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Klaus Lackner CEIC Seminar 1-16-08
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Managing Emissions from Fossil Resources
A Challenge to Technology and Policy
Klaus S. Lackner
Columbia University
December 2007
IPCC Model Simulations of CO2 Emissions
Growth in Emissions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
Frac
tiona
l Cha
nge
Constant Growth 1.6% Plus Population Growth to 10 billion Closing the Gap at 2%
Energy intensity drop 1%/yr Energy Intensity drop 1.5%/yr Energy Intensity drop 2% per year
Constant growth
Plus Population Growth
Closing the Gap
1% energy intensity reduction
1.5% energy intensity reduction
2.0% energy intensity reduction
Resource Will Not Run Out
H.H. Rogner, 1997
Carbon as a Low-Cost Source of Energy
H.H. Rogner, 1997
Lifti
ng C
ost
Cumulative Gt of Carbon Consumed
US1990$ per barrel of oil equivalent
Cumulative Carbon Consumption as of1997
Refining
Carbon
Diesel
Coal
Shale
Fossil fuels are fungible
Tar
Oil
NaturalGas
Jet Fuel
Heat
Electricity
Ethanol
Methanol
DMEHydrogen
SynthesisGas
The Challenge:Holding the Stock of CO2 constant
Constant emissions at 2010 rate
33% of 2010 rate
10% of 2010 rate0% of 2010 rate
Extension of Historic Growth
Rates
560 ppm
280 ppm
Pacala and Socolow, Science 305, 968 – 972, (2004)
Orders of Magnitude
A Triad of Large Scale Options
• Solar– Cost reduction and mass-manufacture
• Nuclear– Cost, waste, safety and security
• Fossil Energy– Zero emission, carbon storage and
interconvertibility
Markets will drive efficiency, conservation and alternative energy
Small Energy Resources
• Hydro-electricity– Cheap but limited
• Biomass– Sun and land limited, severe competition with food
• Wind– Stopping the air over Colorado every day?
• Geothermal– Geographically limited
• Tides, Waves & Ocean Currents– Less than human energy generation
CCS is technically feasible
It is affordable
It can start today
It is likely to be a major contributor to CO2 reductions
worldwide
Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie
900 Gt C
total
550 ppm
Past
10yr
Removing the Carbon Constraint
5000 Gt C
totalPast
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from distributed emissions
Permanent & safe
disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sourcesCapture from power
plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc.
Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal
Capture from air
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from distributed emissions
Permanent & safe disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sources
Capture from power plants, cement, steel,
refineries, etc.
Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal
Capture from air
Underground Injection
statoil
Gravitational TrappingSubocean Floor Disposal
Energy States of CarbonCarbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbonate
400 kJ/mole
60...180 kJ/mole
The ground state of carbon is a mineral
carbonate
Bedrock geology GIS datasets – All U.S. (Surface area)120°W130°W
110°W
110°W
100°W
100°W 90°W
90°W
80°W
80°W
70°W
25°N 25°N
30°N 30°N
35°N 35°N
40°N 40°N
45°N 45°N
$0 1,000,000Meters
Legend
ultramafic rock
67°W
67°W
66°W
66°W
65°W
18°N
18°N19°N
0 140,000Meters
Puerto Rico
8733 km2
920 km2
166 km2Total = 9820 ±100 km2
Mineral Sequestration
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g) → 3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l)+63kJ/mol CO2
Rockville Quarry
Belvidere Mountain, Vermont
Serpentine Tailings
Oman Peridotite
Photo: Juerg Matter
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from distributed emissions
Permanent & safe
disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sourcesCapture from power
plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc.
Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal
Capture from air
Many Different Options
• Flue gas scrubbing– MEA, chilled ammonia
• Oxyfuel Combustion– Naturally zero emission
• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle– Difficult as zero emission
• AZEP Cycles– Mixed Oxide Membranes
• Fuel Cell Cycles– Solid Oxide Membranes
CO2 N2
H2OSOx, NOx and
other Pollutants
Carbon
Air
Zero Emission Principle
Solid Waste
Power Plant
Boudouard Reaction
C + O2 CO2no change in mole volumeentropy stays constantΔG = ΔH
2H2 + O2 2H2Olarge reduction in mole volumeentropy decreases in reactantsmade up by heat transfer to surroundingsΔG < ΔH
Carbon makes a better fuel cell
PCO2CO2 O2-
CO32- CO3
2-CO32- CO3
2-
O2- O2- O2- CO2
Phase I: Solid Oxide
Phase II: Molten Carbonate
Multi-Phase Equilibrium
Proposed Membrane
CO2CO2CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 + O2- = CO32-
CO2 extraction from air
Permanent & safe
disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sources
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
Air Capture: A Different Paradigm
• Leave existing infrastructure intact
• Retain quality transportation fuels
• Eliminate shipping of CO2
• Open remote sites for CO2 disposal
• Enable fuel recycling with low cost electricity
Separate Sources from Sinks
Relative size of a tank
Electrical, mechanical storage
Batteries etc.
