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8/2/2019 Kinh Te Vi Mo-tham Khao
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Chng 4
Qu trnh sn xut v
chi ph
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Sn xut
iu g quyt nh s lng hng ha ca mt hng sn
xut? Cc yu t u vo (K, L, lao ng, nguyn vt liu)
c nng sut nh th no?
Cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut l g?
Chng tn bao nhiu? Chng ta mun ti thiu hacc chi ph.
Mc sn lng mang li li nhun ti a l baonhiu?
Hy bt u bng mt hm sn xutbiu din mi quanh gia cc yu t u
vo v u ra:Q = f(L, K, M, )
N cho chng ta bit mc sn lng ti a, Q, ng vinhng yu t u vo cho trc (L, K, M, v.v..) bng
cch s dng cng ngh f
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Mi quan h gia sn xut v chi ph
Cng ngh sn xut
u vo (cc yut sn xut)
Qu trnh sn xut(hm sn xut)
Xut phm
Kha cnh kinh t ca sn xut
Chi ph u vo
La chn kinh ttrong sn xut
Chi ph (gi thnh)ca xut phm
Qunlcngnghvc
hiph
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Sn xut v chi ph
INPUTS (NHP LNG)
CHI PHOUTPUT
(XUT LNG)(Sn phm hu hnh )
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Phn tch sn xut trong ngn hn
Ngn hnl khong thi gian trong vic thay imt yu t sn xut rt tn km. (t, nh, v.v)Trong di hn, tt c cc yu t u vo u thayi.
Trong sn xut d nhin c hng chc (hng trm?)yu t u vo.Gi s K c nh trong ngn hn v L l yu t uvo duy nht l hng c th thay i. (m hnh hai
yu t u vo.Hm sn xut Q = F(K,L)
Mc sn lng ti a c th c sn xut vi
K v vn v L v lao ng.
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Tng sn lng
V d Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas V d: Q = F(K,L) = K.5 L.5
K c c nh 16 v.
Hm sn xut ngn hn:Q = (16).5 L.5 = 4 L.5
Sn xut khi 100 v lao ng c sdng?
Q = 4 (100).5= 4(10) = 40 v
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Nng sut bin ca lao ng
MPL =D
Q/D
L o lng sn lng to ra bi cngnhn cui cng.
dc ca hm sn xut ngn hn (theolao ng).
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Nng sut lao ng trung bnh
APL = Q/L y l ch s o lng nng sut v mtk ton.
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Sn xut vi mt yu t bin i
Vn Lao ng Tng SL (Q)3 0 0
3 1 5
3 2 18
3 3 30
3 4 40
3 5 45
3 6 48
3 7 49
3 8 49
3 9 45
APL= Q/L MPL= (DQ/D L)--- ---
5 5
9 13
10 12
10 10
9 5
8 37 1
6.1 0
5 -4
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Nng sut (li tc) bin gim dn
Nng sut bin gim dnl quan st thc nghim vs phn ng ca yu t u ra i vi s gia tng cc yut u vo.
Ngha l khi lng ca mt yu t u vo no tng ln(theo mc gia tng bng nhau), s thay i cc yu tu vo s tr nn nh hn sau mt im no .
Cc c im:
1. MPLbt u gimsau mt im no , khng phi trnn m.
D on ca nh kinh t hc c in Malthus: Vi lng
t ai c nh v MPL gim dn, cc ngun cung thcphm s tr nn khng . ng y b st iu g?
2. Ceteris paribus. tc l nhng yu t u vo khc cgi khng i: K, nng lng, nguyn liu, & cng ngh.Nu bn tm ra mt cng ngh sn xut tt hn, ton b
ng tng sn lng TP s dch chuyn!
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Q
L
Q=F(K,L)
Nng sutbin tng
dn
Nngsutbin
gimdn
Nng sut binm
MP
AP
Cc giai on sn xut
Cc c im:Nu MPL> 0, Q tng
Nu MPL< 0, Q gim
Nu MPL= 0, Q t cc i
Nu MPL > APL, APLtngln
Nu MPL < APL, APLgimxung
MPL = APLti APLcc i
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Nng sut theo quy m
Trong di hn tn ti mi quan h no gia cc yu t u vo v yu
t u ra?
