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LATIN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY I.
COMPILED BY LÁSZLÓ RÉPÁS, UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN
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Contents
Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1. The cardiovascular system - Systema cardiovasculare ............................................................... 3
2. The respiratory system – Apparatus respiratorius ................................................................... 21
3. The digestive system – Apparatus digestorius ......................................................................... 34
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 46
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1. The cardiovascular system - Systema cardiovasculare
The Heart
1. Read the text and fill in the blanks from the word bank with the help of the picture.
mediastinum • interventricular septum • pericardium • apex • systole • circulation • septum •
endocardium • right atrium • diastole • cor • myocardium • basis• epicardium • left atrium •
right ventricle • left ventricle • interatrial septum
The heart (cor) is the main organ of __________________ and is situated in a space called the
______________ in between the lungs. The upper part of the heart is the ______________ including the two
smaller chambers, _______________ _____________ and _______________ ______________. The lower part
of the heart is the __________________ that consists of two larger chambers, the _________________
______________ and ______________ ______________. The right and left atria and ventricles are separated
longitudinally by a thick wall called the _______________. The wall between the atria is ______________
________________ the one between the ventricles is the _______________ ________________. The heart is
surrounded by a sac called the __________________. The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The inner
membrane of the pericardium covers the heart wall: this is the _____________________ The middle layer is
the heart muscle proper (__________________); and the innermost membrane lines the chambers and valves
(__________________). By contraction or _______________ and relaxation or _______________, the heart,
continuosly pumps blood (L. sanguis) throughout the blood vessels (L. vas sanguineum, plur. vasa sanguinea)
to all of the body.
4
2. Fill in the blanks.
tricuspid valve • pulmones • right and left pulmonary veins • left ventricle • systole • bicuspid valve •
pulmonary valve • superior vena cava • left atrium • inferior vena cava • right atrium • right ventricle •
pulmonary trunk • aortic valve • aorta •
Superior vena cava and ______________ _______________ ___________ bring deoxygenated blood
into the _________________ _________________ from the whole body and then blood is pumped through
the ________________ _________________ to the _______________ ____________. The blood is pumped
from right ventricle through the _______________ _____________ to the _____________ _______________
(pulmonary artery) and to the lungs (____________). After gas exchange righ and left _______________
______________ bring oxygenated blood into the _____________ ______________. From the left atrium
blood flows through the ______________ _____________ to the _____________ ______________.
Ventricular ______________ propels oxygenated blood through the _______________ _______________ to
the largest artery or aorta which carries blood to all of the body. The first part of the aorta is ascending aorta,
then it continues as aortic arch then it turns downward as descending aorta.
3. Give the Latin Anatomical names of the parts of the heart.
apex cordis
atrium cordis dextrum
atrium cordis sinistrum
ventriculus cordis dexter
ventriculus cordis sinister
septum interventriculare
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
vena cava superior
vena cava inferior
valva atrioventricularis dextra
= valva tricuspidalis
valva trunci pulmonalis
truncus pulmonalis
arteriae pulmonales dextrae
arteriae pulmonales sinistrae
venae pulmonales dextrae
venae pulmonales sinistrae
valva atrioventricularis sinistra
=valva bicuspidalis
= valva mitralis
valva aortae
pars ascendens aortae
arcus aortae
truncus brachiocephalicus
arteria carotis communis sinistra
arteria subclavia sinistra
5
4. Choose the correct term that makes the sentence true.
The two main veins entering atrium dextrum are the vena cava superior et inferior / venae pulmonales
dextrae et sinistrae.
The innermost layer of the heart wall is endocardium/myocardium.
Truncus pulmonalis carries oxygenated / deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Venae pulmonales dextrae et sinistrae bring oxygenated/deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
The main artery raising from the left ventricle is the aorta/truncus pulmonalis.
The left atrioventricular valve is also termed as valva tricuspidalis / mitralis.
5. True or false?
The right atrioventricular valve is termed as valva bicuspidalis. ____ __________________
Systole is the relaxation phase of the heart muscle. ____ __________________
Apex cordis is at the upper part of heart. ____ __________________
Valva bicuspidalis is also termed as mitralis. ____ __________________
Septum interatriale divides the heart at the two upper chambers.____ __________________
6. Describe the way of blood in the heart and the lungs with the help of the Latin key terms of the
text.
vena cava sup. et inf. --> _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. Match the names of the heart’s conduction system.
Clinical name Latin term
1 Sinus node fasciculus atrioventricularis
2 AV node crus dextrum et sinistrum
3 Bundle of His nodus sinuatrialis
4 Bundle branches (right and left) nodus atrioventricularis
5 Purkinje-fibers --
6
Repetition. Declension of latin nouns
Dictionary form
vena, venae f
ramus, rami m
mentum, menti n
pes, pedis m
os, ossis n
arcus, arcus m
genu, genus n
facies, faciei f
Decl. I. II. III. IV. V.
Gender f m n m/f/n m/f n f
Sg. Nom. vena ramus mentum pes os arcus genu facies
Sing. Gen. venae rami menti pedis ossis arcus genus faciei
Pl. Nom. venae rami menta pedes ossa arcus genua facies
Plur. Gen. venarum ramorum mentorum pedum ossium arcuum genuum facierum
Sg. Nom. -a -us/-er -um/-on various various -us -u -es
Sing. Gen. -ae -i -i -is -is -us -us -ei
Plur.Nom. -ae -i -a -es -a/-ia -us -ua -es
Plur. Gen. -arum -orum -orum -um/-ium -um/-ium -uum -uum -erum
8. Form the Plural Nominative form of the following terms.
Sing. Nom. Plur.Nom. Sing. Nom. Plur.Nom.
vas, vasis n vasa species, speciei f _________________
pulmo, pulmonis m _________________ truncus, trunci m _________________
vena, venae f _________________ apex, apicis m _________________
septum, septi, n _________________ valvula, valvulae f _________________
sinus, sinus m _________________ atrium, atrii n _________________
arteria, arteriae f _________________ thrombus, thrombi m _________________
9. What is the Singular Nominative form of the following Plural terms?
arteriolae arteriola capillares _________________
valvulae _________________________ bases _________________
emboli _________________________ venulae _________________
foramina _________________________ chordae _________________
trabeculae _________________________ fossae _________________
10. Match the parts of the anatomical terms.
diaphragmatic _____________________
pulmonary ________________________
right coronary _____________________
right atrioventricular ________________
bicuspid __________________________
interatrial ________________________
trabeculae ________________________
chordae __________________________
papillary _________________________
fossa ____________________________
sinuatrial _________________________
aortic ____________________________
11. Give the noun from which the adjectives are formed.
aortic aorta fibrous ______________
brachiocephalic _______________ venous _______________
cardiac _______________ arteriosus _______________
pulmonary _______________ tricuspid _______________
papillary _______________ carotid _______________
coronary _______________ diaphragmatic _______________
orifice
arch
carneae
node
septum
ovalis
surface
trunk
valve
sulcus
tendineae
muscles
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septal _______________
sternocostal _______________ + ______________
atrioventricular ________________+ ______________
semilunar _______________
Vocabulary 1
Latin term English definition
aorta, ae f the largest artery of the body
aorticus, -a, -um; aortic related to the aorta
apex , apicis f narrowing part of a conical structure; summit or tip
arcus, arcus m; arch arch, vault
arteria, arteriae f ; artery vessel bringing blood from the heart
arteriosus, -a, -um arterial related to arteries
ascendens (ascendentis) ascending, up-going
atrioventricularis, -e; atrioventricular related to the atrium and the ventricle
atrium, atrii n smaller, upper chamber of heart
auricula, ae f; auricle ear-shaped structure
basis, is f; base upper, broader part of a conical structure
bicuspidalis, -e; bicuspid having two cusps
carotis (carotidis); carotid main head artery
cavus, -a, -um hollow
chorda, ae f tendinous or cord-like structure
circulatio, onis f; circulation circular movement of the blood in the cardiovascular system
circumflexus, -a, -um; circumflex bent around
communis, -e; common shared
cor, cordis, n. heart
coronarius, -a, -um; coronary crown-like
crus, cruris n leg, leg-like band
cuspis, cuspidis f ; cusp pointed elevation
descendens (descendentis); descending down-going
diaphragmaticus, -a, -um; diaphragmatic related to the diaphragm
diastole relaxation of heart
endocardium, endocardii, n lining membrane of heart
epicardium, epicardii n inner layer of pericardium
facies, ei f surface
fossa, ae f longitudinal depression or hollow,
incisura, ae f notch
interatrialis, -e; interatrial between the atria
interventricularis, -e; interventricular between the ventricles
mediastinalis, -e; mediastinal related to the mediastinum
mediastinum, mediastini, n space between lungs
mitralis, -e; mitral having the shape of a bishop’s miter (i.e. hat)
myocardium, myocardii n heart muscle
nodus sinuatrialis; sinoatrial node the pacemaker of the heart
nodus, i m; node node, knot
ostium, ii n; orifice opening
ovalis, -e; oval egg-shaped
papillaris, e; papillary nipple-shaped
pericardium, pericardii, n fibrous sac surrounding heart
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Latin term English definition
pulmo, pulmonis m lung
pulmonalis, e; pulmonary related to the lungs
ramus, i m branch
sanguis, -inis m blood
semilunaris, e; semilunar half-moon shaped
septum, i n wall dividing cavities
sinuatrialis, -e; sinuatrial related to the sinus venarum of the right atrium
sinus, sinus m a cavity or hollow space
sternocostalis –e; sternocostal related to the sternum and the ribs
sulcus, i m groove, furrow
systole heart contraction
tendineus, -a, um; tendinous tendon-like
trabecula, ae f beam-like structures
trabeculae carneae ridges in the inner wall of the ventricles
truncus brachiocephalicus; brachiocephalic artery innominate artery
truncus pulmonalis; pulmonary trunk main artery leading to the lungs
truncus, i m; trunk main part of a vessel or nerve which splits into branches
valva aortae; aortic valve the valve opening to the aorta
valva bicuspidalis; bicuspid valve a valve with two cusps
valva tricuspidalis; tricuspid valve a valve with three cusps
valva trunci pulmonalis; pulmonary valve the valve opening to the pulmonary trunk
valva, ae, f. valve
valvula, ae f small valve
valvulae semilunares; semilunar valves half-moon shaped valves
vas, vasis, n. (pl. vasa, -orum) blood vessel
vasculum, i n small vessel
vena cava superior et inferior superior and inferior hollow vein
vena cordis magna large cardiac vein
vena pulmonalis; pulmonary vein vein bringing blood from the lungs
vena, ae f vein, vessel bringing blood to the heart
ventriculus, i m; ventricle lower larger chamber of heart
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The blood vessels
Main arteries – Provide the Latin name of the given artery based on the picture.
