LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3B: EARTHQUAKES (Continued)

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

ITALYPART 3B: EARTHQUAKES

(Continued)

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES

VOLCANOES

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.

LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• QUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

UNREINFO

RCED MASO

NRY, BRIC

K OR S

TONE

REINFORCED C

ONCRETE WIT

H UNREIN

FORCED WALLS

INTENSITYINTENSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

STEEL FRAME

ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME

VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX

3535

3030

2525

2020

1515

1010

55

00

MEA

N D

AM

AG

E R

ATIO

,

%

M

EA

N D

AM

AG

E R

ATIO

,

%

O

F R

EPLA

CE

MEN

T V

ALU

EO

F R

EPLA

CE

MEN

T V

ALU

E

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES

M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980

M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009

EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE

L’AQUILA EARTHQUAKEA Town of 70,000

M6.33:30 AM

APRIL 6, 2009

• VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS DAMAGED• UNIVERSITY DORM COLLAPSES• VULNERABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGED• AT LEAST 200 DEAD AND 2,000 NJURED• TENS OF THOUSANDS HOMELESS

L'AQUILA AND 26 TOWNS AND VILLAGES DEVASTATED

L'AQUILA: SITE EFFECTS FROM LOCATION IN OLD LAKE BED

ONNA: 3 MILES FROM L'AQUILA

ONNA

SANTA MARIA PAGANICA CHURCH

SEARCH AND RESCUE

SEARCH AND RESCUE

SEARCH AND RESCUE

EVACUEE ASLEEP IN CAR

EVACUATION CENTER: UNIVERSITY SPORTS CENTER

EVACUEES: STADIUM

EVACUEES HOUSED IN STADIUM

• Many earthquake survivors had to be transported to Rome for surgery and/or treatment due to shortage of resources in the L’Aquila area

• An Italian scientist claims to have predicted the earthquake on the basis of radon gas emissions from the fault zone. • The Italian Government did not take any action because the technique is controversial.

THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS

• UN—PROTECTED

• UN—PREPARED

• UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY

FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED,

INCREASINGING DEATHS AND INJURIES

The 5 pm occurrence) instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the

number of deaths.

FACT: KNOWING WHERE THE SEISMICALLY ACTIVE FAULTS ARE AND BEING UNPREPARED

FOR THE INEVITABLE EARTHQUAKES LEADS TO UNNECESSAY DISASTERS

FACT: EVEN THE WORLD’S BEST FIRST RESPONDERS, FIND THAT

COLLAPSED BUILDINGS, IMPASSABLE ROADS,

AFTERSHOCKS, and NIGHTFALL WILL SLOW SEARCH AND RESCUE

OPERATIONS AND HINDER EMERGENCY RESPONSE

IRANIAN RED CRESCENT WILLING TO ACCEPT INTERNATIONAL AID

"We would welcome help by any country," said Iran's parliament speaker, Ali Larijani, during his visit to the earthquake-stricken

area on Tuesday, August 14th.

RED CRESCENT ASSETS DEPLOYED

• 1,100 Red Crescent workers were deployed with 44,000 food packages and 5,600 tents for survivors needing temporary shelter.

ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

• BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!