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Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
“LAS TABLAS DE DAIMIEL” NATIONAL PARK
JESUS CASAS GRANDE
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
CASE STUDY: LAS TABLAS DE DAIMIEL
The National Park 1
Designation of the Park 2
Degradation of the National Park 3
The great disaster 4
Solutions 5
Results 6
Conclusions 7
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction and background THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park represents a unique and the most singular of La Mancha wetlands, and shows a more typical wetland qualities of Asia to Western Europe.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction and background THE NATIONAL PARK 1
It’s the most important masegar of Europa
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction and background THE NATIONAL PARK 1
It is located in a dry environment and is formed by the confluence of two rivers (Guadiana and Gigüela), on a flat area of limestone, which facilitates pooling of saline and fresh water. While Gigüela flooded the plain in winter, the Guadiana
provides permanent water through the Aquifer 23.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction and background THE NATIONAL PARK 1
The confluence of the Guadiana river with the Gigüela river generated a foodplain bigger than 1.700 hectares which allowed the stablishment of the wetland known today as Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction and background THE NATIONAL PARK 1
It was declared as a National Park in 1973, when hydrological splendor had nothing to do with the next 30 years.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction and background THE NATIONAL PARK 1
In the 80's, a technical team was created. At that moment, they didn’t know what would happen in the coming years.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Hydrogeology THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Aquifer 23 – Limestone area
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Hydrogeology THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
-4,0
-3,5
-3,0
-2,5
-2,0
-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
hm3
(Mile
s)
Años
EVOLUCIÓN DE LA VARIACIÓN DEL VOLUMEN DE AGUA SUBTERRÁNEA ALMACENADO EN LA UH MANCHA OCCIDENTAL
Evolution of the volume of groundwater stored in the Hydrogeological Unit “Western Mancha”
Year
hm3
(thou
sand
s)
Hydrogeology THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
-400.0
-200.0
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0
DES
VIAC
ION
ES A
CU
MU
LAD
AA
S (m
m)
PREC
IPIT
ACIÓ
N (m
m)
AÑO HIDROLÓGICO
SECUENCIAS CLIMÁTICAS ESTACIÓN LAS TABLAS DE DAIMIEL
420,2
Climatic pattern. Meteorological station “Las Tablas de Daimiel”
Rai
n (m
m)
Hidrological year
Cum
ulative deviation (mm
)
Climatology THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Evolution of the piezometric level THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Habitats and species
Habitats and species covered by 92/43/CEE and 79/409/CEE Directives: 1410. Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimae) 1430. Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegamo-Salsoletea) 1510(*). Mediterranean salt steppes (Limonietalia) 7210(*). Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae 92D0. Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea y Secunegion tinctoriae) Anguilla anguilla (VU) Barbus microcephalus (VU) Mauremys leprosa (VU) Botaurus stellaris (CR) Netta rufina (VU) Aythya nyroca (CR) Anas querquedula (VU)
THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Habitats and species THE NATIONAL PARK 1
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
• 1973: site designated as National Park • 1980: site designated as Biosphere Reserve • 1982: site designated as Ramsar wetland • 1988: site designated as Special Protection Area (SPA)
DESIGNACION OF THE PARK Designation
2
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
DESIGNACION OF THE PARK Designation
2
Daimiel was intended to be an example of a conservation and sustainable use
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
DESIGNACION OF THE PARK Designation
2
Different infrastructures were built for park visitors
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
DESIGNACION OF THE PARK Designation
2
It did not take long to appear the problems... 1984 was the last year that the Aquifer 23 flood the Western Mancha, and it took almost 30 years to recover the
wetland again.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
The degradation DEGRADATION 3
This situation was the result of two distinct processes:
CHANELLING: by changing the width of the channels that feeds the wetland. The channels are widened to get higher flow rates. OVER-EXPLOITATION: affecting the hydrological system that feeds irrigation. The exploitation of the aquifer causes the water table drops and the wetland dries. As a result, the soil cracks and begin to emerge peat fires.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Chronology DEGRADATION 3
CHANELLING (1960-1980) A major crisis began in the 1950s, as a result of an drainage and transformation of wetlands. This process was initiated with the modification and removal of the banks and riverbeds, followed by the exploitation of the water from the subterranean aquifer for agrarian uses.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Chronology DEGRADATION 3
OVER-EXPLOITATION (1980-1990) 50.000 hectares of wetland were dried. 350.000 hectares were transformed into cultivated land, using underground water for irrigation with a consumption of 850 hm3 a year. Thus, the natural contribution from the aquifer, the ‘ojos’, disappeared. The water level dropped dozens of meters.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Hydric Regeneration Plan in the Natural Park DEGRADATION 3
In just 10 years were cultivated over 200.000 ha irrigated with groundwater around the park
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Act 13/1987: Diversion of a volumen of water (60 millions cubic metres maximum) from the upper basin of river Tajo, in order to maintain the natural balance in the ecosystem of “Las Tablas de Daimiel” National Park.