Tt c inputs: Output qu trnh sn xut cho thy
Tng gp i tng gp i NS khng i theo quy m
Tng gp i < tng gp i NS gim dn theo quy mTng gp i > tng gp i NS tng dn theo quy m
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ng ng lng
S kt hp cc inputs (K, L) em li cho nh sn xut cng
mc sn lng. Hnh dng ca ng ng lng phn nh mc thay thd hay kh gia cc yu t trong khi vn duy tr cng mc snlng.
T l m nh sn xut c th thay th gia cc inputs v duytr cng mc sn lng gi l t l thay th k thut binMRTS. MRTSmang du m v thng gim dn
MRTSKL = K/L l s lng lao ng tng ln thay th chos lng vn gim xung nhm m bo mc sn lngkhng i.
Gi tr tuyt i ca t l thay th k thut bin chnh l dcca ng ng lng.
Trong mi quan h vi nng sut bin MP
MRTSKL
= MPL
/MPK
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dc ca ng ng lng
dco lng K m hng
c th gim dng thmmt n v L, sao cho gi Qkhng i
Slng tng thm t Y n X= DL * MPL
Slng mt i t Y n X
= DK * MPK Trn cng mt ng ng
lng DL * MPL + DK * MPK =0
DK/ DL = - MPL/ MPK - MPL/ MPKc gi l T l
thay th k thut bin MRTS,
K
L
Q = 500
Y
X
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ng ng lng tuyn tnh
Vn v lao ng lnhng yu t thayth cho nhau honho
Q3Q2Q1
Sn lngtng
L
K
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ng ng lng Leontief
Vn v lao ng lnhng yu t bsung hon ho
Vn v lao ngc s dng theo tl c nh
Q3
Q2
Q1
K
Sn lng
tng
L
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ng ng lng Cobb-Douglas
Cc inputs khngthay th cho nhauhon ton
T l thay th k
thut bin gim dn Phn ln cc quytrnh sn xut cng ng lng
dng ny
Q1
Q2
Q3K
L
Sn lng tng
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ng ng ph
S kt hp cc inputsvi cng mc chi ph
Vi gi cc inputs chotrc, ng ngph cng xa gc ta gn lin vi nhngmc chi ph cao hn.
S thay i gi cc
input lm thay i dc ca ng ngph
K
LC1
C0
L
Kng ng ph mido gim tin lng(gi ca lao ng).
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ng ng ph
ng ng ph cho thy
tt c nhng kt hp (L,K)c th c mua vi mtmc tng chi ph chotrc.
TC = wL + rK K = (-w/r)L + (TC/r)
Tung gc l TC/r
Honh gc l TC/w
dccho bit cc mcgi tng ica hai input( dc = -2 ngha l munmua thm 1 n v L, phi
mua t i 2 v K)
Lng
Vn (K)TC3/r
TC2/r
TC1/r
TC1/w
TC2/w
TC3/w
dc = -w/r
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Ti thiu ha chi ph
Nng sut bin trn mi ng b ra phibng nhau cho tt c cc inputs:
Ni cch khcr
MP
w
MPKL
rwMRTS
KL
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Ti thiu ha chi ph
Q
L
K
im ti thiuha chi ph dc ng
n ph= dc ng
ng lng
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Thu cng nhn c nng sut cao nht?
Ti sao cu tr li i khi l Khng?
Chng ta gi s hng mun thu thm mt cng nhnna. Hng c th chn mt cng nhn tay ngh caov mt cng nhn tay ngh thp.
MPtay ngh cao = 2 MPtay ngh thp
Nhng nng sut khng phi l yu t duy nht phixem xt
Ptay ngh cao = 3Ptay ngh thp
S ti u ha i hi rng MPcao / Pcao =
MPthp/Pthp Tuy nhin, MPcao / Pcao < MPthp/Pthp
V vy, hng nn thu cng nhn tay ngh thp v hc sn lng cao hn trn mt ng b ra.
Ki h t & b t h
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Kinh t xy & v san bng cc ta nh
Xy dng Gara u xes dng hai
input B tng & t ai Trc ht cho MPC/ PC = MPLand/Pland
vng ngoi ca M
Nu xy bi u xe trong khu vc nithnh, Ptcao hn, cc yu t khc
khng i MPC/ PC > MPLand/Pland Cng ty xy dng chuyn sang s
dng nhiu B tng v chng ta thycc bi u xe cao tng trong cc thnhph
San bng ta nh: dng cht n hay ruMPCht n/ PCht n ? MPL/PL
Cch no p dng Hong Kong v M?