Body part related Artery
spinal column vertebral
neck
under the clavicle
armpit
arm
lateral lower arm
medial lower arm
front side of hand
abdominal cavity
kidneys
intestines
reproductive organs
upper part of hip bone
thigh
knee
posterior of knee
shin bone
lateral crural bone
back of foot
sole
http://cnx.org/contents/GqYHW4Z4@3/Circulatory-Pathways
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Main veins
Body part related
Vein
under the clavicle
subclavian
neck, throat
medial upper arm
lateral upper arm
elbow
middle of lower arm
fingers
between the ribs
liver
lower back
superficial vein of the thigh and leg
Further important veins
phrenic
adrenal
pudendal
ovarian
testicular
drains the right side of the thoracic cavity, “unpaired” vein
drains the left side of the thoracic cavity, “half-unpaired” vein
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3. What is the Nominative form of the word in Genitive in the following terms? Give its
meaning.
Noun Adjective Root
cardia
septum
ulna
axilla
aorta
vena
4. Find the adjective suffix in the following terms and the word root too.
Term Root Adjective suffix
v. femoralis __________________ _____________
a. brachialis __________________
a. buccalis __________________
v. labialis superior __________________
v. lumbalis __________________
v. nasalis externa __________________
v. trachealis __________________
a. axillaris __________________ _____________
v. maxillaris __________________
v. hepatica __________________ _____________
v. ovarica __________________
v. phrenica __________________
sinus caroticus __________________
a. iliaca __________________ _____________
v. cardiaca __________________
a. poplitea __________________ _____________
a. coronaria __________________ _____________
plexus venosus __________________ _____________
rete arteriosum __________________
5. Form adjectives from the nouns. Use their appropriate form in an adjective phrase.
Noun Adjective Adjective phrase
aorta aorticus, -a, um plexus (m.) aorticus
myocardium _______________ infarctus (m.) _________________
atrium _______________ auricula (f) ___________________
cardia _______________ nervus (m) ___________________
mesenterium _________________ vena (f) ______________________
vasculum _________________ systema (n) ___________________
ren _________________ vena (f) ______________________
ilium _________________ arteria (f) _____________________
liver _________________ vena _________________________
thigh _________________ arteria _______________________
arm _________________ arteria _______________________
elbow _________________ fossa (f) _______________________
sole _________________ arcus (m) ______________________
Latin adjectival
suffixes
m/f n
-alis / -ale
-aris / -are
m f n
-acus / -aca /-acum
-arius / -aria / -arium
-eus / -ea / -eum
-icus / -ica / -icum
-osus / - osa /-osum
English adjectival
suffixes
-ac
-al
-ar
-ary
-ic
-ous
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Vocabulary 2
Latin English
abdominalis 2/abdominal pertaining to the abdomen or belly
afferens (afferentis) / afferent leading toward
arteriola, ae f / arteriole small artery,
arteriosus 3 rich in arteries
axillaris 2 /axillary related to the armpit
brachialis 2 /brachial related to the arm
brachiocephalicus 3 / brachiocephalic related to the arm and the head
cardiacus 3 /cardiac related to the heart
cerebrum, i n brain
coeliacus 3 / celiac pertaining to abdominal cavity
communis 2 / common shared
cubitalis 2 /cubital related to the elbow
descendens / descending down-going
digitalis 2 /digital related to the fingers
efferens / efferent leading away
femoralis 2 / femoral related to the thigh
fibularis 2 / peroneus 3 related to the fibula
hepar, hepatis n liver
hepaticus 3 / hepatic related to the liver
iliacus 3 /iliac related to the ilium bone
interosseus 3 between bones
jugularis 2 /jugular related to the neck
labialis 2 /labial related to the lips
lienalis 2 / splenicus 3 /lienal; splenic pertaining to the spleen
lumbalis 2 / lumbar related to the lower back
maxillaris 2 / maxillary related to the upper jaw
mesentericus 3 / mesenteric related to the mesentery,
nasalis 2 / nasal related to the nose
ovaricus 3 /ovaric related to the ovaries
palmaris 2 / palmar related to the palm
perforans (perforantis) / perforating going through
pes, pedis m foot
phrenicus 3 /phrenic related to the diaphragm
plantaris 2 /plantar related to the sole
popliteus 3 / popliteal related to the back of the knee
porta, ae f gate
proprius 3 one’s own
pulmo, -onis m lung
radialis 2 / radial related to the radius
recurrens (recurrentis) /recurrent returning
renalis 2 / renal related to the kidneys
sanguineus 3 related to the blood
subclavius 3 / subclavian under the clavicle
testicularis 2 /testicular related to the testes
thoracicus 3 / thoracic related to the chest
tibialis 2 /tibial related to the shinbone
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Latin English
trachealis 2 / tracheal related to the trachea
ulnaris 2 / ulnar related to the ulna
vascularis 2 / vascular related to the vessels
vasculum, i n small vessel
venosus 3 / venous rich in veins
venula, ae f / venule small vein
vertebralis 2 / vertebral related to the vertebrae
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Systema cardiovasculare - Greek roots, praefixes, suffixes, clinical terms Greek roots
vas, vasculum angi/o- vessel
cor cardi/o- heart
glandula aden/o- gland
sanguis haem/o-, haemat/o- blood
lympha lymph/o- lymph
musculus my/o- muscle
vena phleb/o- vein
thromb/o- blood clot
Praefixes Suffixes a-, an- without, absence -aemia blood
brady- slow -algia pain
anti-/ant- against -cele / -kele hernia, protrusion
de- down, without -ectasia widening
endo- inside -ectomy surgical removal
epi- upon, -gramm image made of sth
hyper- higher, over, too much -graph image making device
hypo- lower, below, under -graphy image making procedure
in- not, without -itis inflammation
intra- inside, into -lith stone
isch- restricted -logy study of sth
leuk- white -malacia softening
peri- around -megaly enlargement
syn-/sym- /sys- together -oma tumor
tachy- fast -osis disease condition
-pathia chronic disease
-plasty reconstruction surgery
-plegia paralysis
-ptosis dropping, downward displacement
-rhagia frofuse flow, bleeding
-rrhaphy surgical suturing
-rrhexis rupture
-sclerosis hardening
-scope instrument for examination
-scopy examination of sth
-spasm sudden contraction, cramp
-stenosis narrowing
-tension/-tonia pressure
-tomy cutting, incision
-uria condition of urine
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1. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with a prefix or its meaning.
In ventricular hypertrophy the size of the ventricle is _____________ than normal.
Hypertonia / hypertension means___________ blood pressure.
_______tonia / ______tension means too low blood pressure.
______stole is contraction of the heart.
The endocardium is the _________ layer of heart wall.
The epicardium is the layer of pericardium which is _________the heart muscle.
The ______cardium is the sac around the heart.
Endarteritis is the inflammation of the ________ layer of the wall of arteries.
Aplastic anaemia is ______ level of red blood cells due to __________ production of red cells.
In arrhythmia the patient’s heart rhythm is ___________ normal
___scending part of aorta is the down-going part of the aorta.
_________venous injection is given into the vein.
In tachycardia the heart beats ____________ than normal,
in _________cardia the hartbeat is slower than normal.
2. Inflammations
phlebitis ___________________________
vasculitis/angiitis ___________________________
______________________ inflammation of heart muscle
pericarditis ___________________________
______________________ inflammation of the inner lining of heart
lymphadenitis ___________________________
______________________ inflammation of lymph vessels
3. What do the following terms related to the heart mean?
cardialgia cardiomyorrhaphy
cardiectasia cardiomalacia
cardioplegia cardiomegaly
cardiography cardiomyopathy
cardiograph cardiomyoplasty
cardiogramm cardiorrhexis
cardiosclerosis cardioptosis
cardiocele cardiology
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4. Provide the suffix of the term based on the meaning.
angi_________ sudden contraction of the vessel
angi_________ narrowing of the vessel
angi_________ inflammation of the vessel
angi_________ surgical removal of the part of vessel
angi_________ tumor of vessels
angi_________ pain in the vessels
angi_________ widening of the vessels
angi_________ surgical suture of a vessel
angi_________ image making of vessels
angi_________ hardening of vessels
arteri_________ stone in artery
arteri_________ surgical incision of an artery
phleb_________ venous bleeding
phleb_________ widening of a vein
5. Match the condition of the blood with its meaning
1 anaemia low level of sodium ions
2 hyperaemia low level of blood volume in the body
3 hypercalcaemia urine in the blood
4 hyperglykaemia low level of potassium ions in the blood
5 cholaemia local restriction of blood supply
6 bilirubinaemia higher than normal calcium level of the blood
7 hypokalaemia low level of red cells in the blood
8 hyponatraemia bile in the blood
9 hypovolaemia presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a part
10 leukaemia neoplasm of the blood involving white cells
11 uraemia bilirubin in the blood
12 ischaemia high level of blood sugar
6. What do the suffixes and prefixes mean in the following terms?
17
6. Match the pairs.
Latin term English meaning
1 cor pulmonale a) lameness or limping due to decrease in the blood supply to the legs
2 extrasystole b) enlargement of the ventricle of the heart
3 regurgitation c) decrease in the blood supply of a part or organ
4 haemangioma d) widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the wall of it
5 atherosclerosis e) death of tissue because of the lack of blood supply through the blood vessels
6 thromboangiitis obliterans
f) inflammation of blood vessel resulting in formation of blood clot that blocks the flow of blood
7 avascular necrosis g) a heart disease resulting from a disorder in the pulmonary circulation
8 ecchymosis h) contraction of the heart out of normal rhythm, premature contraction
9 claudication i) tumour consisting of blood vessels
10 hypertrophia ventricu
j) form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substance deposit in and between the layers of the lining of the arteries
11 ischaemia k) outpouring of fluid (blood) under the skin
12 aneurysma l) backflow of blood at the valves
7. Translate the term to English.
Latin term Meaning in English
1 collapse
2 haemorrhoid
3 angiography
4 congestive heart failure
5 angina pectoris
6 echocardiography
7 auscultation
8 acrocyanosis
9 coronary occlusion
10 thrombophlebitis
11 hypertension
12 palpitation
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8. Give the Latin term based on the definition.
