View
221
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
1/10
10/23/2008
1
FRESHWATERWater containing less than 500 ppm dissolved
common salt, sodium chloride, such that in ground
water, rivers, ponds and lakes
GROUNDWATERA subsurface water that occurs beneath a water table
in soils and rocks, or in geological formations
SURFACE WATERAll water which is open to the atmosphere and subject
to surface runoff
AQUIFERA layer if water-bearing rock located underground that
transmits water in sufficient quantity to supply
pumping wells or natural springs
WATER BODYMeans both natural and man-made
bodies of fresh, brackish and saline
waters, and includes, but not limited to
aquifers, groundwater, springs, creeks,
streams, rivers, ponds, lagoons, water
reservoirs, lakes, bays, estuarine, coastal
and marine waters.
Water bodies do not refer to those
constructed, developed and used
purposely as water treatment facilities
and/or water storage for recycling and re-
use which integral to process industry or
manufacturing
1. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
2. pH
3. Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)4. Total Coliform Organisms
is the amount of oxygen that isdissolved in water and is essentialto healthy streams and lakes.
Oxygen gets into water bydiffusion from the surroundingair, by aeration (rapidmovement), and as a wasteproduct of photosynthesis.
Total dissolved gas concentrations
in water should not exceed 110percent
Fish in waters containingexcessive dissolved gases maysuffer from "gas bubbledisease
As dissolved oxygen levels inwater drop below 5.0 mg/l,aquatic life is put under stress
Oxygen levels that remainbelow 1-2 mg/l for a fewhours can result in large fishkills.
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
2/10
10/23/2008
2
Oxygen is depleted by:
plants at night livestock
biological filtration
Oxygen is replenished by:
plants during the day
diffusion at air-water
interfaces
The weather may combine all of the factors tocreate problems
SunlightSunlight increases water temperature andhence decreases oxygen solubility.
FreezingIce seals the surface preventing the entry ofoxygen and the escape of toxic gases.
Still periodsWhen there is little wind such as beforethunder storms, the rate of diffusion ofoxygen is diminished by the reduction of thepond surface area (ripples in a light wind mayincrease the surface area of a pond by two orthree times).
DO Level
(in ppm)Water Quality
0.0 - 4.0
Poor
Some fish and macroinvertebrate
populations will begin to decline.
4.1 - 7.9 Fair
8.0 - 12.0 Good
12.0 +Retest
Water maybe artificially aerated.
Water temperature is important because it affectsthe rates of biological processes and chemicalprocesses
The optimal health of aquatic organisms frommicrobes to fish depends on temperature
The temperature of the water also affects thevolume of dissolved oxygen (DO) water's ability to contain dissolved oxygen
decreases as water temperature rises
the form of ammonia (harmful or harmless toaquatic life)
rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants
metabolic rates of aquatic organisms
sensitivity of organisms to pollution.
Temperature All plant and animal species that live in water are adapted to
temperatures within a certain range.
To change water temperature could disrupt aquaticecosystems.
Good temperatures are dependent on the type of stream
Generally, cold waters are better habitat for plants andanimals than warm ones because cold waters contain moredissolved oxygen.
High water temperatures stress aquatic ecosystems byreducing the ability of water to hold essential dissolvedgasses like oxygen.
A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees cankill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favorof other species, often with undesirable effects.
