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CE-363 DESIGN OF AIRPORTS, RAILWAYS,
DOCKS AND HARBORS Lecture 1: Introduction of Air
Transport
Dr. Ankit Gupta, Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
Lecture Outline
Air Transport
Importance
Development
National and International Organizations
Objectives of organizations like ICAO, etc.
Airport Classification
Air Transportation
Improves accessibility to otherwise inaccessible areas
Provides continuous connectivity over land and water (No change of equipment)
Brings in relief during emergency conditions
Saves productive time, spent in journey
Increases the demand of specialized technical skill workforce
Adds to foreign reserve, through tourism etc.
Air Transportation contd.
Heavy funds are required, not only initially but also during operations
Operations are highly dependent up on weather conditions
Requires highly sophisticated machinery
Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange
Safety provisions are not adequate
Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is essential
Development of Air Transport
1903 - First successful flight by Wilbur and Orville Wright, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1909 - French pilot Louis Blériot crossed the English
Channel to England
1911 - Post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini (Pilot - Henri Pequet)
1912 - Flight between Delhi and Karachi
1914 - Air passenger transport began in Germany
Development of Air Transport
1918 - First International service between France and Spain
1919 - London - Paris flight
1919 - the International Commission on Air Navigation (ICAN) was established
1919 - six European airlines formed in Hague the International Air Traffic Association (IATA)
1928 - Havana Convention on Civil Aviation
1929 - Warsaw Convention on Civil Aviation
Development of Air Transport
1930 - Round the World flight
1944 - International Civil Aviation Conference
1944 - Chicago Convention, establishing provisional ICAO
1945 - International Air Transport Association (IATA) established in meeting at Havana, Cuba
1947 - The International Civil Aviation Organisation was established as a body of UN
Development of Air Transport
27 July 1949 - The world's first jet airliner, the de Havilland DH106 Comet 1 made its first flight from Hatfield airport, just north of London - piloted by Captain John Cunningham, to an altitude of 8000 ft.
1954 - The Boeing dash 80 prototype B707 first flight
1969 - Concorde first flight 1969 - Boeing B747-100 fly 1988 - Airbus A320 "Fly by Wire" enters service 2006 – Airbus A328 fly
Air Transport in India
1911 - Post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini (Pilot - Henri Pequet)
1912 - Flight between Delhi and Karachi
1927 - Civil Aviation Department was established
1929 - Regular air service between Karachi and Delhi
1932 - Tata Airways Ltd. Was set up
1933 - Indian Trans-Continental Airways Ltd. was formed
Air Transport in India
1938 - By the end of year 153 aircraft were registered
1946 - Air Transport Licensing Board was established
1947 - Tata Airways changed its name to Air India Ltd.
1948 - Air India International Ltd was established by government
1953 - Air Transport Corporation Bill made provision for establishing two corporations one for domestic services and other for international services
Air Transport in India
1972 - The International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) was set up
1981 - Vayudoot service was started. It merged into Indian Airlines in 1993
1985 - Air Taxi Policy was announced
1994 - Airport Authority of India was formed by merging International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) and National Airports Authority (NAA)
Air Transport Agencies
International Civil Aviation Organisation
www.icao.int
Federal Aviation Administration
www.faa.gov
Airports Authority of India
www.airportsindia.org.in
Air India International Corporation
www.airindia.com
Air Transport Agencies
Indian Airlines Corporation
www.indian-airlines.nic.in
Private Air Transport Agencies
Jet Airways (jetairways.com), Sahara Airlines
(airsahara.net)
Air Transport Agencies
International Civil Aviation Organization
Established in 1944 as a result of Chicago convention
Headquarter is in Montreal, Canada
The Organization is made up of an Assembly, a
Council of limited membership with various
subordinate bodies and a Secretariat.
The Assembly, composed of representatives from all
Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO
The Council, the governing body which is elected by
the Assembly for a three-year term, is composed of 36
States.
Air Transport Agencies
International Civil Aviation Organization
The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is
divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation
Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Co-
operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of
Administration and Services
Air Transport Agencies
International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO's aims and objectives are to develop the
principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to:
Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world
Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes
Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation
Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport
Air Transport Agencies
International Civil Aviation Organization
ICAO's aims and objectives :
Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable
competition
Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully
respected and that every contracting State has a fair
opportunity to operate international airlines
Avoid discrimination between contracting States
Promote safety of flight in international air navigation
Promote generally the development of all aspects of
international civil aeronautics.
