%#") 31
· Using Symbols $ and & 32
· Using Symbols and $
& 33
· Using ('"
), and #"
(%#"
) 34
· Difference in Pronunciation of words when using Vowels & $"#
('"
) 35
· Difference in Pronunciation of words when using Vowels & #"
$(%#"
) 36
Section 2 ~ Words and Sentences 37
· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - I 39
· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - II 40
· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - III 41
· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - IV 42
· Identifying Vowels and Symbols Assorted 43
· Simple Sentences 45
· Practice in Reading - I 46
· Practice in Reading - II 47
· Practice in Reading - III 49
· Practice in Reading - IV 50
Section 3 ~ Translation Vocabulary 51 · Some words of daily use 53
· Numbers 1 to 50 57
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· Parts of Body 59
· Animals ~ Birds ~ Reptiles & Insects 61
· Professions 64
· Relations 66
·
Fruits ~ Vegetables 68· Time ~ Yugas 71
· Days of the Week ~ Months ~ Seasons 73
· Miscellaneous Vocabulary 76
Model Passage - 1 ~ A Conversation 81
Model Passage - 2 ~ My Motherland 84
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FFFooorrreeewwwooorrrddd tttooo ttthhheee FFFiiirrrsssttt EEEdddiiitttiiiooonnn
Language has considerable influence on the esthetic and intellectual achievement of a
civilized society, broadly referred as culture. Language not only acts as a binding force for a
community, but more importantly, it confers upon it, a distinct mark of identif ication. For centuries,Kashmiri Pandits have had to leave intermittently, their motherland through religious and political
persecution, which severed their links with both spoken and written medium of their mother-
tongue. The recent en masse exodus, having scattered our community throughout the country,
has dealt yet another blow to our already fragile mother-tongue affiliations. Another disturbing trend is that the State linguistic authority has, over the years, created
an impression through sustained overt and covert means, that Persian has been the original scriptof Kashmiri language. Whereas the fact remains that from the Vedic times, Sanskrit has been themedium of language in Kashmir which has Devanagari as its script. Later Sharda was developedand liberally used by Kashmiri writers and scholars and thus the script flourished in the Valley.
Alberuni claims that Sharda, which he refers as ‘Sidha-Matrika’, permeated not only in Kashmirbut it also was the medium of writing in the whole of India . With the passage of time, Shardaadorned the confines of the priestly class.
In the post independence era, the J&K State government accorded official recognition toPersian script for Kashmiri and it received patronage mostly from the Muslim writers. KashmiriPandit writers felt that Devanagari was more suited to phonetics and dialectory inflection of thelanguage and they adopted it as their medium for writing Kashmiri.
The linguistic experts, however, felt that some of the Kashmiri sounds could not berepresented by Nagari letters or alphabet, hence specific primary and secondary accents,pronunciation symbols and dialectorial marks were developed / devised for better grasp of thelanguage, which received approval of standardization by a Committee of experts and scholars, setup in 1995. This uniform script is more or less in use since then.
The present ‘Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language’ in Devanagari script, is a humbleeffort by the Kashmiri Pandits’ Association and Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust
combine, in adopting a uniform pattern in translating Kashmiri articulatory sounds into a writtenscript. Simultaneously the ‘Reader’ offers more elucidation on phonetics and includesorthographic lessons in Nagari alphabet with equivalent Roman alphabet, which, it is hoped, shalleven help those who are not well versed with Kashmiri. The equivalent of Kashmiri words withtheir vowels and diacritical marks in Roman letters, make it easy to decipher and read. The‘Reader’ is designed to be an aid to basic comprehension for both spoken and written Kashmiri.
The stupendous work of Shri M. K. Raina and Smt Neelam Trakru in bringing out this‘Reader’ will, I am sure, go a long way in arousing the interest in our young and not so youngcommunity members in their mother-tongue and foster a deeper communication bond through themedium of language.
J. L. ManwatiPresidentKashmiri Pandits’ AssociationMumbaiNavreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058(26th March, 2001)
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 6
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PPPrrreeef f f aaaccceee tttooo ttthhheee FFFiiirrrsssttt EEEdddiiitttiiiooonnn
For quite some time now, Kashmiri Pandits’ Association, Mumbai and Lalla-Ded
Educational and Welfare Trust have been working on Project ZAAN - a project to acquaint our
community members, particularly youngsters with various facets of their motherland ‘MaejKasheer’. Two Volumes of Information Digest, have so far been issued under the Project. Theaccent therein has, besides dissemination of knowledge (ZAAN), been on arousing interest in ourmother tongue - Kashmiri, which is fast lapsing into disuse from amongst our families.
The present ‘Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language’ is the third Volume in the series
under Project ZAAN. The intent of compilation of this Reader is to place before the readers, an
easy-to-comprehend Primary Book in Devanagari script, for reading Kashmiri. Kashmiri dialecthas micro articular variations, which have been amply illustrated and distinguished by means ofspecial set of vowel & consonantal symbols and graphic lessons in syntax of the language.
In the present day diaspora of our community, when we have lost our moorings, when weare facing cultural erosion, language seems to be a lone factor for preservation of our identity.The ‘Reader’, therefore appears to be a timely endeavour to revive interest of our youngsters intheir mother tongue.
The effort of the authors, Shri M. K. Raina and Smt Neelam Trakru is laudable. Shri Rainais a serious student of Kashmiri syntax for more than two decades. The duo has, after consultingmany a authentic source books, compiled this compendium, which we accept, may not beinfallible in itself. Readers may find some words alien to Kashmiri used at few places. Thesewords have been incorporated specifically for purpose of illustration in the absence of Kashmiriwords / idioms. We would welcome suggestions from the language-knowing seniors in thecommunity, to overcome shortcomings in our future editions and other publications.
Author’s note on the Devanagari-Kashmiri Script, is specially meant for elders and theyare requested to go through it very carefully. This will make it easy for them to help theiryoungsters to know the script and the phonetics.
M. L. MattooChairmanLalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust
Navreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058(26th March, 2001)
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 7
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A A A NNNooottteee f f f rrrooommm A A Auuuttthhhooorrrsss f f f ooorrr ttthhheee R R R eeevvviiissseeeddd EEEdddiiitttiiiooonnn
Devanagari is the script for Sanskrit. The script in its original form, believed to be used by NagariBrahmins, was known as Nagari script. Most of the Indian scripts like Bangla, Gujarati, Marathi
etc. have been derived from this script. Kashmiri was written in Sharada, one of the oldest scripts,which was developed around 10th century. Some scholars are of the view that Sharda was ourscript for writing Sanskrit which we subsequently used to write Kashmiri. Indo-Roman type wasused for writing Kashmiri for quite some time, but it could not become popular. The Persio-Arabicscript has been recognised as the official script for Kashmiri. To this script, reviewed andupgraded by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in 1971, a number of Arabic andPersian letters have been added to accommodate words, having originated from these languages.Letter ‘bh’ representing Nagari (# was also included to accommodate certain Sanskrit words,
commonly used by Kashmiris. Devanagari-Kashmiri did not receive any official patronage but itcontinued to be used by Kashmiri Pandits as a medium of writing.
Post 1990 period presents a totally different picture with respect to development of
Devanagari script for Kashmiri language. After the exodus, community magazines throughoutIndia started flourishing with inputs in Devanagari-Kashmiri. But there was one lacuna. Everywriter used his own way of writing. There was no coordination and no conformity in writing. TheKoshur Samachar , assumed central importance in this regard. It used a set of diacritical marksto indicate vowels peculiar to Kashmiri language, with the Nagari letters. In order to modify andupgrade the script further, discussions took place at various places and at various levels, whereone thing was clear. There was a dire need to standardise the script by devising uniformity in themarks and symbols used.