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
3/10
10/23/2008
3
Thermal Pollution
Harmful change in water temperature in streams,
rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters
Sources:
dumping hot water from factories
and power plants
removing trees and vegetation that
shade streams, permitting sunlight to
raise the temperature of these waters
Ideal Temperature Ranges for Aquatic Species
ABOVE 25 C
Lethal temperature for salmonids, some
aquatic insects
ABOVE 20 C
Bass, shiners, bluegills, bullheads, carp, catfish, suckers,
squawfish crappie
Dragonflies, some caddisflies
BETWEEN 13 and 20 C
Coho, chinook , lamprey, sturgeon, shad, shiners, stickleback,
walleye, sculpin, mayflies, stoneflies, beetles
BELOW 13C
Steelhead, pink, chum, coho, sockeye, chinook, cutthroat,
rainbow, brown trout, brook trout, dolly varden, arctic grayling,
smelt, sculpin
Mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies
COLD
WARM
RANGE
COOL
RANGE
C
5
13
20
25
is the measure of the acidity or alkalinityof a solution
Changes in the pH, especially suddenchanges, can prove harmful or even fatalto fish
As the pH rises it increases the toxicityof chemicals such as ammonia
A pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 appears toprovide protection for the life offreshwater fish and bottom dwellinginvertebrates
Limiting pH ValuesMinimum Maximum Effects
3.8 10.0Fish eggs could be hatched, but deformed young were
often produced
4.0 10.1 Limits for the most resistant fish species
4.1 9.5 Range tolerated by trout
4.3 --- Carp died in five days
4.5 9.0 Trout eggs and larvae develop normally
4.6 9.5 Limits for perch
5.0 --- Limits for stickleback fish
5.0 9.0 Tolerable range for most fish
--- 8.7 Upper limit for good fishing waters
5.4 11.4 Fish avoided waters beyond these limits
6.0 7.2 Optimum (best) range for fish eggs
1.0 --- Mosquito larvae were destroyed at this pH value3.3 4.7 Mosquito larvae lived within this range
7.5 8.4 Best range for the growth of algae
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
4/10
10/23/2008
4
a water quality measurement usuallyabbreviatedTSS
The amount of particles that suspendin a sample of water
parameter was at one time callednon-filterable residue (NFR)
The greater the TSS in the water, thehigher its turbidity and the lower itstransparency (clarity).
Salts and other matter dont evaporate
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of thetotal amount of all the materials that aredissolved in water.
Problem arises when the salt concentration infresh water increases to a point where naturalpopulation of plants and animals is threatened
Water can be classified by the amount of TDS perlitre
fresh water < 1500 mg/L TDS < brackish water
< 5000 mg/L TDS < saline water
Brackish is a mixture of sea
water and fresh water, and an
estuary is a body of water
where fresh and salt water
mix. water that has more salinity
than fresh water, but not as
much as seawater
is a chemical procedure for determininghow fast biological organisms use upoxygen in a body of water
used in water quality management andassessment, ecology and environmentalscience
a measure of the approximate quantity ofdissolved oxygen that will be required bybacteria to stabilize organic matter inwastewater or surface water.
It is also a standard test in assessingwastewater strength.
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
5/10
10/23/2008
5
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
6/10
10/23/2008
6
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
7/10
10/23/2008
7
Typical BOD Levels
Most pristine rivers: 5-day BOD below 1 mg/L.
Moderately polluted rivers: BOD value in the range of 2 to 8
mg/L.
Municipal sewage that isefficiently treated by a threestage process: about 20 mg/L or less.
Untreated sewage varies: around 200 to 600 mg/L
DENR Administrative Order 35Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990
Coastal Water means an open body of water along the countrys coastline starting from the
shoreline (MLLW) and extending outward up to the 200 -meter isobathor
three-kilometer distance, whichever is farther.
Inland Water an interior body of water or watercourse such as lakes, reservoirs, rivers,
streams, creeks, etc., that has beneficial usage other than public water supply
or primary contact recreation. Tidal affected rivers or streams are considered
inland waters for purposes of these regulations.
Mixing Zone is the place where the effluent discharge from a point source mixes with a
receiving body of water. The area or extent of the zone shall be determinedby the discharger and approved by the Department on a case-to-case basis.
Protected Water means a watercourse or a body of water, or any segment thereof, that is
classified as a source of public water supply, propagation and harvesting of
shellfish for commercial purposes, or spawning areas for Chanoschanosand
similar species, or primary contact recreation, or that which is designated by
competent government authority or by legislation as tourist zone, national
marine park and reserve, including coral reef park and reserve.
Strong Water refers to wastewater whose initial BOD value before treatment is equal to or
greater than 3,000 mg/L.
DENR Administrative Order 35Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990
Effluent a general term denoting any wastewater, partially or completely
treated, or in its natural state, flowing out of a manufacturing plant,
industrial plant or treatment plant.
NPI New/Proposed Industry or wastewater treatment plants to be
constructed.
OEI Old or Existing Industry.
Primary Contact
Recreation
any form of recreation, where there is intimate contact of the human
body with the water, such as swimming, water skiing, or skin diving.
Strong Water refers to wastewater whose initial BOD v alue before treatment is equal
to or greater than 3,000 mg/L.