Air Transport Agencies
International Civil Aviation Organization
The Organization has established the following
Strategic Objectives for the period 2005-2010:
Safety - Enhance global civil aviation safety
Security - Enhance global civil aviation security
Environmental Protection - Minimize the adverse effect
of global civil aviation on the environment
Efficiency - Enhance the efficiency of aviation operations
Continuity - Maintain the continuity of aviation operations
Rule of Law - Strengthen law governing international
civil aviation
Air Transport Agencies
Federal Aviation Administration
It was initially known as Federal Aviation Agency.
It performs following functions
Encourages the establishment of civil airways, landing
areas and other air facilities
it designates federal airways and acquires,
establishes, operates and conducts research and
development, and maintains air navigation facilities
along such airways
it makes provision for the control and protection of air
traffic moving in air commerce
Provides for aircraft registration
Air Transport Agencies
Federal Aviation Administration - Functions (contd.)
It undertakes or supervises technical
development work in the field of aeronautics and
the development of aeronautical facilities
It prescribes and enforces the civil air regulations
for safety standards, including:
Effectuation of safety standards, rules and regulations
Examination, inspection, or rating of pilots and other
flight personnel, aircraft engines, air navigation facilities,
aircraft, and air agencies
Issuance of various types of safety certificates
Air Transport Agencies
Federal Aviation Administration - Functions
It requires notice and issues orders with respect to
hazards to air commerce
It issues airport operating certificates to airports
servicing air carriers
Air Transport Agencies
Airport Authority of India
Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an
Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April,
1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority
and International Airports Authority of India
AAI manages 126 airports (11 international, 89
domestic and 26 civil enclaves at Defence airfields).
International airports are at Ahmedabad, Amritsar,
Bangalore, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, CIAL (Pvt.),
Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai and
Thiruvananthapuram.
Air Transport Agencies
Airport Authority of India
Functions of AAI
Control and management of the Indian airspace
extending beyond the territorial limits of
the country, as accepted by ICAO
Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance
of International and Domestic Airports and Civil
Enclaves.
Construction, Modification and Management of
Passenger Terminals
Development and Management of Cargo
Terminals at International and Domestic airports.
Air Transport Agencies
Airport Authority of India
Functions of AAI
Provision of Passenger Facilities and Information
System at the Passenger Terminals at airports.
Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz.
Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc.
Provision of visual aids.
Provision of Communication and Navigational aids
viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar, etc.
Air Transport Agencies
Airport Authority of India
Air Transport Agencies
Director General of Civil Aviation
Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached
office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the
regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily
dealing with safety issues
The headquarters are located in New Delhi with
regional offices in the various parts of India.
There are 14 Regional Airworthiness Offices, 5
Regional Air Safety offices, the Regional Research
and Development Office located at Bangalore and the
Gliding Centre at Pune.
Air Transport Agencies
Director General of Civil Aviation
Responsibilities and Functions:
Statutory authority responsible for laying down
standards and their implementation covering:
Airworthiness,
Safety and operation of aircraft,
Flight crew standards & training,
Air transport operations.
Licensing of flight crew, aircraft engineers and civil
aerodromes.
Certification of aircraft operators.
Air Transport Agencies
Director General of Civil Aviation
Responsibilities and Functions:
Investigation into incidents and minor accidents.
Regulation and control of air transport operations.
Formulation of aviation legislation.
Research and development activities in the field of
civil aviation
Handling of matters relating to ICAO
Advising to government on policy matters
Supervision of training activities of flying / guiding
clubs.
Air Transport Agencies
Indian (Indian Airlines Corporation)
It came into being in 1953 with the enactment of Air
Corporation Act
Providing air transportation within the country as well
as to the neighbouring countries
Started after merging eight private airlines
At the time of nationalization, Indian Airlines inherited
a fleet of 99 aircraft
Between 1970 and 1982 Indian Airlines started
inducting first batch of wide bodied Airbus A320
aircraft.
Air Transport Agencies
Indian (Indian Airlines Corporation)
Latest acquisition in IAL's fleet, the Airbus A319, was
inducted in December, 2005
Placed order for 43 new aircraft i.e. 19 A319s, 4
A320s & 21 A321s. First aircraft is already supplied
Covers 76 destinations - 58 within India and 18
abroad.
Air Transport Agencies
Indian (Indian Airlines Corporation)
Air Transport Agencies
Air India Corporation
Tata Airlines, A company of Tata Sons Ltd. formed.
On October 15, 1932, a light single-engine Puss Moth
took off from Karachi on its flight to Mumbai (then
known as Bombay) via Ahmedabad.