In December 1995, a committee of the editors of Koshur Samachar (New Delhi), KashyapSamachar (Jammu) and the Secretary of the Vikalp (Delhi), met and after detailed discussion,agreed on adopting the following symbols for three pairs of vowels in the fashion denoted against
each:-
Avagraha $ $ ) as in $%)* (Eye)
Ardhachandra $ as in $+,-# (Line)
as in $$./+ (Cold)
Apostrophe $$ 0 as in $1#02 (Twelve)
as in $+302
(Flame)
as in $$4#302 (Hill)
This exercise led to the standardisation of the script to a great extent. It also enabled writers,some of whom were not previously interested in writing Kashmiri in Devanagari script due to itsshortcomings, to make valuable contribution to the language. Still, the linguistic experts were not
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satisfied, and wanted more work to be done to upgrade the script by further modifying thesymbols and diacritical marks, to suit requirements of our language.
Northern Regional Language Centre, Central Institute of Indian Languages, (Ministry ofHRD, Deptt. of Secondary and Higher Education, Govt. of India), Patiala, took lead in thisdirection and conducted various seminars and workshops for about 2 years, in which renowned
linguists and software experts took part. The Centre, under the leadership of Shri Roop KrishenBhat, organised another workshop from 20th July 2002 to 4th August 2002 at Jammu, to finalisethe script and produce necessary Primer and Reader for the language. The experts who wereconnected with introducing modified symbols and diacritical marks and finalisation of the script,included Dr. S.N.Bhat Haleem, Dr. S.S.Toshakhani, Dr. O.N.Kaul, Prof H.K.Kaul, Prof. C.L.Sapru,Prof. R.L.Shant, Dr. S.N.Raina, Dr. R.K.Bhat and Dr. R.N.Bhat. It may be mentioned that ShriM.K.Kaw, the then Secretary, Education, Govtt. of India, also showed keen interest in devisingthis material in the interest of the Kashmiri language.
Following changes have been made by the above Expert Committee in the prevalentNagari-Kashmiri Alphabet:
1. Avagraha is replaced by Ardhachandra !
2. Combination of , is replaced by ##
3. Combination of $$/ is replaced by #
4. Combination of 30 is replaced by ## # # #"#
# 5. Combination of #30 is replaced by ## # # " " #
#
# As a consequence, the Standardised Alphabet for the Devanagari-Kashmiri will be:
Vowels:
!" !#" ! " ! !" !$" !$#" %" %& " '" (" )" *" * "" *+" !$+" !$ "" !$," !-
" . and / are considered vowels when they represent second members of a Conjunct.The Anusvara ( -) occurs in Kashmiri words only as a compendium scripturæ for a nasal before a
consonant of the same class. For example 156#78 can be written as 156#&8 in Kashmiri.
Visarga (9
) does not find any place in Kashmiri.
Consonants:
The set of Consonants is almost the same as that in Hindi, with the following exceptions:
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i) Kashmiri has no aspirated sonants like :#"$;"$
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$ S$+S$IS$ $
$ VS$WS$2$
$ X
Since HR$and$*R have no equivalents in English alphabet, we have used ts and tsh, as
introduced by Sir Grierson, to represent them in Indo-Roman character.
In Roman characters, the linguists have generally been denoting H by c and*$by ch.
We will however, as we are used to, denote H$by ch and *$by chh.
In this book, we have also explained the phonetic difference in Y & # "$Z!$ "1 and $- . $
& $ "$Z' "[, which are often confusing, for the purpose of correct pronunciation of words, asillustrated hereunder:
+P U
$ rôph (silver) AP I$ dêl (bark)
$
+# "U róph (darning) A"2 déh (body)
Many scholars are of the view that \ and ]$cannot begin a word in Kashmiri and $ $is
always prefixed to these sounds when they occur in such a position. As a result, ùnt becomeswùnth and úpày becomes wópày in Kashmiri. The Käshír Dictionary of the J&K Academy of Art
Culture and Languages, however contains Kashmiri words like útní-balàyí-tút, úkû låthûr ,
úhryúnd, ùtrû, ùr i-nû-yùr i, alongwith the words from other languages, like újrath, uftàdû, ùnìetc. commonly used by Kashmiris. We have, in this book, not only used such words, but alsoincluded some more in use now.
Since the dialect of Kashmiri language differs from place to place ( like 2 & 2$ ", 3/- &
3/4.5 , !$6 & !$/76 $and so on), we have tried to adhere to the dialect prevalent in the city
of Srinagar (except where necessary for the sake of illustration or otherwise), as adopted by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in compiling Käshír Dictionary in Persio-Arabic script.
M. K. RainaMumbai, September 09, 2003 Neelam Trakru
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 11
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SSS y y ymmmbbbooolllsss aaannnddd A A Abbbrrreeevvviiiaaatttiiiooonnnsss
Letters, Symbols and Abbreviations used in this book, to denote words
in Indo-Roman characters
Letter or as pronuncedSymbol in
a sar W+ (lake)
å ånz $ %"&QR (swan)
kåts$
4"HR (how many)
ä där$
A#"+ (window)
à yàr $ #+ (friend)
û bû$
1 (I, me)
æ æb $ '31$Z%#"1[ (fault)
hæbúngû 2^1,> (dumbstruck)
au aushad %#^VA (medicine)
g auv >#^ (> ) (went)
ê rêth$ +P G# (month)
è dèg$
A3>
(cauldron)
é déh $ A "2 (body)
ì sìr $ W_+ (brick)
í sír $ `W+ (secret)i våli $ "a P (quickly)
ô môkh b -# (face)
ò mòr$
?#3+ (peacock)
ó dór$
A#
"
+
(hard) ù mùl $ ?/I (root)
ú kúl $ 4,I (tree)
ü tür $ . + (cold)
ch chày H# (tea)
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chh chhàn *#B$ (carpenter)
d dàn $ A#B (hearth)
d 0 d 0akh 8-# (support)
t tìr$
._+
(arrow)
th thôkh G -# (sputum)
t R t R Rìn $ T_B (tin)
t 0h t R 0òt R 0h T#3E (dear)
ts ts û $ cR# (you)
tsh tshày *# (shadow)
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Section - 1
Introduction to Nagari - Kashmiri alphabet
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111
Vowels Symbols in Nagri-Kashmiri
$
% ð
used only as the first letter of a word
as in$%-#$akh (one)"$%G# $athû (hand)
$
%"$ ð writen as %"$ when first letter of a word
as in$%"*$åchh (eye), %"8$åd (half) $
$ ð
written as$$
when not first letter of a word$
$
HR"+
$
ts år (sparrow),$
A"Q
R$
dåz (burned)
% $ ð written as$% when first letter of a word,
as in%
2
d$
ûhûdi (enemy / chasers)
ð written as$$when not first letter of a word,$
as in$>
+$
gûr (sudden display of energy)"$$ $
1 $bû (I, me),$-# +$Khûr (slip)
%
$ ð
written as$%
$
when first letter of a word,
as in%
EP
üt Rhi (eight times)$
$ % `E?
üt Rhím (eighth)
ð written as$ when not first letter of a word,$
as in$4
e P$
küti (how many ?)"$.
+$
tür (cold)
$$
$
$
$
$
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%#$ ð
written as%#$
when first letter of a word,
as in%#V
$àsh (hope)"$%#-#
$àkh (mark),$$$ $
%# ,+$àvúr (busy)
ð
written as$#$
when not first letter of a word,
as in$Q#B$ jàn (good)"$ #+$vàr (day),$$
$ .#U$tàph (sunny)$
$
%#"$ ð written as$%#"$when first letter of a word,
as in%#"V$
äsh (enjoyment)"$%#"+$
är (plum),$$ $ $
%#"W
$äs (mouth)
ð
written as$#"$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$A#"+$där (window)"$2#"+$(här) (maina),$$ $ $
I#"+$lär (cucumber)$
$
f$ ð
written as$f$
when first letter of a word,
as in fQ#QRG#$íjàzath (permission)"$$
$ fVT#?