Plr hn nhiu Hong Kong cc hng chuyn san bng ta nh Hong Kong s dng nhiu L
Ph h hi h
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Phn tch chi ph
Cc loi chi ph Chi ph c nh
(FC)
Chi ph bin i(VC)
Tng chi ph(TC)
Chi ph chm
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Tng chi ph v chi ph bin i
C(Q): Tng chi ph tithiu sn xut cc mcsn lng :
C(Q) =VC+FC
VC(Q): Chi ph thay
i theo sn lng
FC: Chi ph khng thay
i theo sn lng
$
Q
C(Q) =VC+FC
VC(Q)
FC
hi h h hi h h
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Cc chi ph c nh v chi ph chm
FC: chi ph khng ikhi sn lng thay i
Chi ph chm: chi ph bmt vnh vin sau khi nc tr
$
Q
FC
C(Q) = VC + FC
VC(Q)
Chi h t b h
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Chi ph trung bnh
Tng chi ph trung bnh
ATC = AVC + AFCATC = C(Q)/Q
Chi ph bin i
trung bnhAVC = VC(Q)/Q
Chi ph c nh
trung bnhAFC = FC/Q
Chi ph bin
MC = DC/DQ
$
Q
ATC
AVC
AFC
MC
Quan h chi ph trung bnh chi ph bin
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Quan h chi ph trung bnh-chi ph bin
Nu chi ph bin < chi ph
trung bnh, chi ph trungbnh s gim
Nu chi ph bin > Chi phtrung bnh, Chi ph trungbnh s tng ln
MC = AC ti im cc tiuca AC
$
Q
Q
$/unit4
4
20
100
TC
MC
TVC
TFC
AVC
ATC
Chi ph trung bnh c chtrong vic phn tch cc chi
ph m hng pht sinhcho n hin ti.
Chi ph bin c ch trongvic phn tch cc chi ph mhng s pht sinh trong
tng lai.
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Chi ph c nh
$
Q
ATC
AVC
MC
ATC
AVC
Q0
AFC Chi ph C
Q0
(ATC-AVC)
= Q0 AFC
= Q0(FC/ Q0)
= FC
hi h bi i
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Chi ph bin i
$
Q
ATC
AVC
MC
AVCChi ph B
Q0
Q0AVC
= Q0[VC(Q0)/ Q0]
= VC(Q0
)
hi h
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$
Q
ATC
AVC
MC
ATC
Tng CP
Q0
Q0ATC
= Q0[C(Q0)/ Q0]
= C(Q0)
Tng chi ph
T h ki h hi ki h h
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Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t do quy m pht sinh t mi quan
h phi tuyn tnh gia cc inputs v output.Sn xut giai on IKhi cc inputs tng, output tng theo t l ln hn. V d:Gp i inputs th output tng hn gp i.
Nguyn nhn: Tng thm cc inputs to iu kin cho vicchuyn mn ha.
Sn xut giai on IIKhi inputs tng, output tng nhng theo t l nh hn. V
d: Gp i inputs th output tng t hn gp i.
Nguyn nhn: Tng thm inputs to ra s cht chi khnggian v/hoc nhng kh khn trong vic phn vic v qunl.
Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m
T h ki h h
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Tnh kinh t nh quy m
LRAC
$
Sn lng
Kinh t theoquy m
Phi kinh ttheo quy m
T h ki h t hi ki h t th
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Cc giai on sn xut dn n tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy
m
Kinh t theo quy m: chi ph trung bnh gim khi sn lng tng.
Phi kinh t theo quy m: chi ph trung bnh tng khi sn lng gim.
v slng Tng chiph
Tng chi ph trung bnh
10,000 $1.0 triu $1.0 triu/10,000 = $100
15,000 $1.4 triu $1.4 triu/ 15,000 = $93
20,000 $1.9 triu $1.9 triu/ 20,000 = $95
Kttheo
quy m
Phi kttheo quym
Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m
T h ki h t hi ki h t th
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$
v sn lng
ATC
AVC
MC
AFC
chuyn mnha
Trong khong ny, hng tip tc c tnh kinh t theoquy m mc d s cht chi bt u xut hin S cht chi cha trm trng ln t tc ng
dng tch ly ca chuyn mn ha
Kt theo quy m
Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m
V d
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V d
Tng chi ph: C(Q) = 10 + Q + Q2
Hm chi ph bin i:VC(Q) = Q + Q2
Chi ph bin i khi sn xut 2 v:
VC(2) = 2 + (2)2 = 6
Chi ph c nh:FC = 10
Hm chi ph bin:MC(Q) = 1 + 2Q
Chi ph bin sn xut 2 v:MC(2) = 1 + 2(2) = 5
H hi h hi h
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Hm chi ph ca nhiu sn phm
C(Q1
, Q2
): Chi ph sn xut hai sn phmchung
Dng hm s tng qut:
C(Q1, Q
2)= f+ aQ
1Q
2+ b(Q
1)2 + c(Q
2)2
T h ki h t th h i
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Tnh kinh t theo phm vi
C(Q1
, Q2
) < C(Q1
, 0) + C(0, Q2
)
Sn xut lin kt hai sn phm r hnsn xut ring bit.