hydrogen
gasoline
Challenge: CO2 in air is dilute
• Energetics limits options– Work done on air must be small
• compared to heat content of carbon• 10,000 J/m3 of air
• No heating, no compression, no cooling• Low velocity 10m/s (60 J/m3)
Solution: Sorbents remove CO2from air flow
CO2
1 m3of Air40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg
wind speed 6 m/s
0.015 moles of CO2
produced by 10,000 J of gasoline
2
20 J2
mv=
Volumes are drawn to scale
CO2 Capture from Air
Air Flow
Ca(OH)2 solution
CO2 diffusion
CO2 mass transfer is limited by diffusion in air boundary layer
Ca(OH)2 as an absorbent
CaCO3 precipitate
Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO2 per year
Wind area that carries 10 kW
0.2 m 2
for CO2 80 m 2
for Wind Energy
How much wind?(6m/sec)
50 cents/ton of CO2 for contacting
A First Attempt
Air contactor:2Na(OH) + CO2 → Na2 CO3
Calciner:CaCO3→CaO+CO2
Ion exchanger:Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 →2Na(OH) + CaCO3
ProcessReactions
Capture Device
Trona Process
Limestone Precipitate
Dryer
Fluidized Bed
Hydroxylation Reactor
Membrane Device
(1)
(2)(3)(6)
(5)
(4)
Membrane
(1) 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O ΔHo = - 171.8 kJ/mol(2) Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2NaOH + CaCO3 ΔHo = 57.1 kJ/mol
(3) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Δ Ho = 179.2 kJ/mol
(4) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 Δ Ho = - 64.5 kJ/mol
(6) H2O (l) → H2O (g) Δ Ho = 41. kJ/mol
(5) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O Δ Ho = -890.5 kJ/mol
Source: Frank Zeman
CO2
AirDepleted
Air
1/ρ
Unit Cost
Cost of Contacting the Air
1/ρ
Unit Cost
Cost of CO2 from Air
Sorbent Choices
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
100 1000 10000 100000
CO2 Partial Pressure (ppm)
Bin
ding
Ene
rgy
(kJ/
mol
e)
350K
300KAir Power plant
Cost of CO2 from Air(rescaled)
1/ρ
Unit Cost
Fixed Cost
60m by 50m
3kg of CO2 per second
90,000 tons per year
4,000 people or
15,000 cars
Would feed EOR for 800 barrels a day.
250,000 units for worldwide CO2 emissions
GRT’s Vision
The first of a kind
EnergySource
EnergyConsumer
H2O H2O
O2
O2
H2
Materially Closed Energy Cycles
EnergySource
EnergyConsumer
H2O H2O
O2
O2
CO2CO2
H2 CH2
Materially Closed Energy Cycles
C H
O
Fuels
Oxidizer
Combustion products
Biomass
CO
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis GasMethanol
EthanolNatural Gas
Town Gas
PetroleumCoal
GasolineBenzeneCarbon Hydrogen
CO2 H2O
Oxygen
Increasing Hydrogen Content
Incr
easi
ng O
xida
tion
Stat
e
Methane
Free
O2
Free
C-
H
C H
O
Fuels
Oxidizer
Combustion products
Biomass
CO
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis GasMethanol
EthanolNatural Gas
Town Gas
PetroleumCoal
GasolineBenzeneCarbon Hydrogen
CO2 H2O
Oxygen
Increasing Hydrogen Content
Incr
easi
ng O
xida
tion
Stat
e
Methane
Free
O2
Free
C-
H
C H
O
Fuels
Oxidizer
Combustion products
Biomass
CO
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis GasMethanol
EthanolNatural Gas
Town Gas
PetroleumCoal
GasolineBenzeneCarbon Hydrogen
CO2 H2O
Oxygen
Increasing Hydrogen Content
Incr
easi
ng O
xida
tion
Stat
e
Methane
Free
O2
Free
C-
H
Carbon Capture and Storagefor
Carbon Neutral World
• CCS simplifies Carbon Accounting– Ultimate Cap is Zero– Finite amount of carbon left
Private SectorCarbon Extraction
CarbonSequestration
Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc.
Certified Carbon Accounting
certificates
certification
Public Institutionsand Government
Carbon Board
guidance
Permits & Credits
Recommended