$ísht Ràm (stamp paper)
ð
written as$`$when not first letter of a word,$ $
as in$`A .#$dívtà (devta)"$$
$ `1.,+$
bítúr (capacity),$`1H#3+$
bíchòr (helpless)$
$
f@$ ð
written as$f@$
when first letter of a word,
as inf@?#B
$
ìmàn (faith)"$
f@g +
$
ìshvar (God)
ð
written as$_$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$W_+$
sìr (brick)"$V_B
$shìn (snow),$$
$ ._+$tìr (arrow) $
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$ $
\$ ð written as$\$when first letter of a word,
as in\Q+G#$
újrath (wages) "$$
$ \U.#A
$
úphtàdû (ignored),$
$ \IUG#$
úlphath (love)
ð
written as$,$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$ ,*$vúchh (see)"$4+,B$karún (to do),$$ $ $
2>,+$hagúr (wheel)$
$
]$ ð written as$]$when first letter of a word,
as in].+
$
ùtrû (day before yesterday),
] @$B
$ / @$
ùr i nû yùr i (not well, not in senses)
ð
written as$/$
when not first letter of a word,
as in$W/+$ sùr (ash)"$+/A$$rùd (rain),$$
$ 4/B$kùn (corner), hR#/B$zùn (moon)$
$
i
$
ð
written as$
i$
when first letter of a word,
as in i "M P$réshi (rishi), ij 3A$rígvèd (Rigved)
ð
written as$L$
when not first letter of a word,
as in $FL.-#$pratakh (divorce, expulsion), $$ $
.LMB#$tréshnà (greed)$
$
$
$
$
$
$
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'$ ð
written as$'$
when first letter of a word,$
as in$'`.+#QR
$ètíràz (objection)
ð
written as$3$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$?3-#
$mèkh (nail)"$2I3I
$halèl (yellow myrobalan),$$
?3E$mèt Rh (head coolie)
$
'"$ ð written as$' "$when first letter of a word,$
as in$'"2W#B$éhsàn (favour)
ð
written as$ "$when not first letter of a word,$
as in$
+
"
2
$
réh (flame)"$
"
`I
$
yélí (when),$
$$ $
A"2$déh (body)
$
'3$ ð written as$'3$when first letter of a word,$
as in$'31$Z%#"1[$
æb (defect)
ð
written as$^$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$
^4,E
$
vækúntR
0h (heaven),$
$ 2^1,>
$
hæbúngû (dumb struck) $
$
%#3
$
ð
written as$%#3$
when first letter of a word,$
as in$%#3W$òs (was), %#3?$òm (raw), $
$ %#3I, $òlúv (potato), %#31+P $òbróy (respect),
ð written as$#3$when not first letter of a word,$
as in$>#3-#$gòkh (went)"$?#3+$mòr (peacock),$$$ $
%F#3+$
apòr (other side)$
$
$
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 19
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%#
"
$ ð
written as$%#
"
$
when first letter of a word,
as in$%#
"
B
$ón (blind), $%#
"
+
$ ór (good), $
$ %# "*R$ óts h (frail)
ð
written as$#
"
$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$># "*R$ góts h (wanted)" A# "I$dól (lower part of pheran),$$
- # "I$khyól (flock) $
$
%#^$ ð written as$%#$̂when first letter of a word,$
as in$%#^QR#+$
auzàr (instrument),$
$
%#^VA
$aushad (medicine)
ð
written as$#^$
when not first letter of a word,$
as in$>#^$gau (went),$$
$ H#k-# +,B$chaunkhûrún (to shrivel up)#
$
%&$$ ð
Written as%&
when first letter of a word,$
$ as in$%&>$ang (part)"$$
ð
written as$&$
when not first letter of a word,
as in?&QR$
manz (in),$QR&>$
zang (leg)
$
$ ð when second member of a conjunct
as in$+P G#$
rêth (month)"$$
$ 4
e P
$küti (how many),$._e P
$tìti (so many)
$
$
ð
when second member of a conjunct
as in$j +$gôr (guru)"$- +$khôr (foot),$$
$ b I$môl (cost)
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 20
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr – – – 222
Using nusvara (
$&
)
$
%$
& $&
$
ð
written as$
%$
when first letter of a wordas in$%&A$and (end), $
$ %&A#hR# $andàzû (approximation)
ð
written as$$
when not first letter of a word)
as in$1&A
$band (closed),
&A $vandû (winter)
$
%"$
& $&
$
ð
written as$
%
when first letter of a word)as in$
%lQR
$ånz (swan)
%lQ_+$ånjìr (fig)
ð written as$ when not first letter of a word)
as in$1l̀ AV$båndísh (restriction),
+l>_B$
rångìn (coloured)
%
$
&$&
$
ð
written as$
%$
when first letter of a word,as in %&2Y+#+ $ ûnh-ràray (to groan)
ð
written as$&$
when not first letter of a word,
as in$.,2
&QR$
túhûnz (yours)
%
$
&$&$ ð
written as$%&$
when first letter of a word,
as in % &cR# 2YF &cR# 2$üntsûh-püntsûh (make excuses,
to be in a fix) ð
written as $&$when not first letter of a word,$
as in 4 &m P$4"T$künsi kåt R (younger female child)
$
$
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 21
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%#
&$&$ð
written as$%#$
when first letter of a word,
as in$%#&H#+
$ànchàr (pickle)
ð written as$#$when not first letter of a word, $
$
as in-##&A+
$
khàndar (marriage)$
%#"$
& $&$ð
written as$%#$
when first letter of a word,$
as in$%#lE$äntRh (stone of the fruit)
ð written as$#$when not first letter of a word,
as in$>#lE$gänt Rh (kite) $
f$
&$&
$ ð written as$f$
when first letter of a word,$
as in$f&QB$
ínjan (engine)
ð
written as$n$
when not first letter of a word,
as in$nF> $ píngû (a kind of millet)
f@$
&$&
$
ð
written as$f$
when first letter of a word,$$
$ as in$foE$ìnt Rh (a game of marbles)
ð
written as$p$when not first letter of a word,$$
$
as in$Fpe P$
pìnti (tiny pieces)
$
\$&$&$ ð written as$\$when first letter of a
word,$as in$\&>*R$úngats h (a cutting tool)
ð
written as$$
when not first letter of a word,$$
$ as in$4,QR$ kúnz (key)
$
]$&$&$ ð written as$]$when first letter of a word,
as in$]&c#YB_H$
ùnch-nìch (high and low in society,
ups and downs) ð written as $when not first letter of a word,$
as inI/E$
lùntR R
0h (the edge of a garment)
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 22
