Lattice 07, Regensburg, 1 Magnetic Moment of Vector Mesons in Background Field Method Structure of...

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 1

Magnetic Moment of Vector Mesons in Background Field Method

• Structure of vector mesons• Background field method• Some results

x

z

polarQCD Collaborationhttp://eagle.phys.gwu.edu/~fxlee/polarQCD.html

Collaborators: Scott Moerschbacher (GWU), Walter Wilcox (Baylor University)

Thanks: U.S. Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, and computing resources from NERSC and USQCD

Frank X. Lee, GWU

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 2

Structure of Vector Mesons• Spin 1 particle, described by three form factors

),()','('2

1,||','

'

spspEE

spJsppp

22'2

32

22

1 )())(()'()(mppqqQGqgqgQGppgQG

)()()(

)()(

)()1()()()(

26

21

2

22

2

234

22

21

2

2

2

2

2

QGQGQG

QGQG

QGQGQGQG

QmQ

C

M

mQ

Q

Sachs form factors:

)0(

)0(2

)0(

2 C

M

Q

Gm

eD

Gm

e

eGq

charge

magnetic moment

quadrupole momenthep-lat/0703014, Adelaide group

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 3

Hadron Structure via Background Fields

22

22

22

11

22

12

1

12

1

2

1

2

12

1

2

1

ijMijE

jijiMjijiE

ME

BE

EBBE

BBEE

BEBH

etc ),(2

1 ,:sderivative spatial and Time ijjiij EEE

t

EE

Interaction energy of a hadron in the presence of external electromagnetic fields:

, , :

static bulk response

others :

spatial and time resolution

Probe of internal structure of the system in increasingly finer detail.

44

33

221)0()()( BcBcBcBcmBmBmMass shifts:

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 4

Compton ScatteringLow-energy expansion of real Compton scattering amplitude on the nucleon

structure characteristics: , , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 5

Introduction of an external electromagnetic field on the lattice

• Minimal coupling in the QCD covariant derivative in Euclidean space

qAgGD

• It suggests multiplying a U(1) phase factor to the links

)exp()( iagGxU • Recall that SU(3) gauge field is introduced by the link

variables

μμμ )U(iaqAxU exp)('

• This should be done in two places where the Dirac operator appears: both in the dynamical gauge generation and quark propagator generation

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 6

For Example• To apply magnetic field B in the z-direction, one

can choose the 4-vector potential

then the y-link is modified by a x-dependent phase factor

)0,,0,0(),( BxAA

yy UiqaBxU )exp(x

z

• To apply electric field E in the x-direction, one can choose the 4-vector potential

then the x-link is modified by a t-dependent phase factor

)0,0,,0( EtA

xx UiqaEtU )exp(

t

AE

AB

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 7

Computational Demands• Consider quark propagator generation

yy UiqaBxU )exp(

)det(

)( )det( 1

G

G

Sq

qS

q

emDDG

mDemDDG

• Fully dynamical: For each value of external field, a new dynamical ensemble is needed that couples to u-quark (q=1/3), d- and s-quark (q=-2/3). Quark propagator is then computed on the ensembles with matching values

• Re-weighting: Perturbative expansion of action in terms of external field (see talk by Engelhardt)

• U(1) quenched: no field in the sea, only in the valence – any gauge ensemble can be used to compute valence quark

propagators.

qAgGD

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 8

Lattice details• Standard Wilson gauge action

– 244 lattice, =6.0 (or a ≈ 0.1 fm)

– 150 configurations

• Standard Wilson fermion action =0.1515, 0.1525, 0.1535, 0.1540, 0.1545, 0.1555

– Pion mass about 1015, 908, 794, 732, 667, 522 MeV

– Strange quark mass corresponds to =0.1540 (or m~732 MeV)

– Fermion boundary conditions: periodic in y and z, fixed in x and t

– Source location (t,x,y,z)=(2,12,1,1)

• The following 5 dimensionless numbers ≡qBa2 =+0.00036, -0.00072,

+0.00144, -0.00288, +0.00576 correspond to 4 small B fields

eBa2 = -0.00108, 0.00216, -0.00432, 0.00864 for both u and d (or s) quarks.– Small in the sense that the mass shift is only a fraction of the proton mass: B/m ~ 1 to 5% at the smallest pion mass. In physical units, B ~ 1013 Tesla.

x

z

B yy UiqaBxU )exp(

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 9

What about boundary conditions?• On a finite lattice with periodic boundary conditions, to get a constant magnetic field, B has to be quantized by

to ensure that the magnetic flux through

plaquettes in the x-y plane is constant.

,3,2,1 ,22 nN

nqBa

x

x

z

• To minimize the boundary effects, we work with fixed b.c. in x-direction, so that quarks originating in the middle of the lattice has little chance of propagating to the edge.

• But, for Nx=24 and 1/a=2 GeV, the lowest allowed field would give the proton a mass shift of about 500 MeV, which is unacceptably large (proton is severely distorted). So we have to abandon the quantization condition, and work with much smaller fields.

B

yy UiqaBxU )exp(

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 10

Interpolating Field

yxyx iuid 2

1

2

1

yyxyyxxx i 2

1

For + meson:

Correlation function:

Extract interaction energies:

Other mesons similar: dssdKsuKusK

ssdduudu

0

0

, ,

, ,

Expected by symmetry: small ,

0 ,0

KKK

tEe

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 11

Magnetic moment in background field• For a particle of spin s and mass m in small fields,

where upper sign means spin-up and lower sign spin-down, and

BmE

sm

eg

2

• g factor (magnetic moment in natural magnetons) is extracted from

)()(

eBs

mEmEmg

• Look for the slope (g-factor) in the mass shift as a function of the field

)(eBgm

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 12

+ meson mass shifts

• We use the 2 smallest fields to fit the line.

)(eBgm

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 13

Effective mass plots for + mass shifts

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 14

Effective mass plots for mass

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 15

meson g-factors

mcgg 10

2210 mcmcgg

hep-lat/0703014, Adelaide group

Also agrees with that from the Charge Overlap Method byW. Andersen and W. Wilcox, Annals Phys. 255, 34 (1997)

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 16

K* meson g-factors

small

K

KK

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 17

Vector Meson Magnetic Moment

hep-lat/0703014, Adelaide group

This work

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 18

K*0 Meson Magnetic Moment

hep-lat/0703014, Adelaide group

This work

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 19

Magnetic moments for other hadrons

F.X. Lee, R. Kelly, L. Zhou, W. Wilcox, Phys. Lett. B 627, 71 (2005)

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 20

Conclusion• The background field method in lattice

QCD is a viable way of probing hadron internal structure – Magnetic moments (vector mesons in this talk)

– Electric and magnetic polarizabilities

– Neutron electric dipole moment

– Proton beta-decay

– and more

• Further calculations could improve on several fronts– discretization errors (actions, b.c effects, continuum limit)

– unquenching

Lattice 07, Regensburg, 21

Beta-decay of proton in magnetic field

• At sufficiently large B fields (1016 Tesla), proton can become heavier than neutron, allowing the ‘-decay’ of the proton:

BmE ppp

BmE nnn

B

Energy

B0

evenp

evepn

• As compared to the natural neutron -decay:

Such process can take place in stars where extremely strong magnetic field exists.