Hydric Regeneration Plan in the Natural Park DEGRADATION 3
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
• Dewatering • Peat fires • Abandonment • Conflict
The great disaster THE GREAT DISASTER 4
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Dewatering THE GREAT DISASTER 4
Loss of cultural patterns Traditional agriculture and fishing disappears
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Dewatering THE GREAT DISASTER 4
200 families of fishermen had to migrate
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Peat fires and subsidences THE GREAT DISASTER 4
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Peat fires and subsidences THE GREAT DISASTER 4
Oxygen is introduced into the cracks and combusts with the underground peat
generating subsidences and peat fires
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
SUBSIDENCE
PEAT FIRES
Peat fires and subsidences THE GREAT DISASTER 4
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Peat fires and subsidences THE GREAT DISASTER 4
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Peat fires and subsidences THE GREAT DISASTER 4
The first peat fire occurred in the National Park was in September-1986
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
THE GREAT DISASTER 4 Finally, help arrives
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
SOLUTIONS 5 • Fire extinction • Introduction of water • Site and hydric infraestructure
development • Land purchase • Social awareness • Changes in the production system
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Fire extinction SOLUTIONS 5
Emergency actions for the extinction of underground fire
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
THERMIC FLIGHT
Thermic scale
Fire extinction SOLUTIONS 5
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Introduction of water SOLUTIONS 5
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
October, 2009
Approval of emergency actions. Investment of 33 millions euros, being 19 millions euros for drillings and a water supply pipe for “Las Tablas de Daimiel”. Approval of a water transfer up to 20 hm3 using a direct pipeline.
Hydric Regeneration Plan in the Natural Park SOLUTIONS 5
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Hydric infraestructure development SOLUTIONS 5
Connection to the pipeline of “La Mancha flat” with two branches
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Site development
SOLUTIONS 5
Removing ruderal invasive plants along the National Park
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Site development SOLUTIONS 5
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Site development SOLUTIONS 5
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Intervened surface 643 Ha
Masegar surface 115 Ha
Net intervened surface 530 Ha
Percentage of intervened surface 32%
Extracted biomass 18.000 Tn
Average in 530 Ha 34 Tn/Ha
Site development SOLUTIONS 5
Alien vegetation removal
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Site development SOLUTIONS 5
Distribution of Charophyta
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Land purchase SOLUTIONS 5
The National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN, in Spanish) purchases 1.500 has of land adjoining the National Park. From 2004, this fact represents 1.174 ha of cropland and 15 hm3 of water no longer existing, and 23,6 millions euros invested.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Social awareness SOLUTIONS 5
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Social awareness SOLUTIONS 5
Environmental education programme
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Changes in the production system SOLUTIONS 5
1983
2013
800 hm3/100.000 ha
250 hm3/150.000 ha
Corn fields
Vineyards and melons
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Resurgence of the Guadiana’s “eyes” RESULTS 6
The decline of agricultural pressure and the development of a production system, have lead to a recharge of the aquifer to surface waters after 30
years of drought.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
1984: last time water flows from the “eyes”
Over-exploitation for irrigated crops
Wet period
Wet period
2008: aquifer recovery plan for the High Guadiana River
Above 610 m water
flows from the “eyes”
AQUIFER LEVEL Metres above the sea level
Resurgence of the Guadiana’s “eyes” RESULTS 6
The “Eyes” of the Guadiana River
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Resurgence of the Guadiana’s “eyes” RESULTS 6
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Inundation map (07/01/2011)
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
15-4-1985
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Inundation of the Park along 30 years
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
11-3-2007
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Inundation of the Park along 30 years
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
7-4-2011
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Inundation of the Park along 30 years
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
14-4-2013
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Inundation of the Park along 30 years
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
January 2012 September 2012
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
April 2013 May 2013
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
AFTER
BEFORE
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Water flows again under this water mill, the oldest in Castilla-La Mancha, since it stopped working in the 70s. Today it works as an interpretation center.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
Red-crested Pochard has come back home...
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Inundation of the Park 30 years later RESULTS 6
…and the boatman sails again across the water of Las Tablas de Daimiel
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Conclusions CONCLUSIONS 7
1. Over these years, the first critical response from the local population has been overtaken by the illusion of easy money from irrigated agriculture. We have seen the end of that illusion in a process of depletion of the aquifer and general draining of the region, with the restructuring of the whole economic activity. 2. We have seen some degenerative process inside the National Park, such as underground peat fires, due to desiccation. 3. It has been necessary to restore a new hydraulic system, to rise control plans compatible with productive systems, to purchase land and 30 years of waiting.
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
4. The climatic period 2009-2013 has involved the greatest recovery ever registered in the Upper Basin of the Guadiana river. Undergroung water level has rised 15 m in the last 4 year, what means, aproximately 1.900 hm3. 5. WE ARE NOW IN THE BEST HIDROLOGICAL SITUATION OF THE LAST 30 YEARS, BUT THE AQUIFER IS NOT TOTALLY RECOVERED.
Conclusions CONCLUSIONS 7
Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park
THANK YOU
LAS TABLAS DE DAIMIEL NATIONAL PARK
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