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$
'$
&$&$
(not first letter of a word)
ð written as $q$
as in$
rq-#
$
krènkh (gem)
'"$&$&$ (not first letter of a word)
ð written as $ " &$
as in$4
"
&2$
kénh (something)$
$
'3$&$&$ (not first letter of a word)$
ð written as$k$
as in$1kW"+_$Z1&W"+_[$
bænsürì$
(flute)
%#3$
&$&$ð
written as %#qq$
when first letter of a word,
as in$%#q.$ #q.$
ònt wònt (depth)
ð
written as #q$
when not first letter of a word,
as in $V#qE$ shònt R R 0h (dry ginger)
$
%#
"
$
&$&$ð
written as $%#
"
&$
when first letter of a word,$
as in$%#
"
&>
Q
$ óngûj (finger)
ð written as # " &$when not first letter of a word,
as in$QR# " &>$ zóng (fire)
%#^$&$&$not first letter of a word$
ð written as #k as in$H#k-# +,B$chaunkhûrún (to shrivel up)
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 23
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 333
Consonants in Nagri-Kashmiri $
4
as in$4I,V
$
kalúsh (kalash)$
$ 4#3?$
kòm (tribe, race),$4F,+$
kapúr (cloth)$
$
-#$
as in$%-#$
akh (one)S$-#1+$
khabar (news),$$ $ $
-#I$khal (threshing floor)$
$
>$
as in$>#T,I$
gàtR
úl (wise)S$$
$ s#>#V
$
pràgàsh (moonshine),$
A#>
$
dàg (stain) $
H$
as in$H_+$
chìr (wring)S$4#3H
$
kòchû (lane),$$ $ $
F#`H
$pàchí (trotters)
$
*$
as in$*#B$
chhàn (carpenter)S$$
$ ,*$vúchh (see),$13*,B$bèchhún (to beg)
$
Q$ as in$Q #B$ jawàn (young), $ # "Q$ vój (rain water
falling from the eaves of a house)
HR
$ as in$cR 8$
$ts êd (patience)S$$
$ ?HR+$ mats ar (madness), $
$ HR#q>$$ts òng (earthen lamp)
*R
$
as in$
>*R
$
gatsh (go)S$
$
$ *RP . $tsh êtû (extinguish)$
$
$
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 24
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$
QR$ as in$QR#B$zàn (knowledge)S$$
$ 1#QR+$
bàzar (market)$
$
T
$ as in$T?#T+
$tR
amàtR
ar (tomato),$$
$ Tq>$t R 0èng (hillock),$%#3T$òt 0R (flour)
E$ as in$ ,E$wútR 0h (lip)S$E#B $ t Rhànû (lid),$$
$ E>$t R 0hag (cheat), V3E$shèt R 0h (sixty)
$
8$ as in$8-#$d 0akh (support)S$ 8$ yad 0 (belley),
$
8#&1
$
d 0ànb (deceptive posture)$$
.$ as in$.#-#$tàkh (odd number)S$$
$ .-#W_+$
takhsìr (fault),$%.I#W$
atlàs (satin)
$
G#$
as in$ G#$
vath (way)S$+#G#$
ràth (night, yesterday),
FG#+$
pathar (floor)
$
A$ as in$A#"+$där (window, beard),$$
$ ?AA$
madad (help),$+#A$
ràd (length of cloth or garment)
$
B$
as in$A#B$
dàn (hearth, gift in charity)S$$
$ B#1A$
nàbad (sugar candy),$AB$
dan (wealth)
$
F
$
as in$
FQR+
$
pazar (truth)S$
4F,+
$
kapúr (cloth),$
$ $ $
F#3>$pòg (destruction)
$
U$
as in$+U.#+$
raphtàr (speed)S$$
$ `U+B$
phíran (turn upside down)
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$
1$ as in$+1$rab (mud)S$`1WI# $bíslày (fishing rod),$$
+1#1$
rabàb (rabab - a musical instrument)
$
?$
as in$>?$
gam (grief)S$?#
"
.$
mót (mad),$$
$ ?W$
mas (hair)
$
$
(When not second member of a conjunct)
as in$ 3+$yèr (wool), `? #B$míyàn (sheath),$$ $ $
4Q#$yakjà (together)
$
+$
$ as in$B#+
$nàr (fire)S$%+A#2
$ardàh (eighteen),$$
+#V$ràsh (sign of zodiac),
s#"Q$
präj (chopped straw),
t#qE$
drònt 0R
h (hardened)
$
I$ as in$QR#I$zàl (net)S$I#3I$lòl (passionate love, affection),$%+.I$
artal (gold or silver foil)
$
$ (When not second member of a conjunct)
as in$ #E$vàt R R 0h (union, act of joining)S$$
$ ? I$
maval (cockscomb, amaranth)$
$
V$
as in$FV$
pash (roof)S$ ,VB3+$
vushnèr (warmth)
$
W
$
as in$
W#3B
$
sòn (our)S$
$
$ W #W
$ vasvàs (perturbation)
$
2
$ as in$%2#34
$ahòk (central pivot of the millstone)"$$
4#2 "T$kàhvåt 0 R (touchstone)
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$
X
$ as in$X
"$tré (three)S$X#?
$tràm (copper)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 444
Consonants forming Conjunct with the vowels
$
# and $
While joining a consonant with built-in prop (dåndì) like $4S$1S$US$.$etc. with vowels $
and to form a conjunct, either its prop (in case of unbalanced letter like 1 & .) or last
leg of the portion to the right of its prop (in case of a balanced letter like 4$&$U) is
removed as illustrated below. Consonants without a prop like *S$TS$ES$+S$2$etc. are
attached with Halant when joined with $ $ and $
Conjuncts with
#$
$
u $as in$$ u #2$ kyàh (what)
- $ as in$$ - # "B$ khyón (to eat)
j $
as in$$ j $
gêv (ghee)
c
$as in$$ c G#
$ZHG#[ chêth (chath) (having drunk)
*P $as in$$ *P #$Z*#[$ chhyà (chhà) (is she? are they?)
h $as in$$ ?3h #3 $Z?3Q#3 [$mèjyòv (mèjòv)(having got)
cR
$
as in$
$ cR 8
$
ts êd 00 (patience)
*RP
$as in$$ *RP U
$ tshêph (in hiding)
hR $ as in $ hR $ zêv (tongue)
TP $ as in$$ TP -#$ t R 0êkh (a mere drop)
EP $as in$$ 4#"EP $ kät 0 Rhi (riding saddle)
8P $as in$$ 8P 4 $ d 0êkå (forehead)
e
$
as in$
$ e b1
+
$
têmbûr (spark)
G
$ as in$ G 4,B$
thêkún (to boast)
AP $ as in$$ AP IZdI[$ dêl (husk,peel,bark)
v $ as in$$ v # $ nyày (dispute)
w $ as in$$ w # $ pyàv (natal)
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 28
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x $ as in$$ x I$ phêl (boil)
y $
as in$$ y #-#$
byàkh (next)
b
$ as in$$ b &hR#,+
$ mênzúr (timber merchant)
+P
$
as in$
$ +P -#
$
rêkh (bird’s dropping)$
a $ as in$$ a -#$ lêkh (invective)$
z $ as in$$ z G#$ vêth (river Vitasta)
g
as in$ g #?$Zg##?[$shyàm (sham) (dark coloured)
m
$ as in$$ m
$ sêy (bunch of maggots)
2P
$ as in$$ 2P G#Z{G#[
$ hêth (having taken along)
Combinations given here are only for illustration. The sounds of "# "$ and
g
%
are palatal sounds. It is not necessary to use & with these letters to indicate the
palatalization.