Latin term English meaning
abnormal rhythm of heart contractions
slow heart rate
a ball of clotted blood that is carried within the bloodstream
inflammation of the arteries
inflammation of veins
death of a portion of heart muscle
heartbeat
a swelling because of accumulation of fluid outside of blood vessels
instrument for measuring of blood pressure by measuring the force of pulse
enlarged twisted veins
faster than normal heartbeats
widening of diameter of blood vessels
tumour or swelling that contains blood
narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessels
Case Study -- A 57-year-old female with endocarditis and brain abscess
Explain the highlighted keywords
Contributed by Isil Yildiz, MD and A. William Pasculle, Sc.D.
CLINICAL HISTORY
Chief Complaint
Fever.
History of Present Illness
This 57 year-old female patient, 23 months prior to her admission, was diagnosed with Streptococcus pyogenes group septic arthritis, diagnosed by culture of synovial fluid at an outside hospital. She was started on vancomycin, and later switched to penicillin, and gentamycin and had debridement of her right knee. Subsequently, she developed blurry vision, due to bilateral endophthalmitis which was treated with fluconazole and moxifloxacin and transferred to our hospital. Six blood cultures drawn over her stay in our hospital were negative. However, she was noticed to have a new heart murmur, transesophogeal echocardiogram (TEE) suggested a mitral valve vegetation and she underwent a mitral valve repair for presumed mitral valve endocarditis with placement of an annuloplasty band. Routine, fungal and AFB cultures of the vegetation showed no growth.
Six months after the surgery, she presented with worsening symptoms of shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion. An echocardiogram revealed severe mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension and moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation necessitating replacement of her mitral valve with a mechanical valve, nine
19
months after her first surgery. Two blood cultures drawn over her stay in our hospital were negative. Histopathological evaluation of the mitral valve showed fibrosis, calcifications and chronic inflammation suggesting old rheumatic valvular disease. No material was submitted for culture.
Thirteen months after the second surgery, she presented to her PCP with complaints of confusion, left-sided weakness, and a left facial droop. Imaging studies at the outside hospital demonstrated a 2.8 x 2.6 x 3.1 cm multiloculated, peripheral-enhancing, necrotic mass in right frontal lobe, thought to be consistent with necrotic neoplasm or abscess. A stereotactic brain biopsy was done and preliminary gram stain was negative for organisms. While in the operating room, a TEE was performed and showed echogenic densities consistent with perivascular abscess and dehiscence surrounding the mitral valve. The patient was transferred to our hospital for further management of recurrent endocarditis and right frontal lobe brain abscess. She was started on vancomycin , ceftriaxone and gentamycin and vancomycin was stopped later.
Two weeks after admission to our facility , her mitral valve was replaced for the third time because of prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis, 14 months after her second surgery. She was discharged after 8 days, but returned three days later with an elevated body temperature of 103 F. Two blood cultures as well as routine and fungal culture of the mitral valve vegetation were negative. Serologic studies and PCR for Bartonella sp., Coxiella, and Lyme disease were all negative as was a Legionella urinary antigen test and serology for Legionella pneumophila, serogroups 1-2,6 and 8. Histopathological evaluation of the mitral valve showed organizing fibrinopurulent exudate and gram and GMS stains were negative for microorganisms.
Past Medical History
1. Systemic lupus 2. Antiphospholipid syndrome. 3. Anticardiolipin antibodies 4. Hypothyroidism 5. Hypertension
At the present admission a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a nondilated left ventricle with severely hypokinetic basal posterior and overall preserved systolic function, tilting disc prothesis in the mitral position with normal motion and function with no vegetations seen. A TEE, done a week after admission, demonstrated a periprosthetic leak in the posterior lateral annular area with mitral regurgitation. and an increase in the thickness of the perivalvular area consistent with periannular abscess. A repeat TEE six days later suggested prosthetic mitral valve surrounded by inflammatory tissue and possible early abscess formation. Prosthesis did not appear to be loose. Two distinct mobile echodensities suggestive of vegetations were seen.
Ten blood cultures drawn over this admission were negative.
The patient once again was taken to the OR despite negative cultures and no sign of infection, due to the concern for the presence of an annular abscess. It was decided to proceed with early intervention of mitral valve replacement and sternotomy for the fourth time, 4 weeks after the third surgery.
Fungal and bacterial cultures of the pericardial clot, pericardial patch and prosthetic mitral valve were negative.
Patient was started on gentamicin, cefepime and vancomycin. Vancomycin was later changed to daptomycin.
20
Vocabulary 2 Cardiovascular system - Clinical terms
Latin term English meaning
1 acrocyanosis bluish tinge to the tips of the extremities
2 aneurysm widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the wall of it
3 angina pectoris strangling pain in the chest area
4 angiography x-ray of a blood vessel with an injection of a radiopaque substance to the vessel
5 arrhythmia abnormal rhythm of heart contractions
6 arteriosclerosis hardening of the walls of the arteries
7 arteritis inflammation of the arteries
8 atherosclerosis form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substance deposit in and between the layers of the lining of the arteries
9 auscultation listening for heart sounds
10 avascular necrosis death of tissue because of the lack of blood supply through the blood vessels
11 bradycardia slow heart rate
12 cardiomegaly enlargement of the heart
13 cardiomyopathy disease of the heart muscle
14 claudication lameness or limping due to decrease in the blood supply to the legs
15 collapse loss of consciousness because of disorder of peripheral circulation
16 cor pulmonale a form of heart disease resulting from a disorder in the pulmonary circulation
17 ecchymosis outpouring of fluid (blood) under the skin
18 echocardiography ultrasound examination of heart action
19 embolus a ball of clotted blood that is carried within the bloodstream
20 endocarditis inflammation of the lining of the heart
21 extrasystole contraction of the heart out of normal rhythm, premature contraction
22 fibrillation uncontrolled twitching of the fibers of heart muscles
23 haemangioma tumour consisting of blood vessels
24 haematoma tumour or swelling that contains blood
25 hypertension high blood pressure
26 ventricular hypertrophy enlargement of the ventricle of the heart
27 myocardial infarction death of a portion of heart muscle
28 congestive heart failure the heart fails to pump blood adequately resulting in a backup of blood
29 ischaemia decrease in the blood supply of a part or organ
30 haemorrhoid dilated vein filled with blood at the anal sphincter
31 coronary occlusion obstruction of the coronary artery
32 oedema a swelling because of accumulation of fluid outside of blood vessels
33 palpitation awareness of an abnormally strong or an abnormally rapid heartbeat
34 phlebitis inflammation of a vein
35 pulse impact of the ejection of blood from left ventricle felt at superficial arteries
36 regurgitation backflow of blood at the valves
37 sphygmomanometer instrument for measuring of blood pressure by measuring the force of pulse
38 tachycardia faster than normal heartbeats
39 thrombophlebitis inflammation of veins that results in the formation of a blood clot
40 thrombus blood clot
41 varicose vein enlarged twisted veins
42 vasoconstriction narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessels
43 vasodilation widening of diameter of blood vessels
21
2. The respiratory system – Apparatus respiratorius
1. Fill in the blanks in each text.
Nose
nasal cavity, sphenoid, maxillary, sputum, paranasal sinuses, ethmoid, sinus, nares, cilia, frontal,
inspire, conchae,
When we inhale, or __________, air enters the body through the
nose via the external nasal ________ (nostrils) and passes through
the _________ ________. This cavity is lined with a mucous
membrane and fine hairs called ___________ that warm and
moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies (such as dust and
pollen) toward the throat for elimination. Material that is
eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the
throat is called ____________. In the bones of the skull and face
near the nose are air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes
that open to the nasal cavity. Each of these cavities is called a _________, and they are named
specifically for the bones in which they are located, such as the __________ (at the forehead),
__________, _________, and ____________ sinuses. Together, because they are near the nose, these
cavities are referred to as the _____________. Receptors for the sense of smell are located within bony
side projections of the nasal cavity called turbinate bones or ___________.
Pharynx
pharyngeal tonsil, oropharynx, palatine, laryngeal pharynx, lingual, pharynx, nasopharynx,
After passing through the nasal cavity, air reaches the throat or _________, which is made up of three parts. The ____________ is behind the nasal cavity and contains the __________ _________ or adenoid, which is a mass of lymphatic tissue. The middle portion, the ____________, can be found behind the mouth where the __________ tonsils on either side of the soft palate are located. The third part of the pharynx is the ____________ ______________ behind the larynx. The __________ tonsils are at the posterior of the tongue.
Larynx
glottis, vocal cords, larynx, thyroid, epiglottis,
The voice box or _________ is shaped by cartilages, the most prominent of which is the _________ cartilage at the front that forms the „Adam‘s apple”.‖ The opening between the vocal cords is the _________. The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the _________. When one swallows, this covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract. The larynx contains the ____________ ___________, which are important in speech production.
22
Lower Respiratory Passageways
Windpipe And Bronchi
mediastinum, bronchi, capillaries, alveoli, trachea, bronchioles,
The larynx conducts air into the windpipe or_______, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its collapse. The trachea is contained in a region known as the _________, which consists of the space between the lungs. The trachea divides into two branches called the _________. Each bronchus (the singular form of bronchi) goes to a separate lung and subdivides into smaller tubes, like the branches of a tree. The smallest of the bronchial branches are called ___________. At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called __________. Each alveolus is made up of a layer of epithelium. This very thin wall permits exchange of gases between the alveolus and _____________ that surround and come in close contact with it.