V d?
S r hn cho Time-Warner cung cpnhng dch v kt ni Internet v dch vtin nhn Instant Messaging chung so vi
cung cp dch v ring l.
B sung chi ph
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B sung chi ph
Chi ph bin sn xut hng ha 1 gimkhi sn xut nhiu hn hng ha 2:
DMC1/DQ2 < 0.
V d?
Da b v tht b
H hi h hi h
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Hm chi ph nhiu sn phm
C(Q1, Q2) = f + aQ1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2
MC1(Q1, Q2) = aQ2 + 2Q1
MC2(Q1, Q2) = aQ1 + 2Q2
Tnh b sung chi ph: a < 0 Tnh kt theo phm vi: f > aQ1Q2
C(Q1 ,0) + C(0, Q2 ) = f + (Q1 )2 + f + (Q2)2C(Q1, Q2) = f + aQ1Q2+ (Q1 )
2 + (Q2 )2
f > aQ1Q2: sn xut lin kt r hn
V d:
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V d:
C(Q1, Q2) = 90 - 2Q1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2
C tnh b sung chi ph?
C, v a = -2 < 0
MC1(Q1, Q2) = -2Q2 + 2Q1
C tnh kt theo phm vi?
C, v 90 > -2Q1Q2 Hm cho vic st nhp cng ty?
Kt lun
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Kt lun
ti a ha li nhun (gim thiu chiph) cc nh sn xut
phi s dng inputs sao cho nng sutbin ca mi input phn nh gi m
hng phi tr s dng input s kt hp ti u cc inputs c c
khi
MRTSKL = (w/r). Cc hm sn xut l nn tng gip xc
nh hnh vi ti a ha li nhun trong
nhng chng tip theo.
p dng
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Hng A-1 cung cp cc tm kim loi dng bnngoi my bay. Sn xut cc tm ny ch ihi 5 my to tm kim loi vi chi ph $300 mimy, v cng nhn.
Cng nhn c th c tuyn dng bt k lcno trn th trng vi mc lng $7000 mtngi.
Th trng tm kim loi mang tnh cnh tranh
rt cao v gi th trng cho mi tm l $50. Da trn bng di y Hng A-1 nn thubao nhiu cng nhn ti a ha li nhun?
p dng
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My to tmkim loi Cng nhn S tm csn xut
5 0 0
5 1 6005 2 1000
5 3 1290
5 4 14805 5 1600
5 6 1680
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Nu A-1 thu 4 cng nhn, li nhunca n l
1480 x 50-7000x4-300x5=44500
Nu n thu thm mt cng nhn,doanh thu s tng thm 120x50=6000,v chi ph s tng thm 7000.
Do nu thu thm mt cng nhn
li nhun ca n s gim.
Chi ph bin hay chi ph trung bnh
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Hng ca bn c th sn xut 10,000 nv sn phm vi tng chi ph $1 triu, hay11,000 n v sn phm vi tng chi ph$1.2 triu. Hng c th bn ra th trng
vi gi c nh $120 n v tt c nhngsn phm m n c th sn xut.
Hng nn sn xut 10,000 n v hay11,000 n v?
Chi ph bin hay chi ph trung bnh
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Phn tch chi ph trung bnh
Chi ph TB @ 10,000 v = $1 triu / 10,000 = $100/ v Chi ph TB @ 11,000 v = $1.2 triu / 11,000 = $109/ v
Ti mc gi $120/ v, gi ln hn chi ph cho mi v sn phm.
Nn sn xut thm 1,000 v.
Phn tch chi ph bin
Chi ph bin ca vic sn xut thm 1,000 v
= TC / v sn lng = ($1.2 tr $1 tr) / (11,000 10,000)= $200/ v
mc gi $120/ v, gi thp hn chi ph bin. Khng nn sn xut thm 1,000 v.
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