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The Passive Voice and ClausesPresent and Perfect Verb Systems
Aspects of a VerbReviewPerson Number Tense Voice Mood*
1st Singular Present Active Indicative2nd Plural Imperfect Passive Imperative3rd Future
PerfectPluperfectFuture Perfect
*NB There are more verb moods, but these are the ones addressed in this course
Aspects of a VerbReviewEach Latin verb has one aspect from each
column
E.g. ambulaveramus (we have walked)Person Number Tense Voice Mood1st Plural Pluperfect Active Indicative
We use the stems, tense signs, and personal endings of a verb to identify these aspects
Verb VoiceActive vs. PassiveThe term voice describes whether the subject
is giving or receiving the action of a verb
Jill kicks the ballsubject verb Direct Object
The verb (kicks) is active because the subject (Jill) is performing the action
Verb VoiceActive vs. Passive
The ball is kicked by Jill subject verb (Prep
Phrase)
The verb (is kicked) is passive because the subject (ball) is not doing anything. It is receiving the action of the verb.
Verb VoiceActive or Passive?Katie rides a horse activeAbby scores a goal activeAlex is eaten by a squid passiveThe candles are blown out passivePeople will love the show activeThe fort had been attacked by the British
passive
Shelly jumped on the trampoline activeThe Thug was jumped by the angry villagers
Passive
NB Try adding the phrase “by George” after a verb when you’re trying to figure out its voice. If it works, the verb is probably passive
Verb VoiceActive or Passive? More PracticeWiil fightHave been huggedWalkedWas flyingIs stirredWill have been drivenSleepsAm (?????)
NB Try adding the phrase “by George” after a verb when you’re trying to figure out its voice. If it works, the verb is probably passive
Am????Linking verbs (am, is, are, were,
was, will be, etc) are neither active nor passive
Active and passive only apply to action verbs
Passive Voice in LatinPresent System TensesWe conjugate present system, passive voice
verbs using the same steps as present system, active voice verbs:
1. Stem: 2nd PP, drop –re2. Tense sign: none, -ba-, -bi-3. Personal ending: Here’s where things get
different
Passive Voice in LatinPassive Voice Personal Endings
Singular Plural1st -r, -or -mur2nd -ris -mini3rd -tur -ntur
Memorization Time!!
Passive Voice in LatinPresent System ExampleAmo, amare, amavi, amatum to love
1. Stem: 2nd PP, drop –re ama-
2. Tense sign: none, -ba-, -bi- amaba-3. Personal endings: passive voice personal endings
amabamur we were being loved1st plural imperfect passive indicative
Singular Plural1st amor
I am lovedamamurwe are loved
2nd amarisyou are loved
amaminiyou are loved
3rd amaturs/he, it is loved
amanturthey are loved
Singular Plural1st amabar
I was lovedamabamurwe were loved
2nd amabarisyou were loved
amabaminiyou were loved
3rd amabaturs/he, it was loved
amabanturthey were loved
Singular Plural1st amabor
I will be lovedamabimurwe will be loved
2nd amaberisyou will be loved
amabiminiyou will be loved
3rd amabiturs/he, it will be loved
amabunturthey will be loved
Passive Voice in LatinPerfect Passive SystemVerbs in the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect tenses are formed differently than other verb tenses.
They are easy to spot because they are the only types of verbs in Latin that use helping verbs.
Passive Voice in LatinConjugating the perfect tenseAmo, amare, amavi, amatum to love
1. Find the 4th Principal Part, drop the –um amat-
2. What you add next depends on the gender and number of the subject:
masculine feminine neutersingular amatus amata amatumplural amati amatae amata
NB, these are the same as the nominative endings of 2-1-2 adjectives.
Passive Voice in Latinconjugating the perfect tense, continued3. Add the present tense of sum as a helping
verb to finish the conjugation:
Singular Plural1st amatus sum
I have been lovedamati sumuswe have been loved
2nd amatus esyou have been loved
amati estisyou have been loved
3rd amatus esthe has been loved
amati suntthey have been loved
NB, this example was done in the masculine. It could be made feminine or neuter by changing the endings of amatus
Passive Voice in LatinConjugating the pluperfect and future perfect tensesThe steps for conjugating in the passive voice
are the same for all perfect system verbs.What changes is the tense of the helping verb:
Main Verb Tense Helping Verb Tense (sum)
Perfect Present (sum)Pluperfect Imperfect (eram)Future Perfect Future (ero)
Pluperfect Singular Plural1st amatus eram
I had been lovedamati eramuswe had been loved
2nd amatus erasyou had been loved
amati eratisyou had been loved
3rd amatus erathe had been loved
amati erantthey had been loved
Future Perfect
Singular Plural
1st amatus eroI will have been loved
amati erimuswe will have been loved
2nd amatus erisyou will have been loved
amati eritisyou will have been loved
3rd amatus erithe will have been loved
amati eruntthey will have been loved
ClausesIntroductionA clause is a collection of words that contains
both a subject and a verbA phrase is a collection of words that is
missing a subject, verb, or bothThey walk ClauseIn the middle PhraseAlex dunks the basketball
Clause
Unless Katie smiles ClauseFor the rest of the day PhraseIf she PhraseNB, a Latin verb is technically a clause since it contains both a subject and a verb: amabamus, we were loving.
ClausesIndependent vs. SubordinateAn independent clause contains a subject and
a verb and makes sense by itself.A Subordinate, or dependent, clause contains
a subject and a verb but does not make sense without an independent clause.
She was eating IndependentBob is tall IndependentUnless she was eating SubordinateIf Bob is tall SubordinateThe car was driven IndependentSince the car was driven Subordinate
ClausesSentence Types Simple sentence: one independent clauseThe Thug likes hamburgers. Compound sentence: more than one independent
clause joined by conjunctionsThe Thug likes hamburgers, but the villagers like ice cream. Complex sentence: At least one subordinate clause
with at least one independent clauseIf the Thug likes hamburgers, then the villagers will give him tofu.
ClausesIdentifying Subordinate ClausesSubordinate clauses will start with a
subordinating word in both English and LatinSi IfNisi UnlessUbi WhenUt SinceQuod Because
ClausesExamplesThe brackets are around the subordinate clauses. Note that subordinate clauses can be embedded within independent clauses.[Si equus monstrum spectabit] ad agrum
ambulabit.If the horse sees a monster, he will go to the field.Aeneas [ubi reginam spectavit] laetus erat.Aeneas, when he saw the queen, was happy.
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