Lungs
lobes, visceral pleura, pleura, parietal pleura, pleural space
Each lung is covered by a membrane called the__________. The outer layer nearest to the ribs is ___________ ____________. The inner layer closest to the lungs is the ___________ __________. The right lung is divided into three __________, the left lung has two lobes. There is a narrow, fluid-filled space between the two layer, the __________ ___________. The moist pleural membranes slide easily over each other allowing the lungs to expand during breathing. During breathing or technically
Breathing
inspiration, ventilation, phrenic, diaphragm, respiration, expiration, intercostal
Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called __________ or ___________. This consists of a steady cycle of ___________ (inhalation) and (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the _________ nerve stimulates the muscle called ___________ to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity. The resulting decrease in pressure within the thorax causes air to be pulled into the lungs. The ___________ muscles between the ribs aid in both phase of respiration. Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles relax, the lungs spring back to their original
23
2. Identify the structures by a number from the diagram.
bronchi principales
cavitas/cavum nasi
epiglottis
larynx
lobus inferior pulmonis dextri
lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri
lobus medius pulmonis dextri
lobus superior pulmonis dextri
lobus superior pulmonis sinistri
mediastinum
pars laryngea pharyngis
pars nasalis pharyngis
pars oralis pharyngis
pharynx
pulmo dexter
pulmo sinister
sinus paranasales
trachea
nares
16 capsula articularis cricothyroidea,
cartilagines tracheales,
cartilago cricoidea,
cartilago thyroidea,
6 conus elasticus,
cornu inferius,
cornu superius,
incisura thyroidea superior,
5 lig. cricothyroideum medianum,
lig. thyrohyoideum laterale,
lig. thyrohyoideum medianum,
linea obliqua,
m. cricothyroideus,
membrana thyrohyoidea,
n. et a. laryngealis superior,
os hyoideum,
24
Declension of Latin nouns
Dictionary form
vena, venae f
ramus, rami m
mentum, menti n
pes, pedis m
os, ossis n
arcus, arcus m
genu, genus n
facies, faciei f
Decl. I. II. III. IV. V.
Gender f m n m/f/n m/f n f
Sg. Nom. vena ramus mentum pes os arcus genu facies
Sing. Gen. venae rami menti pedis ossis arcus genus faciei
Pl. Nom. venae rami menta pedes ossa arcus genua facies
Plur. Gen. venarum ramorum mentorum pedum ossium arcuum genuum facierum
Sg. Nom. -a -us/-er -um/-on various various -us -u -es
Sing. Gen. -ae -i -i -is -is -us -us -ei
Plur.Nom. -ae -i -a -es -a/-ia -us -ua -es
Plur. Gen. -arum -orum -orum -um/-ium -um/-ium -uum -uum -erum
Declension of 3-ending adjectives Dictionary form
internus interna internum -us/-er -a -um
Decl. II. I. II. II. I. II.
Gender m f n m f n
Sing. Nom. internus interna internum -us/-er -a -um
Sing. Gen. interni internae interni -i -ae -i
Plur. Nom. interni internae interna -i -ae -a
Plur. Gen. internorum internarum internorum -orum -arum -orum
Declension of 2-ending adjectives Dictionary form
medialis mediale -is -e superior superius -ior -ius
Decl. III. III. III. III. III. III. III. III.
Gender m/f n m/f n m/f n m/f n
Sg. Nom. medialis mediale -is -e superior superius -ior -ius
Sing. Gen. medialis medialis -is -is superioris superioris -ioris -ioris
Pl. Nom. mediales medialia -es -ia superiores superiora -iores -iora
Plur. Gen. medialium medialium -ium -ium superiorum superiorum -iorum -iorum
Declension of 1-ending adjectives Dictionary form
permanens -ns -ns -x (simplex)
-x (simplex)
Decl. III. III. III. III. III. III.
Gender m/f n m/f n m/f n
Sg. Nom. permanens permanens -ns -ns -x -x
Sing. Gen. permanentis permanentis -ntis -ntis -cis -cis
Pl. Nom. permanentes permanentia -ntes -ntia -ces -cia
Plur. Gen. permanentium permanentium -ntium -ntium -cium -cium
25
1.Fill in the missing endings according to the concord of genders.
arteria (f) pulmonal__ (is/e) dext___ (er/ra/rum)
bronchus lobar___ (is/e)
bronchus principal___ (is/e) dext___ et sinist___
(er/ra/rum)
bronchus segmental___ basal___ lateral___ (is/e)
cornu super___ (ior/ius)
facies diaphragmatic___ (us/a/um)
fissura horizontal___ (is/e)
fissura obliqu___ (us/a/um)
impressio cardiac___ (us/a/um)
lig. pulmonal___ (is/e)
lobus infer___ (is/e)
lobus medi___ (us/a/um)
lobus super___ (ior/ius)
margo anter___ (ior/ius)
margo poster___ (ior/ius)
nodus lymphatic___ tracheobronchial___ (is/e)
super___ (ior/ius)
pars larynge___ (us/a/um)
pleura parietal___ (is/e)
recessus pleural___ (is/e)
segmentum anter___ (ior/ius)
segmentum apical___ (is/e)
segmentum basal___ (is/e) poster___ (ior/ius)
segmentum lingular___ (is/e)
segmentum poster___ (ior/ius)
26
2. Put the following terms into Plural Nominative form.
bronchiolus terminalis ____________________________________
bronchus lingularis ____________________________________
cartilago trachealis ____________________________________
lig. anulare ____________________________________
m. intercostalis externus ____________________________________
nodus lymphaticus tracheobronchialis superior ____________________________________
ramus bronchialis sinister ____________________________________
recessus pleuralis ____________________________________
segmentum bronchopulmonale ____________________________________
sinus paranasalis ____________________________________
vena pulmonalis dextra ____________________________________
3. Form phrases by putting the terms in brackets into Singular Genitive.
lobus superior (pulmo dexter) _____________________
cornu majus (os hyoideum) _____________________
ramus (lobus medius) _____________________
pars costalis (pleura parietalis) _____________________
pars nasalis (pharynx) _____________________
rima (glottis) _____________________
4. Give the Latin equivalent of the definition.
thin wall in the nose ___________________
turbinate bone ___________________
lymphoid tissue in the throat_______________
ring-like cartilage of larynx_________________
nerve of the diaphragm ___________________
cartilage of the windpipe___________________
upper pointed part of the lungs ____________ division of the windpipe ____________
27
middle part of pharynx __________________
nostrils _______________
gate of the lungs _______________
muscles lifting the ribs _______________
5. Form adjectives from the following nouns
diaphragma __________________
pulmo __________________
respiratio __________________
alveolus __________________
lobus __________________
pectus __________________
paries __________________
bronchus __________________
larynx __________________
trachea __________________
mucus __________________
serum __________________
6. Diminutive suffixes
Suffix -culus, -cula, -culum
-ellus, -ella, -ellum
-illus, -illa, -illum
-olus, -ola, -olum
-ulus, -ula, -ulum
E.g. musculus
ossiculum
cerebellum mamilla arteriola cellula
Form diminutive forms of the following nouns.
Pl. valva, ae f valvula
luna, ae f ___________
vesica, ae f ____________
caput, itis n ____________
vena, ae f ____________
fovea, ae f ____________
fossa, ae f ____________
circus, i m ____________
tuber, tuberis n ____________
lobus, i m ____________
vas, vasis n ____________
alveus, i m ____________
venter, ventris m _________
os, ossis n __________
corpus, corporis n ________
follis, is m _______________
fons, fontis m __________
rete, retis n ___________
clavis, is f ___________
pars, partis f ___________
malleus, i m ___________
glans, glandis f ___________
area, ae f ___________
testis, is m ____________
lingua, ae f _____________
moles, molis f _____________
navis, is f _____________
tubus, i m _____________
glomus, glomeris n (!) _________
fascis, is m ______________
canis, is f ______________
pupa, ae f ______________
28
Vocabulary
Latin term Definition
aer, aeris m air
alveolus pulmonis air sac in the lungs
apparatus respiratorius respiratory tract
bronchiolus, -i m; bronchiole, small bronchus
bronchus principalis main stem bronchus
bronchus, bronchi m airways between the trachea
cartilago arytenoidea arytenoid cartilage
cartilago cricoidea; cricoid cartilage ring-like cartilage of larynx
cartilago thyroidea; thyroid cartilage shield-like cartilage of larynx
cavitas/cavum nasi; nasal cavity cavity of the nose
concha nasalis turbinate bones
diaphragma, -matis n; diaphragm muscle between chest and abdomen
epiglottis, epiglottidis f cartilage over the
exspiratio, -onis f ; exspiration breathing out
glottis, glottidis f opening at the upper part of the larynx
hilus, -i m / hilum, i n the part of an organwhere nerves and vessels enter
inspiratio, -onis f; inspiration breathing in
larynx, laryngis f voice box
lobus, -i m; lobe part of an organ (e.g. lung)
meatus nasi a passage or channel
mediastinum, -i n space between the lungs
parietalis 2; parietal located toward the wall
pectus, pectoris n chest
pharynx, pharyngis f throat
pleura, -ae f membrane around lungs
plica vocalis; vocal cords folds of tissue responsible for production of voice
pulmo, -onis m lung
respiratio, -onis f; respiration breathing
segmentum, i n; segment sections of the lobes
septum nasi; nasal septum thin wall dividing b/w the two parts of nasal cavity
sinus paranasales; paranasal sinuses airspaces near the nose
sinus, sinus m airspace
trachea, tracheae f windpipe
visceralis 2; visceral related to the inner organs
vox, vocis f voice
29
1.Fill in the blanks in the text.
haemothorax, pneumothorax, dyspnoe, hydrothorax, orthopnoe, apnoea, empyema,
If fluids are acuumulated in the chest it is called ________________, if blood is found between the two
pleurae, it’s name is ________________, and if pus is detected in a body cavity, it is called
____________________. Nevertheless, when air gets into the plural space, the condition is called
___________________. Asthma involves difficulty in breathing (_____________), of which a severe
form is when the patient needs an upright position to relieve brethlessness, which is called
______________. Sleep _____________ means intermittent periods of breath cessation during sleep.
2.Give the term
visual examination of the nasal cavity _________________
visual examination of the larynx _________________
visual examination of the bronchi _________________
surgical incision into the voice box _________________
decreased respiratory rate _________________
increased respiratory rate _________________
inflammation of the airspaces near the nose _________________
narrowing of the windpipe _________________
chronic dilation of the bronchi _________________
bluish discoloration of the skin _________________
3-4. Match the pairs.
