View
216
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
CHAPTER 2IDENTIFYING
THE NEED FOR INSTRUCTION
Kathy Porter
IS INSTRUCTION THE SOLUTION? Identifying the problem is to determine
whether instruction should be part of the solution.
Sometimes a problem requires a change in policy and procedure as well as in the work environment.
Once you know the root cause of the problem you can determine whether an instructional intervention will solve the problem.
THREE TOOLS TO IDENTIFY THE PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS
Needs assessment Goal analysis
Performance assessment
Once the problem is identified the instructional designer must determine the most appropriate intervention.
NEEDS ASSESSMENT Needs assessment is used to identify
gaps in performance and then determine whether the gaps are worth addressing through an intervention.
If the gap is worth addressing then recommendations are made to improve performance through some type of intervention.
4 FUNCTIONS OF THE NEEDS ASSESSMENT PROCESS It identifies the needs relevant to a
particular job or task. It identifies critical needs. It sets priorities for selecting
intervention. It provides baseline data to assess the
effectiveness of the instruction.
TYPES OF NEEDS & DATA SOURCES Normative needs are identified by
comparing the target audience against a national standard.
Examples are SAT, GRE, (Terra Nova is what we use in Fort Benning)
COMPARATIVE NEEDS These are similar to normative needs in
that they both are defined by comparing the status of the target audience to an external measure or status.
A comparative need is identified by comparing the target group to a peer group.
Example - Comparing my 2nd grade class to another equivalent 2nd grade class.
FELT NEEDS This is a desire or want that an
individual has to improve either his or her performance or that of the target audience.
It express a gap between current performance or skill level and desired performance or skill level.
EXPRESSED NEEDS Expressed needs is a felt need turned
into action. People are often willing to pay to satisfy expressed needs.
Example – The list of teachers who are waiting for a school media course. The expressed desire to enroll in the course and willingness to wait for an opening.
ANTICIPATED OR FUTURE NEEDS Anticipated needs are a means of
identifying changes that will occur in the future.
Example – Our principle knows that the teachers at our school will have to use a new approach called Differentiated Instruction next year so he arranged for appropriate training before the teachers start the new year with difficulties with the new method.
CRITICAL INCIDENT NEEDS These needs are failures that are rare
but have significant consequences.
Example: chemical spills , nuclear accidents, medical treatment errors
CONDUCTING A NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Phase I Planning
Phase IICollecting
Data
Phase IIIData
Analysis
Phase IV Final Report
SIX STEPS OF GOAL ANALYSIS
Identify an Aim Set Goals
Refine GoalsRank Goals
Refine Goals AgainMake Final Ranking
COMPARING GOAL ANALYSIS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Goal Analysis Needs Assessment
Takes less time Focus is narrower Starts with a problem
someone has identified, and then focuses on a solution to the given problem
Conducted with a few individuals who are knowledgeable about the problem
Takes more time Focus is broader Gathers a variety of
data from a number of sources
Is reserved for projects that can justify the time and cost involved.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT This helps determine whether the goals
of the training program actually address a training problem or another intervention would be more appropriate.
THE ID PROCESS The problem-identification process may
require multiple techniques to refine the problem.
Example you might start with a needs assessment or performance assessment and then use a goal analysis to refine the problem.
SOURCE
Kemp, J.E., Morrison, G.R., & Ross, S.M. (6th Edition, 2011). Designing effective instruction. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Recommended