Conjuncts with
$
u $as in$ u 4,+$ kôkúr (cock) $
- $
as in$$ - +$
khôr (foot) $
j $
as in$$ j 8$
gôd 0R
(ankle) $
$
c $
as in$ c v P$
chôni (sound made by a slap)
*P
$as in$$ *P -#
$ chhôkh (rinse)
h $ as in$$ h $ jôy (stream)
cR
$
as in$ cR F#3+
$
ts ôpòr (all four directions) *RP $
as in$$ *RP -#$
tshôkh (being half burnt)
hR $
as in$$ hR I$
zôl (foundation trench)
TP $
as in$$ TP 1,+$
tR
0ôbúr (an eating bowl)
EP $as in$$ EP I$ tR 0hôl (blow with the head)$
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8P $as in$$ 8P -#$ d 0ôkh (bend, uneven)
e $
as in$$ e ̀ 2$
tôhí (to you, by you)
G
$ as in$$ G W
$ thôs (distress, fatigue)
AP
$
as in$
$ |A
$
dôd (milk) $
v $ as in$$ v V$ nôsh (bride) $
w $ as in$$ w U$ pôph (father’s sister)
x $
as in$$ x I,B$
phôlún (to blossom)
y $
as in$$ y ̀*$
bôchhí (hunger)
b $ as in$$ b -#$ môkh (face)
} $ as in$$ } A $ yôdvay (if)
+P
$
as in$
$ +P U
$
rôph (silver)$
a $ as in$$ a 4,T$ lôkút R 0 (younger, small)$
z $
as in$$ z G#$
vôth (stand up)
g
$ as in g &>Z~&>[$ shông (sleep)
m $ as in$$ m $ sôy (common nettle)$
2P $as in$$ 2P -# $ hôkhû (dried, parched)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 555
Using
rdhachandra
! Z%"[
$
%"*$$ åchh (eye)$
%"8$$
åd 0 (half)
%lQRR$$
ånz (swan)
4"HR
$$ kåts (how many)
4"`.Q$$ kåtíj (swallow)
4"`?W$$ kåmís (whom)
4"?_B
$$
kåmìnû (mean)
>"`*RB$$ gåtshín (let go)
>"+$
går (watch)
>"+_1_$
gårìbì (poverty)
QR"?_B
$$ zåmìn (land)
."?_QR$$ tåmìz (manners)
."2"+
$$
tåhår (yellow rice) A"QR$$ dåz (burnt)
A"+$$ dår (hard)
F"`+B$$
pårín (let read)
1kW"+_S$1&W"+_$$
bansårì (flute)
?"*
$$ måchh (fly)
I"+
$$ lår (house)
"+$$
vår (a concoction of rice, condiments etc.)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 666
Using
"
and
rdhachandra
#! $%#!&
$
4#"v P$$ käni (one eyed)
4#"`U+$$
käphír (infidel)
4#"+$$
kär (neck)
4#"I_B$$
kälìn (carpet)
4#"`WA
$$ käsíd (messenger)
-##"I_$$ khälì (empty)
Q#"`2I
$$
jähíl (ignorant) A#l., $$
däntúv (made of ivory)
.#" _Q R$$
tävìz (amulet)
A#"B$$
dän (pomegranate)$
A#"+$$ där (window)
T#"E$$ t 0 Rät 0 Rh (dear)
F#" @QR#B$$
pär izàn (knowledge)
1#"`+ #
$$
bäriyà (wife)
?#"U_
$$ mäphì (pardon)
F#"+ @
$$ yapär i (this side)
I#"+$$ lär (cucumber)
#"Q$$ väj (ring)
2#l4I$$ hänkal (chain)
2#"`WI$$
häsíl (outcome)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 777
Using $% &' & " $% "&
$
4"A I$ kådûl (bridge) 4I $ kalû (head)$
-# +$ khûr (slip) j 8 $ gôdû (first)$
cR#,$ ts û (you) T -#$ t Rûkh (run)
A,W $ dúsû (a type of shawl)
FB
v P
panûni
(own) ?
WI
$
mûslû (skin)
1 $ bû (I, me ) z I $ vólû (come)
-.
H
$$ vakhtûch (of the time) #+
Y #+
$ vàrûvàrû (slowly)
$
$ $ 4"b PW&QR$$ kåmisûnz (whose )$
$ $ .,2&QR$$ túhûnz (yours)
.W&QR$$ tasûnz (his/her)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 888
Using ! $% !&' & ! " $% ! "&
4
e P$
küti (how many)$ -#
?
$
khümû (tent)$
.
+$
tür (cold) $ A
FY?#I#$
düp màlà (deep mala)$
W
e P$
süti (alongwith)
$
F &̀ cR#?, F &cR ,?$$pünts ím, pünts yúm (fifth )
F &c R P
-F#&c R # $ pünts i-pànts ûvay (all the five)
4 &m P
-4"T$ künts i kåt R (younger female)
-# &- #$ khünkh (one who speaks through nose)
>
&>E
$ güngath (veil)$$$
T
&u P
$ tR
ünki (coins)
.
&e P$4#
"
+
$ tünti kór (catgut)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 999
Using " and # "
$
* "$$ chhé (is) 4 " &2$$ kénh (something)
. "`I$$ télí (then) + "2$$ réh (flame)
"
`I
$$ yélí (when)
$
4#
"
+
$$ kór (did) HR#
"
I
$$ ts ól (ran away)
QR#
"
+
$$ zór (deaf) G##
"
m P
$$thósi (lumps)$
A#
"
+$$
dór (hard) F#
"
Q R$$
póz (true)
1#
"
A$$
bód (bundle) W#
"
B$$
són (deep)
W#
"
?$$
sóm (level) 2P #
"
+$$
hyór (upstairs)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111000
Difference in Pronunciation of words when
using vowels ( and #$)&
$
%w +$ apêr (flippancy)$
4,v +$$ kúnêr (loneliness)$
*RP F *RP U$tshêpûtshêph (keep hiding)
hR I$
zêl (upper layer)
AP I
$$ dêl (bark, skin)
1,Q+$$ bújar (old age)
b
$$
mê (me)
b &hR#,+$$ mênzúr (timber merchant)
+P I
$$ rêl (piece)
z W$$ vês (girl friend)
m -#$$ sêkh (sand)
m QR+$$$sêzar (straightness)
.
"
`I$$
télí (then)$ $
A
"
2
$$
déh (body)
1"`B$$ béní (sister)
152$$
bréh (flame)
"
`I$$
yélí (when)$ $
+
"
2
$$ réh (flame)$ $
I "Q$$ léj (earthen pot)
"`Q15#3+$$ véjíbròr (name of a place - Bijbehara)$
"
2
$$
véh (poison)
W
"
u ,I
$$ sékyúl (sandy)
W•2$$ sréh (wetness)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111111
Difference in Pronunciation of words when
using vowels $ and " " %&" "'
$
- +$ khôr (foot)$$ -## "+$$ khór (scald headed)
j +$
gôr (guru) $ >#
"
+$$
gór (made or moulded)
|A
$ dôd (milk) $A#
"
A
$$ dód (burnt)
+P U$ rôph (silver)$$ +# "U$$ róph (darning)
m +$ sôr (sound)$$ W# "+$$ sór (remembered)
b E$
môtR
0h (fist)$$ ?#
"
E$$
mót 0R
h (forgotten)
m B
$
sôn (gold)
$
W#
"
B
$$
són (deep) y A$ bôd (intelligence)$$1# "A$$ bód (bundle)
u I$$ kôl (stream)$$ 4# "I$$ kól (dumb)
cR I$
ts ôl (temporary hearth)$$ $
HR#
"
I$$
ts ól (ran away)
8P -#$$ d 0ôkh (bend, uneven)
8# "-#$$ d 0Rókh (support)
hR I
$
zôl (drowsiness)$$
QR#
"
I
$$
zól (foundation-trench) j B
$ gôn (quality)$$>#
"
B
$$ gón (fold, compact)
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Section - 2
Words Sentences
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111
Identifying Vowels Symbols - I
$
"$Z%[S$#$Z%#[S$#$Z%#[S$`$Zf[S$_$Zf[
$
$
%W,B$ asún (laughter) %"`8Q$$ ådíj (bone)
%#&>,B$ àngún (compound) %#F+,B$$ àprún (to feed)
fQ#QRG#$ íjàzath (permission) f@Q#A$$ ìjàd (invent)
4#"`WA$$ käsíd (messenger)$$4#2$ kàh (eleven)$
-##"`2V
$
khähísh (wish)`-#+
$
khír (kheer) $
>"B_?G#$ gånìmath (godsend) $ >#lE gäntR 0h (kite) $ $$
E"`>I
tR
0hågíl (cheating)."?_QR$$
tåmìz (manners)$$
.#"+
$ tär (delay)A"{,?