DENR Administrative Order 35
TABLE 1 - Effluent Standards: Toxic and Other Deleterious Substance
(Maximum Limits for the Protection of Public Health)
Parameter Unit
Protected
Waters
Protected
Waters
Inland Waters Marine Waters Marine Waters
Category I Category IIClass C Class SC Class SD
(Class AA & SA) (Class A,B & SB)
OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI
Arsenic mg/l b b 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
Cadmium mg/l b b 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2
Chromium
(hexavalent
mg/l b b 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5
Cyanide mg/l b b 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 - -
Lead mg/l b b 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.5 - -
M ercu ry ( To t. ) m g/ l b b 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0. 05 0 .0 1
PCB mg/l b b 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 - -
Fo rm al dehyde mg /l b b 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 - -
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
8/10
10/23/2008
8
DENR Administrative Order 35TABLE 2A - Effluent Standards:
Conventional and Other Pollutants in Protected Waters
Parameter
Unit Protected Waters Protected Waters Inland Waters
Catego ry I Categor y I IClass C
(Class AA & SA) (Class A,B & SB)
OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI
Color PCU b b 150 100 200c 150c
Temperature (max rise in deg. C
in RBW)Deg C rise B B 3 3 3 3
pH (range) B B 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.5-9.0
COD mg/l b b 100 60 150 100
Settleable Solids (1-hour) mg/l b b 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
5-Day 20 deg. C BOD mg/l b b 50 30 80 50
Total Suspended Solids mg/l b b 70 50 90 70
Total Dissolved Solid mg/l b b 1,200 1,000 - -
Surfactants (MBAS) mg/l b b 5.0 2.0 7.0 5.0
Oil/Grease (Petroleum Ether
Extract)mg/l b b 5.0 5.0 10.0 5.0
Phenolic Substances as Phenols mg/l b b 0.1 0.05 0.5 0.1
Total Coliforms MPN/100ml b b 5,000 3,000 15,000 10,000
DENR Administrative Order 35TABLE 2B - Effluents Standards:
Conventional and Other Pollutants in Inland Waters Class D,
Coastal Waters Class SC and SD and other Coastal Waters not yet Classified
Parameter
Un it I nl an d Wat er s C oas ta l Wa ter s C la ss SD & O th er
Coastal Waters
(Class D) (Class SC) Not Classified
OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI
Color PCU --- ---C
C C
Temperature (max rise in deg. C
in RBW)Deg C rise
3 3 3 3 3 3
pH (range) 5.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 5.0-9.0 5.0-9.0
COD mg/l 250 200 250 200 300 200
5-Day 20 deg. C BOD mg/l 150 120 120d 100 150d 120
To ta l S us pe nd ed S ol id s m g/ l 200 150 200 150G
f
To ta l Di ss ol ved So li ds m g/ l 2,000h 1,500h - - - -
Surfactants (MBAS) mg/l - - 15 10 - -
Oil/Grease (Petroleum Ether
Extract)mg/l
- - 15 10 15 15
PhenolicSubstances as Phenols mg/l - - 1.0i 0.5i 5.0 1.0
TotalColiformsMPN/100m
lJ J - - - -
DENR Administrative Order 35TABLE 3B - Effluent Standards for New* Industries Producing Strong Wastes
All Industries Producing Strong Wastes
Industry Classify Based on
BOD of Raw Wastewater
Maximum Allowable Limits in mg/L based on Receiving
Body of Water
Inland Water s Coastal Waters
(Class C & D) (Class SC & SD)
1. Industries producing
within 3,000 to 10,000 mg
BOD/L
130 or 98% removal 200 or 97% removal
2. Industries producingwithin 10,000 to 30,000 mg
BOD/L
200 or 99% removal 600 or 97% removal
3. Industries producing more
than 30,000 mg BOD/L
300 or 99% removal 900 or 97% removal
Exceeding permitted pollutant loading
in DAO 35
Surcharge shall be imposed
excess loading multiplied by the load-
based fee rate plus twelve (12) percentper annum of this amount
Less than the permitted pollutant
loading in DAO 35
the permit holder shall be entitled to a
credit of a portion of the load-based fee
reduced loading multiplied by the load-
based fee rate
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
9/10
10/23/2008
9
Wastewater discharge fee shall be computed based on the net waste
load following the formula:
WDF = Ln x R
R = rate per kg
initially fixed at Php 5.00/kg (BOD or TSS)
Ln= net waste load (kg/year) computed further:
Ln (BOD5,TSS) = [(Cf Ca)(Qfx Nf)] x 0.001
Cf= ave daily effluent conc limit (mg/L) for priority pollutant parameter (BOD or TSS)
Ca = ave water qty conc limit for priority pollutant parameter (BOD/TSS) of
abstracted or intake water (mg/L)
Qf= ave daily vol flowrate measurement or final disch effluent (m3/day)
Nf= total no. of discharge days in a year (days/year)
Volumetric Rate of
DischargeAmountAnnual Fee (Php)
Zero Discharge 2,000.00
Without Heavy
MetalsWith Heavy Metals
Below 10 m3/day 2,000.00 2,600.00
> 10 m3/day 30 m3/day 2,200.00 2,800.00
> 30 m3/day 100 m3/day 2,500.00 3,100.00
> 100 m3/day 150 m3/day 2,700.00 3,300.00
> 150 m3/day 3,300.00 3,900.00
The discharge permit fee shallcomprise three types of fee
1. Processing fee
Upon filling of application for adischarge permit, processing fee in theamount of Php 5,000.00 shall be paid
2. Fixed fee
The fixed will cover the cost ofprogram administration including butnot limited to cost ofinspection/sampling and cost oflaboratory analysis.