Latin English Latin Görög
asphyxia a) cough sputum a) hydr-
stridor b) collection of pus pus b) haem-
epistaxis c) harsh respiratory sound punctio c) rhin-
haemoptysis d) nosebleed aqua d) phren-
tussis e) spitting blood sanguis e) py-
sputum f) suffocation aer f) -ptoe
pertussis g) substance coughed up pulmo g) pneum-
abscessus h) whooping cough diaphragma h) ortho-
rectus 3 i) phon-
nasus j) pneumon-
vox k) -centesis
30
5. Explain the meaning of the following terms.
atelectasis __________________
emphysema pulmonis __________________
carcinoma pulmonis __________________
lobectomy __________________
pleural effusion __________________
pleurocentesis __________________
pneumoconiosis __________________
pneumomycosis __________________
spirometry __________________
6. What are these drugs used for?
expectorant ___________________ antitussive __________________
bronchodilator ___________________ mucolytic __________________
7. True or false?
Musculi intercostales externi help inhalation. _____ ____________________
Surgical opening of the chest wall is called thoracocentesis. _____ ____________________
Hyperventilation results in acidosis. _____ ____________________
Pleura parietalis is the pleura toward the lungs. _____ ____________________
8. Odd one out.
septum - nares - mediastinum - conchae ___________________________
sinus - cartilago thyroidea - epiglottis - plica vocalis ___________________________
segmentum - hilum - bifurcatio - alveolus ___________________________
diphtheria - pertussis - asthma - influenza ___________________________
hydrothorax - haemothorax - pneumothorax - hemithorax ___________________________
9. Analyse the terms.
tracheobronchial ___________________
bronchopulmonary ___________________
cricothyroid ___________________
thyrohyoid ___________________
epipharynx ___________________
hypopharynx ___________________
intrapleural ___________________
infiltration ___________________
31
10.Identify the terms related to the physical examination.
palpatio, auscultatio, audientia, inspectio, visio, percussio, punctio, palpitatio, concussio
32
11. Explain the meaning of the highlighted terms of the text.
A 20 year old male with persistent cough (CLINICAL PRESENTATION)
A 20 year old male with persistent cough was evaluated for surgical and anesthesia risk. The patient did not
report fever, weight loss or night sweats. He was a smoker but quit 5yrs ago. No history of exposures to
asbestos or industrial dusts was elicited.
The patient was never hospitalized for pneumonia as a child but was diagnosed with bronchiectasis at the
age of 15 and underwent bronchoscopy every 3-4 month since then. He also reported a history of blunt chest
injury from trauma at age 19, with chest x-ray showing patchy areas of airspace opacity involving
predominantly the upper lobes bilaterally, these findings interpreted as suggestive of upper lobe
bronchiectasis. Family history was negative for cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis. His previous sputum cultures
for mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative as was testing for alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Physical examination showed a clear chest with no rales, rhonchi, or wheezes. No organomegaly or
adenopathy were identified. A CT chest study showed upper lobe predominant bronchiectatic changes.
Pulmonary function tests displayed a mildly reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Laboratory investigations did not reveal
any significant abnormalities except for elevated serum IgG and IgE. ACE was within normal limits.
Based on these findings the physician considered bronchiectasis of unknown etiology; peripheral blood was
sent for genetic testing for cystic fibrosis (CF). http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case716.html
Contributed by Arivarasan Karunamurthy, MD. and Jeffrey A. Kant, MD, PhD
__________________ abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways containing fluid
__________________ abnormal chest sounds produced in in airways with accumulated fluids
__________________ a whistling or sighing sound
__________________ cause of the disease
persistent __________________
anesthesia __________________
pneumonia __________________
bronchoscopy __________________
bronchiectasis __________________
sputum __________________
bilaterally __________________
organomegaly __________________
adenopathy __________________
cystic fibrosis __________________
33
Clinical terms
Prae-/Suffixes Definition Example
acid- acidic acidosis
alcal- alcaline alcalosis
hydr- water hydrothorax
ortho- upright orthopnoe
py- pus pyothorax
-capnia level of carbon-dioxide hypercapnia
-centesis puncture, thoracocentesis
-coniosis condition caused by aspiration of dust pneumoconiosis
-dilator widening bronchodilatator
-mycosis condition caused by a fungus pneumomycosis
-metry measurement spirometry
-oxia level of oxygen hypoxia
-phonia voice dysphonia
-ptysis spitting or coughing up of a substance haemoptysis
-stomy surgical opening into an organ tracheostomy
-ventilation gas exchange hyperventilation
Term Definition
abscess localized collection of pus
acidosis abnormal acidity of body fluids
alkalosis abnormal alkalinty of body fluids
antitussive drug that prevents or relieves coughing
asphyxia suffocation, condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen
asthma bronchiale a disease characterized by dyspnea, wheezing and spasm of bronchial tubes
atelectasis incomplete dilation of lung tissue
carcinoma pulmonis malignant tumor of the lungs
cyanosis bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood
diphtheria acute infectious disease characterized by formation of a pseudomembrane
emphysema enlargement and destruction of the alveoli of the lungs
empyema accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space
epistaxis nosebleed, haemorrhage from the nose
expectorans drug used to help expel mucus from the chest
hyperventilatio increased rate and depth of breathing
pleural effusion flowing of fluid into the pleural space
pertussis whooping cough, an acute infectious disease
pleurocentesis puncture of the pleurae
pneumoconiosis disease of respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles
pneumomycosis fungal infection of the lungs
spirometry measurement of breathing volumes
sputum substance coughed up from the respiratory tract
stridor a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway
tracheostomy surgical opening into the trachea
tussis cough
34
3. The digestive system – Apparatus digestorius
Cavitas oris
1. Fill in the blanks in the following text.
palate, salivary glands, incisors, ingestion, soft palate, mastication, molars, hard palate, oral, uvula,
canines, saliva,
Digestion begins in the mouth, also called the ________ cavity. The primary functions of the mouth are
concerned with the intake or ____________ of food, with chewing or ______________ and swallowing.
There are 32 teeth in a complete adult set, including ___________ and ___________ to bite food and
_____________ for grinding. The ___________ is the roof of the mouth: the anterior portion (__________
___________) is formed by bone and the posterior part (_____________ _____________) is made of soft
tissue. The fleshy _____________, used in speech production, hangs from the soft palate. In the process
of chewing the tongue, lips, cheeks, palate also help to break up the food and mix it with ___________,
the digestive juice moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch. The ___________
_____________ secrete saliva into the mouth and are considered to be accessory organs of digestion.
2. Identify the parts of the oral cavity by a number from the picture.
dens caninus
dens incisivus primus (centralis)
dens incisivus secundus (lateralis)
dens molaris tertius (sapientiae)
dentes molares (primus et secundus)
dentes praemolares (primus et secundus)
fauces
gingiva
labium inferius
labium superius
lingua
palatum durum
palatum molle
tonsilla palatina
uvula
vestibulum oris
3. Fill in the blanks in the text with the given terms.
foramen, dentin, pulp, crown, permanent, neck, cement, deciduous, roots, enamel,
Each tooth consists of a ____________, which projects above the gum; one or more ___________
embedded in the alveolus; and a_______________, which stretches between the crown and the root.
Each tooth also contains a cavity filled with ____________, richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
that enter the cavity through a small aperture or ______________ at the apex of each root. The solid
inner part of the tooth consists of ______________, ___________ covers the exposed part of the crown,
and ______________ covers the surface of the root. Two sets of teeth appear at different periods of life:
the 20 primary or ____________ teeth appear during infancy, the 32 secondary or _____________ teeth
during childhood and early adulthood.
35
4. Identify the parts of a tooth by a number from the picture.
corona dentis
cervix/collum dentis
radix dentis
enamelum
dentinum
cavitas dentis, pulpa dentis
canalis radicis dentis
gingiva
periodontium
cementum
foramen apicis dentis
Lingua
5. Fill in the blanks in the text with the given terms.
mastication, dorsum, foliate, frenulum, tonsil,lingua, sulcus medianus, apex, papillae, filiform,
fungiform, vallate, glossa, radix, sulcus terminalis,
The tongue (L.,__________; Gk,____________), situated in the floor of the mouth. The tongue is
important in taste,_____________ , swallowing, and speech. It is composed chiefly of skeletal muscle,
is partly covered by mucous membrane, and presents a tip (________) and margin,__________ ,
inferior surface, and root (_____________). The tip, or apex, usually rests against the incisors and
continues on each side into the margin. The dorsum extends from the oral cavity into the oropharynx.
A V-shaped groove, the_________________, runs laterally and anteriorward from a small pit, the
foramen cecum. The sulcus terminalis is the boundary between (1) the oral part, or anterior two thirds,
and the pharyngeal part, or posterior third, of the tongue.
The oral part of the dorsum may show a shallow median groove
(_________________). The mucosa has numerous minute lingual
___________: the ___________ papillae, the narrowest and most
numerous; (2) the ____________ papillae, with rounded heads (like
mushrooms) and containing taste buds; (3) the _____________ papillae,
about a dozen large projections arranged in a V-shaped row in front of the
sulcus terminalis and containing numerous taste buds; and the
__________ papillae, inconstant grooves and ridges at the margin
posteriorly. Lymphatic follicles in the submucosa are collectively known
as the lingual ____________. The inferior surface of the tongue is
connected to the floor of the mouth by the __________.
6. Identify the parts of the tongue in the picture.
apex linguae
corpus linguae
foramen caecum
papillae filiformes
papillae foliatae
papillae fungiformes
papillae vallatae
radix linguae
sulcus medianus
sulcus terminalis
tonsilla lingualis
tonsilla palatina
36
7. Identify the parts of the digestive system in the picture.
anus
appendix vermiformis
caecum
canalis analis
cavitas oris propria
cavitas oris
colon ascendens
colon descendens
colon sigmoideum
colon transversum
duodenum
gaster (ventriculus)
glandula parotis
glandula sublingualis
glandula submandibularis
glandulae salivariae majores
hepar
ileum
intestinum crassum
intestinum tenue
jejunum
oesophagus
pancreas
pars laryngea pharyngis
pars oralis pharyngis
pharynx
rectum
rima oris
vesica biliaris (fellea)
vestibulum oris
8. Fill in the blanks in each test with the given terms.
From the mouth to the stomach
peristalsis, pylorus, intestine,pharynx, esophagus, shincter, cardia, pepsin
Portions of moistened food are moved from the oral cavity toward the ____________ where
swallowing reflexes push it into the ____________. ______________moves the food through the
esophagus and into the stomach. At its distal end, where it joins the stomach, the esophagus has
muscle tissue that contracts to keep stomach contents from refluxing. This lower esophageal
___________(LES) is also called the cardiac sphincter‖ because it lies above the stomach‘s __________,
the region around its upper opening. In the stomach food is further broken down as it is churned and
mixed with secretions containing the enzyme ___________ and powerful hydrochloric acid (HCl), both
of which break down proteins. The partially digested food then passes through the lower portion of
the stomach, the ____________and then into the_________________.