$$ dåhyúm (tenth)$$$$
A"I_I
$$ dålìl (story)A# @I
dàrêl (bearded)$ $$
`B+#2#+
$ níràhàr (foodless)B"v P
$ nåni (naked)$ $$
B#v P
$ nàni (grandmother)U#"QR
$ phäz (grace) $ $$
1#-#
$$
bàkh (weeping aloud) $
1#"V
bäsh (similarity) ?4#"
$$ makäy (maize)
?,+_A
$ múrìd (disciple)+_G#
$ rìth (custom)$
I#"+$
lär (cucumber)"4_I$
våkìl (lawyer)
#"Q$
väj (ring)#"`+W$
värís (heir)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr – – – 222
Identifying Vowels Symbols - II
##
%
%
'
' %
%
!'
' %
%
'
' ( %
%
!'
$
1T $$ bat R Rû (Kashmiri Pandit) $
. +$ tür (cold) $$$
4 &W$ küns (younger female)$$$$$$
8_U +$$ d 0 Rìphûr (small gathering) $$
4G#
4G#
$$
kathûkath (gossip)$$$
y 8 B# ,B
bôdûnàvún (to dip)
V/1
+,B$$
shùbûrún (beautify)$$$
+
HR+$$
rûts ar (well being) $
>#>
+$$
gàgûr (a metal pitcher)
4"b PW
&QR
kåmisûnz (whose ?)
-#
&hR#,B
khûnzún (to pluck feathers of a bird)
`IF
+$
lípûr (truant)
"._+ $ våtìrû (conduct)
W e $ süti (along)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 333
Identifying Vowels Symbols - III
$
,$Z\[S$$$$Z\[S$$$$Z][S$$$$Z][S$
$
$
,>,B
vúngún (to howl)$$$$$$$$ $
4,QR
kúnz (key)$
>,+,W$$
gúrús (buttermilk)
Q/ @$
jùr i (couple, pair)
4/Q
$
kùnj (corner)$$$
%QR+ ,B azarvún (feel jealous) $
*8,B
chhad 0ún (let go) $$$ $ $
*#&T,B$ chhànt R 0ún (pick)
/E$ vùnt 0 Rh (camel)$
1,2,+
búhúr (vendor of spices and herbs)
,4,+
$$
vúkúr (unfortunate)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 444
Identifying Vowels Symbols – IV
$
) %
'
'
'%
'
'
'%
'
'" "$%%#'' # %%#'' #$%%#'' Y S$Y $
u 4,+
$ kôkúr (cock)HR#
"
F
$ ts óp (bite)
t#
"
>$
dróg (dear)$ Q
"
Q_+
jéjìr (hookah)
v #
"
?$
nyóm (lemon)$$$$ HR#3+$
ts òr (four)
E34
$
tR
hèkû (contract)W/x P$
sùphi (sufi)$
AP #
"
I
dyól (a kind of soft grass)
%#
"
>,B
$
ógún (fire) $$$
$$ %#
"
V
ósh (tear)
1,Q+$
bújar (old age) 15E
brètR
h (stupid)
Vq-#
shènkh (conch) y `*$$ bôchhí (hunger)$
*R @+$$ ts harêr (emptiness) $$Q#z A$$ jàvênd (caraway)
B
"
H, $$
néchúv (son)v /+$
nyùr (meadow)
v 1+
nêbar (out){#
"
B$
hyon (to take)
{8,+
$$
hêdúr (mushroom)$ Bz +
navêr (newness)m A,B$
sêdun (succeed) W
"
u ,I$
sékyúl (sandy)
m 4#I
sôkàl (prosperous time)
+ ̂G#
ræyath (subject) I&Q+$$ lanjar (lameness)
IqU,B
lènphún (greasiness)$ $$$
# "A,+$
vódúr (stomach, otter)
z 4#+$$ vêkàr (changes) $$$z I#?$ vôlàm (blame)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 555
Identifying Vowels Symbols Assorted
$
134 I#"Q R_
bèkûläzì (foolishness)$
%8 "* R
ad Rûvåtsh (half open)
v -#. $ nôkhtû (point)$$
F"hR #3+$ påzyòr (truthful)
I/B
?,.$
lùnûmút (having reaped)
%F
hR # 3+
apûzyòr (liar)
I#3B
v P$
lònûvûni (wages for reaping)
y hR#, $
bêzúv (without life)
`?b ,QR$
mímyúz (mid-day meal)
%#"V
B#
äshûnàv (relative)
U"`4+# "v P$ phåk irän i (female beggar)
4I F#lG#
kalûpänth (end of a yuga)
a 4
H#+
$
lôkûchàr (childhood)
BB #3+$ nanûvòr (bare footed) $
m F#G# +$ sopàthûr (good child)
2?#"a P$ hamäli (charges of a porter)
%I
1# "v P
alûbän i (plough)
- cR#
+
$ khêts ûr (khichri)
b -#.
$
môkhtû (pearl)a F,B
$ lôpún (a fat and lazy fellow)
?"`V+#"` G#$ måshírävíth (having forgotten)
b 4 a #3?,.$$ môkûlyòmút (finished)
V"> B,B$ shégûnún (to become scorned)$
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>lh R#
+,B$
gånzûrún (to count)
HR#
"
F#" @
$ ts ópär i (all round) $
*RP F,B
$ ts hêpún (to hide)
B"-#
+I
nåkhûral (coquettish) $
%ld
-F"- $
ånd ipåkh i (around)
4"A I$ kådûl (bridge)
B# "? +,B$
nómûrún (to bend)
2P -#
B# ,B$
hôkhûnàvún (to dry up)$ $
8#3v , $
d 0ònyúv (made of walnut wood)
."2W_IA#+
$
tåhsìldàr (tehsildar)%2&4#" @ ahankär i (proud)
&A $+#"HRB$$ vandû räts an (during winter nights)
.,I
-4.,+$ tulû-katúr (ice sheet)
1# " `4+-## "v P bäkírkhän i (bread made of butter, milk & flour)
A,2"e ,?$
dú-håtyúm (two hundredth)
B4
#3+$
nakûvòr (nostril)
1"2+,B
båhrún (to show courage)
1# "> +# ,B
bägûràvún (to distribute)
b #"v P myän i (my)
-# "A?G#>#+$$ khådmathgàr (servant)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 666
Simple Sentences
?$ B
$
mé van (tell me)$$
y B$ W$ bón vas (come down)
Q#B$> $
jàn gav (it is good)
c#$4W$*-#
$ ts û kús chhúkh (who are you ?)
4#.$>*-#$ kót gatshakh (where will you go ?)
4`.$%#-#$ katí àkh (where from have you come ?)
4W$%#W$
kús òs (who was he ?)
u W$%#W
kósû äs (who was she ?)?$4+$ ma kar (don’t do ?)
BS$?$` $ na, ma yí (no, don’t come)
z I$` $F+$
vólû yí par (come, read this)
v 1+$B+$
nébar nèr (go out)
A#+$?H+# $ där mûts ràv (open the window)
%Q$`*$.+$ az chhí tür (it is cold today)
4e $>*B
$
küti
gatshnay (how many do you want)%Q$*$.#U
$ az chhú tàph (it is sunny today)
B#B$u #2$*-#
$ vanàn kyà chhúkh (what are you saying ?)