Tata Airlines was converted into a Public Limited
Company on July 29, 1946 and renamed AIR INDIA.
Air India International, which was registered on March
8, 1948, inaugurated its international operations
modestly with a weekly service from Mumbai to
London via Cairo and Geneva on June 8, 1948.
Air Transport Agencies
Air India Corporation
The first Boeing 707 was received in February 1960.
The word 'International' was dropped in 1962. It became all-jet carrier
In 1970 Air India moved to its present Air India building at Nariman Point
Arrival of first Boeing 747-237B in 1971.
Formation of Hotel Corporation of India Limited and Air India Charters Ltd in 1971.
747 Simulator installed at Bombay in 1972.
Air India’s first hotel ‘CENTAUR’ opened in Bombay in 1972.
Air Transport Agencies
Air India Corporation A Real Time Computer System Installed at Bombay in
1979.
New International Airport Terminal Opened at Bombay in 1980.
Computerized passenger reservation system introduced in Bombay in 1981.
Air India purchased three Airbus A300-B4s in 1982.
In the second phase, six A310-300s were ordered in 1985 for induction into the fleet in 1986.
Indira Gandhi International Terminal opened at Delhi Airport in 1986.
Computerized Departure system at Bombay in 1986.
Boeing 707 withdrawn from service in 1986.
Air Transport Agencies
Air India Corporation Airbus 310-300 delivered in 1987.
The airline acquired two more Boeing 747-300 Combi (passenger and cargo) aircraft in 1988.
Introduces IATA currency system and new identity logo ‘SUN’ on tail and fuselage in 1989.
Diamond Jubilee in 1992.
Effective March 1, 1994, the airline has been renamed Air India Limited
Four Boeing 747-400s were inducted into the fleet between August 1993 and July 1994. Two more inducted in 1996.
One B 747-400 and nine Airbus 310s have been inducted on dry lease in the fleet in the recent months.
Air Transport Agencies
Air India Corporation
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
Based on Take-off and Landing
Conventional Take-Off and Landing Airport Runway length > 1500 m
Reduced Take-Off and Landing Airport Runway length 1000 to 1500m
Short Take-Off and Landing Airport Runway length 500 to 1000m
Vertical Take-Off and Landing Airport Operational area 25 to 50 sq m
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
Based on Geometric Design
ICAO
Employs aerodrum reference code. It consists of:
Length of runway available
Classified using code number 1 through 4
Aircraft wing span and outer main gear wheel span
Classified using letters A through E
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
ICAO Classification
Based on length of runway
Code Basic Runway
Number Length (m)
1 < 800
2 800 m up to but not including 1200 m
3 1200 m up to but not including 1800 m
4 1800 m and over
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
ICAO Classification Based on wing span and outer main gear wheel span
Code Wing Outer Main Gear
Letter Span Wheel Span
A up to but not up to but not
including 15 m including 0.5 m
B 15 m up to but not 0.5 m up to but not
including 24 m including 6 m
C 24 m up to but not 6 m up to but not
including 36 m including 9 m
D 36 m up to but not 9 m up to but not
including 52 m including 14 m
E 52 m up to but not 9 m up to but not
including 65 m including 14 m
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
FAA Classification
Based on aircraft approach speed
Approach Approach Speed
Category Knots
A < 91
B 91 - 120
C 121 - 140
D 141 - 165
E 166 or greater 1 Knot = 1.9 km/hr
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
Based on Function
Civil Aviation
International
Domestic
Military Aviation
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
Aerodromes in India
International Hubs
This category includes airports currently classified as
'international airports' and having facilities of world class
standards. (These would at present cover Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, Hyderabad, etc.)
Regional Hubs
Regional hubs will have to act as operational bases for
regional airlines and also have all the facilities currently
postulated for model airports, including the capability to
handle limited international traffic.
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
Aerodromes in India
Domestic airports
Model (e.g. Indore, Nagpur, Vadodra, Bhubhneshwar,
Imphal), Operational (e.g. Udaipur, Kanpur, Cochin,
etc.), non-operational (e.g. Kota, Safdarjung, Khandwa,
Akola, etc.)
Custom airports
Airports with customs checking and clearance facilities
handling international flights but not elevated to International
Airport status, e.g. Siliguri, Madurai, Pune, Patna, etc
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
Aerodromes in India
Civil Enclaves (at Defence airfields)
Operational (e.g. Bagdogra, Leh, etc.), non-
operational (e.g. Allahabad, etc)
Air force aerodromes
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