The Small Intestine
jejunum, villi, duodenum, ileum, Food leaving the stomach enters the_______________, the first portion of the small intestine.
Duodenum is from the Latin duodeni, meaning ―twelve each‖, referring to its length. As food
continues through the ____________ and ______________, the remaining sections of the small
intestine, digestion is completed. The digestive substances active in the small intestine include
37
enzymes from the intestine itself and products from accessory organs that secrete into the duodenum.
The digested nutrients, as well as water, minerals, and vitamins are absorbed into the circulation, aided
by small projections in the lining of the small intestine called ___________. Each villus has blood
capillaries to absorb nutrients into the blood stream and lymphatic capillaries, or lacteals, to absorb
small molecules of digested fats into the lymph.
The Large Intestine
colon, sigmoid, rectum, ascending, transverse, descending, faeces, anus, cecum, appendix,
Any food that has not been digested, along with water and digestive juices, passes into the large
intestine. This part of the digestive tract begins in the lower right region of the abdomen with a small
pouch, the ____________, to which the ____________is attached. The large intestine continues as the
_____________, a name that is often used to mean the large intestine. The colon travels upward along
the right side of the abdomen as the _____________ colon, crosses below the stomach as the
_____________ colon, then continues down the left side of the abdomen as the _____________colon.
As food is pushed through the colon, water is reabsorbed and stool or _____________is formed. This
waste material passes into the S-shaped _____________colon and is stored in the ____________ until
eliminated through the ___________.
The Accessory Organs
hepatic, liver, cholecyst, pancreas,salivary, bile, The _____________ glands, which secrete into the mouth, are the first accessory organs to act on
food. They secrete an enzyme (salivary amylase) that begins the digestion of starch. The remainder of
the accessory organs is in the abdomen and secrete into the duodenum. The_________ is a large gland
with many functions. A major part of its activity is to process blood brought to it by a special circulatory
pathway called the__________ portal system. The liver‘s role in digestion is the secretion of
____________, which emulsifies fats (breaks them down into smaller units). The gallbladder
(______________) stores bile until it is needed in digestion. The common hepatic duct from the liver
and the cystic duct from the gallbladder merge to form the common bile duct, which empties into the
duodenum. The _______________ produces a mixture of digestive enzymes that is delivered into the
duodenum through the pancreatic duct. It also secretes large amounts of bicarbonate, which
neutralizes the strong stomach acid.
9.Identify the parts in the picture.
et v. lienalis (splenica)
caput pancreatis
cauda pancreatis
corpus pancreatis
diaphragma
ductus choledochus (biliaris)
ductus cysticus
ductus hepaticus communis
ductus pancreaticus
duodenum
lien (splen)
lobus hepatis dexter
pancreas
vesica biliaris (fellea)
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Exercises
1. Give the latin term.1st part of small intestine ___________________
lining of abdominal wall ___________________
membrane between small intestine ____________________
lymphoid tissue at the back of tongue ____________________
wavelike contraction of an organ’s walls ____________________
last part of large intestine ____________________
salivary gland under the lower jaw ____________________
gallbladder _____________________
the largest gland of the body _____________________
tiny projections of the wall of the small intestine _________________
stool ______________________
partaining to the lip ______________________
pertaining to the tongue ______________________
2.Form adjectives. ileum __________________
pancreas __________________
mesenterium __________________
abdomen __________________
splen __________________
lien __________________
gaster __________________
hepar __________________
omentum __________________
duodenum __________________
colon __________________
cysta __________________
peritoneum __________________
appendix __________________
3. Match the pairs.
Latin English Latin Greek
omentum i) nipple-like projection caecum l) gloss-
peritoneum j) 1st part of small intestine dens m) gastr-
mesenterium k) membrane hanging from stomach fel n) odont-
papilla l) large intestine ductus bilifer o) sial-
ventriculus m) 3rd part of small intestine glandula p) staphyl-
jejunum n) upper opening of stomach lingua q) cholecyst-
duodenum o) membrane lining abdominal wall rectum r) cholangi-
ileum p) 2nd part of small intestine saliva s) chole-
colon q) lower opening of stomach uvula t) proct-
cardia r) membrane between small intestin ventriculus u) aden-
pylorus s) stomach vesica biliaris v) typhl-
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4.Name the inflammation of the parts.
rectum ___________________
pharynx ___________________
ventriculus ___________________
intestinum tenue ___________________
intestinum crassum ___________________
caecum ___________________
appendix vermiformis ___________________
vesica fellea ___________________
ductus bilifer ___________________
glandula salivaria ___________________
5. Fill in the blanks with the given terms
nausea, vomitus, borborygmus, haematemesis, gastroenteritis, anaemia,diarrhoea, exsiccosis,
dehydratatio, gastrorrhagia, perforatio, dyspnoea,melaena, anorexia, ulcus ventriculi, syncope,
_______________ is a catchall term for infection or irritation of the digestive tract, particularly the stomach
and intestine. Major symptoms include (feeling sick)__________ and (throwing up from the stomach)
______________, (loose and frequent stool)______________, and abdominal cramps. These symptoms are
sometimes also accompanied by fever and overall weakness. Gastroenteritis typically lasts about three days.
Adults usually recover without problem, but children, the elderly, and anyone with an underlying disease are
more vulnerable to complications such as (loosing too much water) ___________________.
Patients with _________________ (bleeding of stomach) often present with _______________ (vomiting blood), coffee ground vomiting, ______________ (black stool) , maroon stool, or hematochezia if the hemorrhage is severe. Patients may also present with complications of ____________ (low level of red cells), including chest pain, _______________ (loss of consciousness), fatigue and shortness of breath or ________________.
6. Match the pairs and tranlsate the suffixes.
Term Definition Suffixum Meaning
glossodynia a) enlargement of liver -odynia
sialadenectomia b) narrowing of lower opening of stomach
-ectomia
palatoschisis c) endoscopy of the 1st part of small intestine
-schisis
stenosis pylori d) bleeding of the stomach -stenosis
hepatomegalia e) surgical removal of salivary gland -megalia
oesophagomalacia f) loose and frequent stool -malacia
cholelithiasis g) fissure of the palate -lithiasis
cholecystectomia h) vomiting blood -ectomia
sigmoidoproctostomia i) surgical suture of gall bladder -stomia
duodenoscopia j) pain in the tongue -scopia
gastrorrhagia k) softening of the gullet -rrhagia
haematemesis l) stone formation in the gall bladder -emesis
diarrhoea m) formation of a passage between sigmoid colon and rectum
-rrhoea
oesophagectasia n) removal of gall bladder -ectasia
gastropexia o) puncture of the abdominal cavity -pexia
paracentesis abdominalis
p) surgical fixation of the stomach -centesis
cholecystorrhaphia q) widening of the gullet -rrhaphia
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7. What do these terms mean?
gingivostomatitis ulcerosa ______________
cheilitis ______________
odontolithiasis ______________
sialorrhoea ________________
pharyngospasm ________________
oesophagectasis ________________
appendectomy ________________
rectoscopia ________________
colitis ulcerosa ________________
hepatopexia ________________
resectio ventriculi ________________
herpes labialis _________________
hypacidity _________________
anacidity/achlorhydria __________________
8.What are these drug types used for?
antacid ______________
antidiarrhoeal ______________
antiemetic ______________
laxative ______________
emetic ________________
digestive ________________
cholagogue ________________
9. True-false?
Duodenum is the middle part of small intestine. _____ ________________________
Ptyalism is excess bile secretion. _____ ________________________
Icterus is jaundice in other terms. _____ ________________________
Ductus cysticus is the duct of the gall bladder. _____ ________________________
Colic is a crampy abdominal pain. _____ ________________________
10. Odd one out.
caput - fundus - corpus - cauda ______________________
diarrhoea - peristaltica - nausea - vomitus ______________________
caecum - colon - rectum - lien ______________________
pancreas - hepar - villi - glandulae salivariae ______________________
gingiva - pylorus - palatum - dens incisivus ______________________
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11. Match the pairs
Latin English
flatus a) food mass in the intestine
eructation b) abnormal passage between two hollow organs
foetor oris c) itching
borborygmus d) bowel gas
pruritus e) stool
regurgitation, reflux f) bad smell of the mouth
faeces g) liver disease in which liver becomes tawny and shrinks
chymus h) pouch in the abdominal wall
fistula i) abdominal gurgle
diverticulum j) burping
nausea k) backflow of digestive juice
melaena l) slow bowel movement
obstipation m) jaundice
icterus n) tumour
cirrhosis o) feeling that one is about to vomit
diarrhoea p) black bloody stool
meteorismus q) frequent loose stool
neoplasma r) bloatedness
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12. Case studies
Case Study 1: Cholecystectomy
G.L., a 42-year-old obese Caucasian woman, entered the hospital with nausea and vomiting, flatulence and eructatio n, a fever of 100.5°F, and continuous right upper quadrant and subscapular pain. Examination on admission showed rebound tenderness in the RUQ with a positive Murphy sign. Her skin, nails, and conjunctivae were yellowish, and she complained of frequent clay-colored stools. Her leukocyte count was 16,000. An ERCP and ultrasound of the abdomen suggested many small stones in her gallbladder and possibly the common bile duct. Her diagnosis was cholecystitis with cholelithiasis. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted, with an intraoperative cholangiogram and common bile duct exploration. Because of G.L.’s size and some unexpected bleeding, visualization was difficult and the procedure was converted to an open approach. Small stones and granular sludge were irrigated from her common duct, and the gallbladder was removed. She had a T-tube inserted into the duct for bile drainage; this tube was removed on the second postoperative day. She had an NG tube in place before and during the surgery, which was also removed on day two. She was discharged on the fifth postoperative day with a prescription for prn pain medication and a low-fat diet.