4W$.$4`.$ kús tû katí (who and where ?)
j #B$+#Q$ gévàn ròz (keep singing)
1$u #2$ B
$ bû kyàh vanû (what can I say ?)
h $2# $ zév hàv (show your tongue)
.b1+$`*$H#4
$
tambûr chhi tsok (tamarind is sour)
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 777
Practice in reading - I
$
%QR$` $ #3+$
az yí yòr (come here today)
` $`4.#1$F+$
yí kítàb par (read this book)
2,$> $+#?$Q_$
hú gav ràm jì (he is Ram ji)
u #2$*,-#$4+#B$ kyàh chhúkh karàn (What are you doing?)
4`.$*,-#$1W#B$ katí chhúkh basàn ? (where do you live ?)
2,$4,W$*,$ hú kús chhú ? (who is he ?)
W,$*,$b #3B$ #+$
sú chhú myòn yár (he is my friend) T#E#$Q_$4#.$> $ tRàthà jì kót gav ? (where did Tatha ji go?)
b $*#$-#1+$
mê chhà khabar ? (do I know ?)
V#2$Q_$*,$F4#B$ $$$
shàhjì chhú pakàn (Shah ji is coming)
4#&2$4#"?$4+$
kành käm kar (do some work)
A#3+#B$u #`QR$*,-#
dòràn kyàzí chhúkh? (why are you running?)
1
$>*R
$AU.+$
bû gatshû daphtar (I will go to office) 1 $4+$` ? $
bû kar yímû ? (when should I come ?)
z I $1. $- ? $ vôlû batû khêmav (let us eat food)
%QR$`*$%#G# #+$ az chhí àthvàr (today is Sunday)
?W.W$`A$4&>, $ mastas dí kangúv (comb the hair)
` $*,$b #3B$>+ $ yí chhú myòn garû (this is my home)
$
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 888
Practice in reading - II
cR#
$u #`QR$*,-#$E#2$E#2$4"`+G#$%W#B$
$tsû kyàzí chhúkh t 0háh t 0háh kåríth asàn
$
AF#B$+TBW$>`*R$1#B$%#W,B$ $
dapàn rat 0nas gatshí bànû àsún
$
%G#$?&QR$*,B
$4#&2$V-#$`QR$cR#
$*,-#$m E#2$.3QR$ $
ath manz chhúnû kành shakh zi tsû chhúkh sêt 0hàh tèz$
$
` ?B$>"+_1B$*,B#$`QR&A$+#3QRB,4$2-#$ $
yíman gårìban chhúnà zíndû ròznúk hakh ?$$
FB `BW$?#"`IW$?#`Q$2 &QR$>`*R$-#"A?G#$4+ v P$ $
panûnís mälís màjí hûnz gatshí khådmath karûni$
$
1#W#B$*,?$`QR$HR "$*, $B $ #3+,4$z F#B$ $
bàsàn chhúm zí tsé chhúy nû yòrúk vêpàn$
$
#`+ #2$4#I$>#3?$HR "$s#+#B$ $
vàríyàh kàl gòm tsé pràràn$
$
z I $%QR$4+ $s#"v P$F#"EP $4G##$1#G##$
$
vólû az karav präni pät 0hi kathà bàthà$
$
AF#B$+#hR# $> $` $1/̀ QRG#$m E#2$2#"+#B$
$
dapàn ràzû gav yí bùzíth sêt 0hàh häràn$
$
#.#B$ #.#B$ #"e P$`.?$%"`4W$B#>W$w E$.
$%`.$d,.,-#$G#-#$ $
vàtàn vàtàn väti tím åkís nàgas pêt 0h tû atí dyútúkh thakh
$
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$
- QB$4#
"
+$?#
"
2`B` W$%#I $.
$cR#/+W$4+B#" B$I#+$ $
khôjan kór móhnívís àlav tû ts ùras karnävûn làr $
$
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 999
Practice in reading - III
` $*,$4#I
$F>#2$W#"IW$>*R#B$yí chhú kàlû pagàh sälas gats hàn$
$
%"`?W$%#`W$Q#B$>,hR##+ $. $. $*W$A#` $13`X
$
åmís àsí jàn gúzàrû tû tavay chhas dàyí bètrí$
$
4#"V,+$`*$W#"v P$?#`Q$hR $%`W$F`QR$FB v B$V, @B$W e P$%"G P$QR1#"v P$?&QR$4G#$4+ v $
käshúr chhí säni màjí zêv. asi pazi panûnên shúrên süti åthi zabäni manz
kath karûni
$
m E#2$4#I$>#3?$W#qH#B$`QR$1 $I3-# 2#"$FB v B$+m?B$.$+P #QB$w E$%-#$`4.#1 $
sêthàh kàl gòm sònchàn zí bû lèkhûhä panûnên rasman tû rêvàjan pêth akh
kítàb$
$
d#+$%#WB"$W/`. $> $B $4#&2$1#"8$b 2v , $`AI$>`*R$1#"8$%#W,B $
dyàr àsnû sütíy gav nû kành bód môhnyúv. díl gats hi bód àsún
$
G#$A,̀ B #2W$?&QR$1`B$sG#$4#&2$H_QR$?>+$?#"Q$4`.$1`B $
yath dúníyàhas manz baní prath kành chìz magar mäj katí baní $
W,$ -# .$*,?$ #A$w #B$ "`I$W#"`BW$`W&>`I$FVW$%-#$%-#$>QR$QR3 `*$`VV+$>#lT $%#W $
I>#B
$
súh vakhût chhúm yàd pêvàn yélí sänís sínglí pashas akh akh gaz zèchhí
shíshar gäntû àsû lagàn$
$
`QREP B$ QRG#$4+,B$*,$a 4TP B$2,A$UQ@ $$
zíthên yêzath karún chhú lôktên húnd farûz
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 50
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111000
Practice in reading – IV
$
W,1
$w E
$V#?W$.#?$%#"m P$`.?$|V
$1#"HR$-##2W$?&QR$4#"?$4+#B$ $
súbû pêt 0hû shàmas tàm äsi tím dôshûvay bäts khàhas manz käm karàn$
$
W,} #$%#3W$+#hR# $% `v. ?@B $W &`A$A+1#+,4$%-#$+". B$. $%"`? $%#"W$` .m.#$W#U$4"`+G#$
4"V_+$` `F$`B`V$1H#" ? HR$ $
súyà òs ràzû avantívarmanû sûndí darbàrúk akh råtûn tû åmíy äs vítastàsàph kåríth kåshìr vípí níshí bachävmûts
$
$
F#&8
B$2
&̀ A$ -.