3. Variable fee
Is based on the net waste load
model
VF = Ln x RLn = net waste load, kg/yr
R = applicable unit rate of charge,
Php/kg
Ln (BOD5,TSS) = [(Cf Ca)(Qfx Nf)] x 0.001
Cf= ave daily effluent conc limit (mg/L , g/m3) for priority
pollutant parameter (BOD or TSS)
Ca = ave water qty conc limit for priority pollutant parameter
(BOD/TSS) of abstracted or intake water (mg/L, g/m3)
= if water source is from ground water or water supplier
(district or service providers) the conc of water intake shall be
assumed as zero (0) or neglibile priority pollutant parameter
Qf= ave daily vol flowrate measurement or final disch effluent
(m3/day)
Nf= total no. of discharge days in a year (days/year)
8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation
10/10
10/23/2008
Volume of Wastewater
DischargeAmount Annual Fee (Php)
Without Heavy Metals With Heavy Metals
0 - 30m3/day 8,000.00
0 - 150 cu.m./day 16,000.00
>30 - 150 cu.m./day 16,000.00
> 150 cu. M /day 24,000.00 24,000.00
Php 5.00 per kilogram of total BOD5, when
BOD5 concentration is 50 mg/l
Type of Industry Priority Pollutant Parameter (PPP)
Beverage Industry BOD
Cement, Concrete, Lime & Gypsum TSS
Dairy Products BOD
Ferro Alloy Manufacturing TSS
Phosphate Fertilizer Industry TSS
Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry TSS
Grain Milling Industry BOD
Inorganic Chemicals TSS
Leather Tanning and Finishing BOD
Livestock Industry BOD
Meat, Fish and Fruit Canning BOD
Slaughtering and Meat Products BOD
Metal Engineering & Finishing TSSMining Industry TSS
Organic Chemicals BOD
Petroleum Refining BOD
Plastic Materials & Synthetics BOD
Pulp & Paper Mills BOD
Steel & Non- Ferro Industry TSS
Cane Sugar BOD
Textile Milling & Finishing BOD
Thermal Power Generation BOD
Sample Problem
The water of an old paper manufacturingplant in Pasig is being supplied by ManilaWater Company. After treatment, analysisshows that the ave BOD5 conc. is 45 mg/l andno heavy metal content. The wastewater isbeing discharge to a class C river, a tributaryriver of laguna lake, with a volume of 150cu.m/day. The plant is operating at 350 daysin a year. How much is the variable fee andtotal discharge permit fee?
Given:
Cf= 45 mg/l Q f= 150 cu.m/day Nf= 350 days
Required:
a) Variable fee b) Discharge fee
Solution:
a) Ln(BOD5 ,TSS) = [(Cf Ca)(Qfx Nf)] x 0.001
Water source: water distributor/Manila water Ca = 0 mg/l
Ln(BOD5) = [(45 mg/l 0 mg/l)(150 cu.m/day x 350 days)] x 0.001
Ln (BOD5) = 2,362.5 kg
VF = Ln x R
= 2,362.5 kg x 5 Php/kgVF = Php 11,812.50
Solution:
b) Discharge Permit Fee = Processing Fee + Fixed Fee + VF
= 5,000 + 16,000 + 11,812.50
Discharge Permit Fee = Php 32,812.50
Recommended