Case Study 2: Colonoscopy With Biopsy
S.M., a 24-year-old man, had a recent history of lower abdominal pain with frequent loose mucoid stools. He described symptoms of occasional dysphagia, dyspepsia, nausea, and aphthous ulcers of his tongue and buccal mucosa. A previous barium enema showed some irregularities in the sigmoid and rectal segments of his large bowel. Stool samples for culture, ova, and parasites were negative. His tentative diagnosis was irritable bowel syndrome. He followed a lactose-free, low-residue diet and took Imodium to reduce intestinal motility. His gastroenterologist recommended a colonoscopy. After a 2-day regimen of soft to clear liquid diet, laxatives, and an enema the morning of the procedure, he reported to the endoscopy unit. He was transported to the procedure room. ECG electrodes, a pulse oximeter sensor, and a blood pressure cuff were applied for monitoring, and an IV was inserted in S.M.’s right arm. An IV bolus of Demerol and a bolus of Versed were given, and S.M. was positioned on his left side. The colonoscope was gently inserted through the anal sphincter and advanced proximally. S.M. was instructed to take a deep breath when the scope approached the splenic flexure and the hepatic flexure to facilitate comfortable passage. The physician was able to advance past the ileocecal valve, examining the entire length of the colon. Ulcerated granulomatous lesions were seen throughout the colon, with a concentration in the sigmoid segment. Many biopsy specimens were taken. The mucosa of the distal ileum was normal. Pathology examination of the biopsy samples was expected to establish a diagnosis of IBD.
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Vocabula
Latin English Definition
(circum)vallatus 3 vallate surrounded by a depression
anus, i, m. anus lower opening of alimentary canal
apex linguae apex of tongue tip of the tongue
appendix vermiformis vermiform appendix end part of caecum
caecum, i, n. caecum 1st part of large intestine
cardia, ae, f cardia upper opening of the stomach
cauda pancreatis narrow, tail-like end of pancreas
cauda, ae, f. tail
cavitas oris propria oral cavity proper inner part of oral cavity
cavum/cavitas oris oral cavity
cementum, i, n. cement covering of the root
cervix dentis cervix neck of teeth
colon ascendens ascending colon upward part
colon descendens descending colon downward part
colon sigmoideum sigmoid colon S-like colon
colon transversum transverse colon horizontal
corona dentis corona crown
corpus ventriculi corpus body of stomach
dens caninus canine tooth eye tooth
dens deciduus deciduous milk tooth
dens incisivus incisor front teeth
dens molaris molar back tooth
dens permanens permanent teeth adult teeth
dens praemolaris premolar before the molars
dens, dentis, m. tooth
dorsum linguae dorsum upper part of tongue
ductus bilifer bile duct ducts conveying bile
ductus choledochus common bile duct
ductus cysticus cystic duct
ductus hepaticus hepatic duct
ductus pancreaticus pamcreatic duct
duodenum, i,n. 1st part of small intestine
fel, fellis n / bilis, is f bile
filiformis 2 filiform thread-like
foliatus 3 foliate leaf-like
fundus ventriculi fundus base of the stomach
fungiformis 2 fungiform mushroom-like
gingiva, ae, f gingiva gum
glandula parotidea parotid gland salivary gland near the ear
glandula sublingualis sublingual gland salivary gland under the tongue
glandula submandibularis
submandibular gland
under the mandible
glandula, ae, f gland
glandulae salivariae salivary glands glands producing saliva
hepar, hepatis, n. liver
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Latin English Definition
ileum, i, n. ileum 3rd part of small intestine
intestinum crassum/ colon, coli n
large intestine
intestinum tenue small intestine
isthmus faucium narrow part of throat
jejunum, i, n 2nd part of small intestine
labium, ii, n. lip
lingua, ae, f. tongue
lobus hepatis lobe of the liver
mandibula, ae f lower jaw
maxilla, ae f upper jaw
mesenterium, ii, n. mesentery membrane between small intestines
oesophagus, i, m. oesophagus gullet
omentum omentum membrane hanging from the stomach
palatum durum hard palate
palatum molle soft palate
palatum, palati n palate roof of the oral cavity
pancreas, -atis, n. accessory gland of digestion
papilla, ae f nipple-shaped protuberance
pars laryngea pharyngis
laryngopharynx laryngeal part of pharynx
pars oralis pharyngis oropharynx oral part of pharynx
peritoneum, i, n. peritoneum membrane lining the abdominal cavity
pharynx, pharyngis f pharynx throat
porta hepatis gate of liver
pylorus, i, m lower opening of stomach
radix linguae root of tongue
rectum, i, n. last part of large intestine
rima oris opening of mouth
saliva, ae, f. spit
tonsilla lingualis lingual tonsil
tonsilla pharyngea pharyngeal tonsil
uvula, ae f small extension of soft palate
vena portae portal vein
ventriculus, -i m stomach
vesica fellea, vesica biliaris
gall bladder
vestibulum oris outer part of oral cavity
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Clinical terms
Latin term Definition
achalasia inability of the oesophageal sphincter to relax
anorexia loss of apetite
appendicitis inflammation of the appendix
ascites collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity
caries tooth decay
cholecystitis inflammation of gall bladder
choledocholithiasis stone formation in the common bile duct
cholelithiasis stone formation in the gall bladder
cirrhosis liver disease in which the liver becomes tawni and shrinks
diarrhoea frequent and loose stool
diverticulosis formation of pouches in the abdominal wall
dysenteria infection of the intestine causing bloody diarrhoea
dyspepsia digestion disorder
dysphagia difficulty in swallowing
enterocolitis inflammation of the small and large intestines
eructation belching
fistula abnormal connection between two hollow organs
flatulence having gas in the GI tract
flatus intestinal gas
halitosis bad breath
gastritis inflammation of the stomach
gastroptosis downward displacement of the stomach
gastrorrhage bleeding of the stomach
hernia diaphragmatica herniation of the diaphragm
inguinal hernia herniation of the groin
hypacidity low level of gastric acid
acidity excess gastric acid production
icterus jaundice
ileus obstruction of intestine
laparoscopia endoscopic examination through the abdominal wall
melaena black bloody stool
nausea, ae f feeling that one is about to vomit
haemorrhoidal node piles,
constipation slow bowel movement
oesophagectasia dilation of the gullet
oesophagospasmus cramp of the muscles of the gullet
pancreatitis, -itidis f inflammation of the pancreas
perforation creation or development of a hole in an organ
peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum
pharyngospasmus cramp of the throat
ruptura lienis rupture of the spleen
peptic ulcer a lesion in the mucus membrane of the upper GI tract caused by gastric juice
vomitus, emesis vomiting, throwing up from the stomach
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APPENDIX
Abbreviations Abbr. Extension Meaning
a./aa. arteria/arteriae artery/arteries
ant. anterior 2 front side
CV curriculum vitae CV, course of life
dext. dexter 3 right side
etc. et cetera and so on
f femininum feminine gender
gen. genitivus possessive
ggl./ggll. ganglion/ganglia a group of nerve cells
gl./gll. glandula/glandulae gland / glands
Gr. Greek
inf. inferior 2 lower
lgl./lgll. lymphoglandula/ lymphoglandulae lymph node(s)
lig./ligg. ligamentum/ligamenta ligament/ligaments
m masculinum masculine gender
m./mm. musculus/musculi muscle/muscles
n neutrum neuter gender
n./nn. nervus/nervi nerve / nerves
N.B. Nota bene Note well.
nom. nominativus subject case
P.S. post scriptum written after/later
plex. plexus bundle
plur. pluralis Plural
post. posterior 2 back side
proc. processus process, projection
r./rr. ramus/rami branch / branches
sin. sinister 3 left side
sing. singularis Singular
sup. superior 2 upper
v./vv. vena/venae vein / veins
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Latin and Greek parallel names in anatomy and clinical medicine
Latin English Greek Example
abdomen, -inis n. belly lapar- laparoscopy
adeps, adipis m fat lip- lipoma
aqua, ae f water hydr- hydrocephalus
articulatio, -onis f joint arthr- arthritis
auris, auris f. ear ot- otitis
caecum, i n blind intestine typhl- typhlitis
capillus, capilli m. hair trich- trichosis
caput, capitis n. head cephal- hydrocephalus
caro, carnis f flesh sarc- sarcoma
cartilago, cartilaginis f cartilage chondr- chondroblast
cellula, ae f cell -cyta, cyt- cytology, erythrocyte
cerebrum, i n brain encephal- encephalitis
clavicula, claviculae, f. clavicle cleid- sternocleidomastoideus
columna vertebralis spinal column rachi- rachischisis
cor, cordis n. heart cardi-, cardiology
cornea, ae f cornea kerat- keratitis
corpus, corporis n. body soma, somat- somaticus
cutis, cutis, f. skin derma, dermat- dermatitis
dens, dentis m tooth odont- odontology
diaphragma, -matis n. diaphragm phren- N. phrenic
digitus, digiti m. finger dactyl- dactylogramm
extremitas, -tatis f limb, extremiti acr- acrocyanosis
facies, faciei f. face, surface prosopon, prosop- prosopagnosia
fel, fellis n/ bilis, is f bile chol- cholelithiasis
femina, feminae f. woman gyn-, gynaec- gynecomastia
fibula, fibulae, f. fibula peron- peroneus 3
foramen, inis n foramen, hole tres- atresia
genu, genus n. knee gon- gonalgia
glans, glandis f end-part of penis balan- balanitis
glandula, ae f gland aden- adenitis
glandula lacrimalis lacrimal gland dacryocyst- dacryocystitis
homo, hominis m. human, man anthrop- anthropology
intestinum crassum large intestine col-, colon- colonoscopy
intestinum tenue small intestine enter- enteritis
labium, ii n lip cheil- cheilitis
lac, lactis n milk galakt- galactorrhoea
lens, lentis f lens phac- phacomalacia
lien, lienis m. spleen splen- splenomegaly
ligamentum, i n ligament desm-, syndesm- syndesmosis
lingua, ae f tongue gloss- hypoglossus
lumbus, lumbi m. loin psoa, psoas m. psoas
mamilla, ae f nipple thel- thelitis
mamma, mammae f. breast mast- mastoideus m.