$`.$*,$4"V_`+$`2vA,m.#BW$W
e $Wb1&A$%#3W,?,.$
$
pàndûvan hûndí vakhtû tí chhú kåshìrí híndústànas süti samband òsúmút$
$
1 $>#3W$` ? $4G# $1/̀ QRG#$m E#2$- V$ $ B$HR "$u #2$>`*R $` $?&>-#$`.$?3̀ I $ $
bû gòs yímû kathû bùzíth sêt 0hàh khôsh. van tsé kyàh gats híy? yí mangakh tí
mèlíy$
$
`QREP B$2 &QR$%#"2_$`*$sG#$W#. $14#+$` #B$ $`.2 &QR$>`*$F`QR$?B $W_ #$4+ v P$ $
zít 0hên hûnz ähì chhí prath sàtû bakàr yívàn. tíhûnz gatshí pazí manû sìvà
karûni$
$
4"V_`+$`*$sG#$%#"E?$.$-##W$4"`+G#$QR3E$%#"E?$|2$.,I?,`I$`A $I>#B$ $
kåshìrí chhí prath ät 0ham tû khàs kåríth zèthû ätham dôh túlmúlí dívay lagàn
$
$
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Section – 3
Translation Vocabulary
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111
Some words of daily use
English Kashmiri Roman
Above{#+
hyór
Able I# -# làyakh
Account `2W#1 hísàb
Bad-#+#1
kharàb
Below y B bôn
Blood +G# rath
Bonfire%I#
alàvBridge $$ $4AI kådûl
Broker t#I$ $ dràl
BuildingI+
lår
Busy %# + àvúr
But ?>+ magar
Child1H
bachû
Chinar 1/v P bùn i
Ceiling .#I tàlav
CityV2+
shahar
Cloth 4F+ kapúr
Colour + &>$ $ rang
Comb$$ $4>
kangúv
Cloud %# "1 , +$$ óbúr
Courage {?G# hêmath
Compound%#>B
àngúnCrowd 1_+ bìrû
Day |2 dôh
Door1+$ $
bar
Doubt V-#$ $ shakh
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DuskV#?$ $
shàm
Dust >+ A$ $ garûd
Earth 1,.+#.$$$ bútràt
Excuse12#B
$ $
bahànû
False %F#Q apóz
Farmer j# 5 /W$ $ grùs
Garden1#>
bàg
Eclipse >5 ,2,B grúhún
Fast .Q tèz
Fatz #E
vyótR
h
Fever .U taph
Flower$$ $F#V
pòshFoe AV?B dúshman
Friend #+S$z W yàr, vês
Girl4+
kùr
Good Q#B jàn
Hair ?W mas
Hand%G#
athû
He W sú
Hearth A#B dàn
Hill1#I
bàl
His, her .WA tasúnd
Honey $$ $?#* màchh
HouseI"+
lår
Hope 15#&G# brànth
Hot >?@ garûm
I, me1
bûIcicle $$$ $`VV+>#lE$ shíshar-gånth
Illiterate %BF8 anpad
Is*$S$`*
chhú, chhí
Key $$$ $4Q kúnz
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Ladder$$ $2+
hèr
Lake W+ sar
Lock $$$ $4IU kúlúph
Love?#
mày
Man ?A mard
Milk |A dôd
Moneyd#+$ $
dyàr
Moon h R # /B$ $ zùn
Mountain F1@G# parbath
Myb #B
myòn
Nest %#I òl
Night+#G#
ràthOld
18
búdR
û
Paper $$ $4#4Q kàkaz
PeopleI-#
lùkh
Place Q# jày
Rain + /A$ $ rùd
RiverA `+ # $$
dåríyàv
Roof FV$ $ pash
Sand $$$ $m -# sêkh
Scissorb 4+#Q
mêkràz
Snow $$ $V_B shìn
Stone $$ $4v kåni
Streamu I$ $
kôl
Sun `W` @$ $ síríyí
Tear %#V ósh
Then.`I
télíThere . .̀ tatí
They `.? tím
Thinv 4
nyúk
Time -. vakhût
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 56
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Tree4I
kúl
True F#Q póz
Turf t?,B$ $ dramún
Up2 #+
hyór
Water F# 3v P pòni
We %m åsi
Were%#m
äsi
What u #2 kyàh
When 4+ kar
Where4 .̀
katí
Who 4WS$4? kús, kam
Whyu #̀ Q
kyàzíWill be
%#̀ WS$%#WB
àsí, àsan
Window $$ $A#+ där
Woman QB#B zanànû
Youc#
#
S$.#{
ts û, tóhi
Young Q #B javàn
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 222
Numbers 1 to 50
One %-#
Two hR#
Three X
"
Four HR#3+
Five F#l*RS$F#&*
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
V "$
WG#$
%#"E$
B
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
A"2S$A#2$
4#2$
1#2$
X, #2$
cR A#2$
F&A#2$
Sixteen
SeventeenEighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
V,+#2$
WA#2$
%+A#2$
4,B ,2$
,2
Twentyone
Twentytwo
Twentythree
Twentyfour
Twentyfive
%4 ,2$
hR# .#3 ,2$
X# " ,2$
HR# " ,2$
F
&cR#
2$
Twentysix
Twentyseven
Twentyeight
Twentynine
Thirty
V ". ,2$
W.#3 ,2$
%E#3 ,2$
4,BX 2$
X
2
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 58
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Thirtyone
Thirtytwo
Thirtythree
Thirtyfour
Thirtyfive
%4 X 2$
|` X
2$
. "` X 2$
cR ` X 2$
F#&cR#
X
2
Thirtysix
Thirtyseven
Thirtyeight
ThirtynineForty
V "` X 2$
W. X 2$
%+ X 2$
4,B.#"Q_$
HR. Q_
Fortyone
FortytwoFortythree
Fortyfour
Fortyfive
%4 .#"Q_$
|` .#"Q_$
. "` .#"Q_$
cR ` .#"Q_$
F#lcR# .#"Q_
Fortysix
Fortyseven
Fortyeight
Fortynine
Fifty
V
"
` .#"Q_$
W. .#"Q_$
%+ .#"Q_$
4,B &hR##2$
F&HR#2
$
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 333
Parts of the Body
Head
ForeheadFace
NoseNostril
4I $
8P 4
$
1,G#$
BW$
B4 #3+
Eye
Eye-brow
Eye-lash
Ear
Mouth
%"*$
1,b1$
%"*+ #I$
4B$
%#"W
Teeth
Tongue
Lip
Chin
Neck
A&A$
hR $
,E$
2P &>v P$
4#"+
Throat
larynx
Chest
Arm
Armpit
2#
"
T$
>&8,+$
W_B
$
B"+$
4*R
Wrist
Hand
Palm
FingerLittle finger
2# "HR$
%G# $
?&QRY%G#
$
%# " &> Q$
`4W
Thumb
Elbow
Shoulder
Shoulder blade
Belly
"
E$
- B
E$
x # "4$
V#B ##
8
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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 60
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Thigh
Waist
Leg
Knee
Foot
I&>$
4?+$
QR&>$
4# "E$
- +
Heel
Sole
Skin
BrainHeart
-#/+$
.IF# "A$
HR?$
?> QR$
#"`IvQ
Lung
Kidney
Liver
IntestinesStomach
V/V$
y 4 "T$
`Q>+$
%lA+?$
b #A
Gall Bladder
Bone
Blood
Hair
BeardMoustacheNails
._I $w # ".$
%`8Q$
+G#$
?WS$ #I$
A#"+$
>#q*R$
B?
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CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 444
Animals
Bear
BuffaloBull
Camel
Cat
2#F,.$
?/VS$?#lV$
A#&A$
/E$
15#3+S$15#"+
Cow
Deer
Dog
Donkey
Elephant
># $
2+B$
2/B$
-#+$
2#
"
m.
Frog
Fox
Hangul
Goat
Hare
`?v P$
w *RI#3 $
2#&>,I$
*R# QS*R# ,I$
-#+>#3V
Horse
Jackal
LionMonkey
Musk deer
>,+$
V#I$
F#A
@$W
2$
F# " &QR$
+/W
Pig
Rat
Sheep
Tiger
Wild goat
Wolf
W#3+$
>>,+$
4ES$>"1$
W 2$
?#+-##3+$
+#?
$2/B$
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Birds
Bat
Cock
+#. Yr I$
u 4,+
Crow 4#
DuckHen
1.,-#$
u 4 +
Eagle
Kite
Maina
F#"QR$
>#lE$
2#"+$
Nightingale
Owl
1,I1,I$
+#. Yb >,I$
Parrot
Peacock
.#3. $
?#3+$
Pigeon
Sparrow
4#3.,+$
HR"+$
Swan
Vulture
%lQR$
>5A$
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