mandibula, -ae, f. lower jaw gnath-/geni- genioglossus
manus, manus f. hand chir- chiropractic
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Latin English Greek Example
maxilla, ae f upper jaw gnath- gnathoschisis
medicus, i m medical doctor iatr- iatrogenic
medulla, ae f marrow myel- osteomyelitis
mens, mentis f. mind psych- psychology
mentum, menti n. chin geni- genioglossus
mors, mortis f death thanat-, thanas- euthanasia
musculus, musculi m. muscle my-, myos- myocardium
nasus, nasi m. nose rhin- rhinitis
nervus, nervi m. nerve neur- neuralgia
nox, noctis f night nyct- nycturia
oculus, oculi m. eye ophthalm- ophthalmology
os, oris n. mouth stoma, stomat- stomatitis
os, ossis n bone oste- osseous, osteoporosis
ovarium, ii n ovary oophor- oophoritis
palpebra, ae f eyelid blephar- blepharitis
pectus, pectoris n. upper chest steth- stethoscope
pelvis renalis renal pelvis pyel- pyelography
penis, is m male genital phall- phallitis
perineum, i m perineum episi- episiotomy
pes, pedis m. foot pod- podagra
praeputium, ii n foreskin, prepuce posth- posthitis
puer, pueri m boy, child paed-, ped- pediatrics
pulmo, pulmonis m lung pneumon- pneumonia
pupilla, ae f pupil cor- corectopia
pus, puris n pus py- pyuria
rectum, i n rectum proct- proctology
ren, renis m. kidney nephr- nephrology
sanguis, inis m blood haem-, haemat- haematology
testis, is m testicle orchi- orchitis
tuba uterina uterine tube salping- salpingitis
umbilicus, umbilici m. navel omphal- omphalitis
unguis, is m nail onych- onycholysis
uterus, i m womb hyster-/metr- hysterectomy / metritis
vagina, ae f vagina colp- colposcopy
vas, vasis n vessel angi- angiology
vena, venae f. vein phleb- phlebitis
ventriculus, i m. stomach, ventricle gastr- gastritis
vertebra, ae f vertebra spondyl- spondylosis
vesica fellea gall bladder cholecyst- cholecystitis
vesica urinaria bladder cyst- cystitis
vir, viri m man, male andr- androgen
viscera, um n visceral organs splanchn- splanchnology
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Latin and Greek prefixes
Latin Greek Meaning Examples
a-, ab-, (abs-, au) away, apart abduction
a-, an- not, absence of, without anaemia
ad- (acc-, add-, aff-, etc.)
to, toward adduction
allo- different but same species allogen
ana- again, up, into parts anatomy
aniso- unequal anisocoria
ante- before, in front of anteflexio
anti-/ant- against antipyretic
apo- away apophysis
auto- his own autotransfusion
bi- two- bipolar
brachy- short bracydactylia
brady- slow bradycardia
caco- ill, bad cacogeusia
cata-/kata- down catabolismus
circum- around circumduction
com-, (con-, co-, etc-) together compositus
contra- against contraindication
de- away, down descendens
di-, diplo- two, double diplegia,diplopia
dia- through, apart diastole
dis- apart, into two dislocation
dys- abnormal dyspnoea
e-, ex-(eff-) out, exitus
ec- out ectopia
ecto-/exo- outside ectoderma
en-/em- in, into embolia
endo- inside endocardium
epi- on, upon epidermis
eu- good, normal eurhythmia
exo- outside exogenous
extra- outer, outside of extracellular
hemi- half hemisphaerium
hetero- different heterogenous
homo- the same homozygote
homoio- similar homeopathy
hyper- over, excessive hypertonia
hypo- under, below hypoglossus
idio- individual, idiopathy
in- (im-, ir-) not, absence of sg irreversible
in-(im-) in, into incisure
infra- below infrascapular
inter- in between intervertebral
intra-, inside, into intraabdominal
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Latin Greek Meaning Examples
intro- into introitus
iso- equal isothermia
juxta- beside, parallel juxtaposition
lepto- thin, weak- leptophonia
macro-, mega(lo)- big macrosomia, megacolon
meso- middle mesoderma
meta- after, between metacarpus
micro- small micrognathia
mono- one monocyte
multi- many multilateral
neo- new neoplasm
ob- (occ-, off-, opp-) against, opposition
olig(o)- a few oligodactylia
omni-, toti all, the whole omnipotens
ortho- straight, correct orthodontia
pan(to)- total, the whole panplegia
para- next to, beside parathyroid
per- through, perforation
peri- around pericardium
poly- a lot, many polyodontia
post- after postoperative
prae- before, in front of praepatellar
praeter- passing praeternatural
presby- old-age presbyopia
pro to the front protraction
pro- before, in advance prognosis
pseudo- not real, not true, pseudopodium
quadr/i- four- quadriceps
re- (red-) again retraction
retro- behind, backwards retroflexion
se- apart, segregation
semi- half semilunar
sub-(succ-, suff-, etc) under, up from under subcutaneous
super- above, higher than supernumerary
supra- above supraclavicular
syn-/sym together systole
tachy- fast tachycardia
tetra- four- tetraplegia
trans- (tra-) through, transfusion
tri- tri- three triceps, trigonum
ultra- over, excessive ultrafiltration
uni- one- unipennated
xero- dry xerophthalmia
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Greek suffixes
Suffix English Meaning Example
-aemia blood condition anaemia
-agog(um), -agogue stimulating cholagogue
-agra gout podagra
-algia -algy pain angialgia
-blast immature cell osteoblast
-centesis puncture arthrocentesis
-cid killer bactericid
-cyta -cyte cell leukocyte
-ectasia widening cardiectasia, ae, f.
-ectomia -ectomy cutting out angiectomia
-gen originating from, causing
endogen, carcinogen
-genesis development osteogenesis
-gnosia/-gnosis knowledge diagnosis, pharmacognosia
-gramm image making result arteriogramm
-graph device for image making elektrocardiograph
-graphia -graphy image making technique electrocardiography
-iater -iatrist specialist psychiatrist
-iatria -iatry specialty pediatrics
-itis,-itidis, f. inflammation myocarditis
-kele/-cele hernia cardiocele
-lith(iasis) stone arteriolith
-logia -logy study of cardiology
-lysis decomposition haemolysis
-malacia softening cardiomalacia
-mania obsession, compulsion pyromania
-megalia -megaly enlargement cardiomegalia
-meter measuring device diameter
-metria measurement craniometria
-morphia/-morphismus
-form polymorphismus
-odynia pain mastodynia
-oid like sg, resembling adenoid
-oma tumour angioma
-opia/-opsia vision diplopia
-osis disease condition tuberculosis
-pathia -pathy disease condition cardiomyopathy
-penia decrease thrombocytopenia
-pexia -pexy fixation hysteropexy
-phag -phage engulfing organism bacteriophage
-phagia engulfing, eating aerophagia
-phil attracted to, basophil
-philia attraction haemophilia
-phobia avoidance, fear of sg hydrophobia
-phor(us) carrying phosphorus
-plasia forming, developement prostatahyperplasia
-plastica -plasty reconstructive surgery phleboplasty
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Suffix English Meaning Example
-plegia paralysis tetraplegia
-pnoe -pnoea breathing eupnoe
-poesis formation haemopoesis
-ptoe spitting haemoptoe
-ptosis downward displacement nephroptosis
-rrhagia -rrhage excessive bleeding phleborrhage
-rrhaphia -rrhaphy surgical suture angiorrhaphia
-rrhexis rupture gastrorrhexis
-rrhoea flow, discharge diarrhoea
-schisis splitting, cheilognathopalatoschisis
-sclerosis hardening cardiosclerosis
-scop -scope mirror endoscop
-scopia -scopy examination using a mirror
laparoscopia
-spasmus -spasm sudden involuntary contraction
angiospasmus
-stasis stagnation lymphostasis
-stenosis narrowing angiostenosis
-stomia -stomy creation of artificial orifice
gastrojejunostomy
-tomia -tomy surgical incision arteriotomy
-tonia pressure, tone hypertonia
-trop acting on sg somatotrop
-trophia feeding, nourishing atrophia
-uria condition of urine haematuria
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Declension of Latin nouns
Dictionary form
vena, venae f
ramus, rami m
mentum, menti n
pes, pedis m
os, ossis n
arcus, arcus m
genu, genus n
facies, faciei f
Decl. I. II. III. IV. V.
Gender f m n m/f/n m/f n f
Sg. Nom. vena ramus mentum pes os arcus genu facies
Sing. Gen. venae rami menti pedis ossis arcus genus faciei
Pl. Nom. venae rami menta pedes ossa arcus genua facies
Plur. Gen. venarum ramorum mentorum pedum ossium arcuum genuum facierum
Sg. Nom. -a -us/-er -um/-on various various -us -u -es
Sing. Gen. -ae -i -i -is -is -us -us -ei
Plur.Nom. -ae -i -a -es -a/-ia -us -ua -es
Plur. Gen. -arum -orum -orum -um/-ium -um/-ium -uum -uum -erum
Declension of 3-ending adjectives Dictionary form
internus interna internum -us/-er -a -um
Decl. II. I. II. II. I. II.
Gender m f n m f n
Sing. Nom. internus interna internum -us/-er -a -um
Sing. Gen. interni internae interni -i -ae -i
Plur. Nom. interni internae interna -i -ae -a
Plur. Gen. internorum internarum internorum -orum -arum -orum
Declension of 2-ending adjectives Dictionary form
medialis mediale -is -e superior superius -ior -ius
Decl. III. III. III. III. III. III. III. III.
Gender m/f n m/f n m/f n m/f n
Sg. Nom. medialis mediale -is -e superior superius -ior -ius
Sing. Gen. medialis medialis -is -is superioris superioris -ioris -ioris
Pl. Nom. mediales medialia -es -ia superiores superiora -iores -iora
Plur. Gen. medialium medialium -ium -ium superiorum superiorum -iorum -iorum
Declension of 1-ending adjectives Dictionary form
permanens -ns -ns -x (simplex)
-x (simplex)
Decl. III. III. III. III. III. III.
Gender m/f n m/f n m/f n
Sg. Nom. permanens permanens -ns -ns -x -x
Sing. Gen. permanentis permanentis -ntis -ntis -cis -cis
Pl. Nom. permanentes permanentia -ntes -ntia -ces -cia
Plur. Gen. permanentium permanentium -ntium -ntium -cium -cium
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