Light, Lighting Plans & Luminaires Malcolm Mackness BA(Hons) I Eng Associate ILP LCADS Ltd...

Light, Lighting Plans & Luminaires

Malcolm Mackness BA(Hons) I Eng Associate ILP

LCADS Ltd

Obtrusive Light

Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB 2

Problems• The right amount of light, where it is needed is essential element of

our 24- hour lifestyle nowadays. This need can occur in remote landscapes as well as urban areas.

• Light in the wrong quantity, colour or place may be a nuisance, intrusive or even dangerous.

• Good lighting design has always sought to achieve the appropriate light levels and qualities for the task in hand, whilst minimising effects outside the designated area.

• Problems can stem from old lighting equipment and systems, together with poor design or choice of equipment for new installations. poor installation practices can produce bad lighting from excellent equipment.

Lighting Plans• A Dark Sky Lighting Management Plan (LMP) will be based around an

existing dark landscape, seeking to maintain and, ideally, improve upon it. Plans will draw on material from a variety of sources, including :-

• IDA Dark Sky Places requirements.• Highways Agency strategies.• County Council, City & Town / District Council / Parish Council lighting

policies.• Planning Legislation & guidance notes, AONB & National Park policies, etc.

• LMPs identify • a Core Zone with either no or minimal lighting within it.• A Buffer Zone surrounding the Core, with stringent light controls.

Control• Lighting may be controlled physically in terms of:-

• Quantity• Intensity• Direction

• This should occur for both:-• The lighting task itself• Light beyond the task area (spill light, glare, presence in the landscape etc.)

• Control can also be in terms of time, e.g. curfews, presence switching etc.

• To understand problems we need to understand some basic lighting terminology.

Standards & Units – Light Source Intensity• Unit: Candela• The intensity of a light source. (Subjectively this is the brightness

viewed by an observer).

• 1 candela is roughly the brightness of a candle, which was the original standard.

• Limits on light source brightness are typically set in lighting plans.

Light Flux (quantity)

• Unit: Lumen• The total amount of light emitted from the source in all directions.

• A source of 1 Candela will emit 4 pi (approx. 12.57) Lumens.

• Limits on total lumens are set for compliant fittings in Dark Sky plans.

Illuminance (illumination / light level)• Unit: LUX (lumens per square metre).

• The measure of light (the illuminance) falling onto a surface.

• A source of 1 candela produces an illuminance of 1 lux at a distance of 1m.

• Illuminance levels should be appropriate for the task to be undertaken.

• Limits are set for illuminance onto windows in obtrusive light calculations.

Luminance (brightness)

• Unit: Candela / m2• The luminance (brightness) of object(s) & ultimately the whole scene when

illuminated. • Luminance depends on the:-

• Illuminance (light falling on to surface(s).• Reflectivity.• Colour of the components of the scene.

• Also applies to an internally illuminated object e.g. a sign.

• Upper limits of luminance are typically set for floodlit buildings, statues etc.

Key features

• Source intensity (in cd) does not change with distance!

• Illuminance (in lux) varies inversely with the square of the distance.• 1cd @ 1.0 m produces an Illuminance of 1.0 lux

@ 2.0 m produces an illuminance of 0.25 lux@ 3.0 m produces an illuminance of 0.11 luxetc.

• Luminance (cd/m2) depends on the Illuminance, reflection factor, surface characteristics & colour(s) of the surface(s).

Permissible values link to Lighting Zones.• The values set for the various components above are determined by

the nature of the area in which the lighting exists or is proposed.• The nature of the area determines the Lighting Zone.• Determining the local Lighting Zone(s) and thereby setting

appropriate light limits, should be an automatic part of the process for any new planning application involving exterior lighting.

• Zones are considered in more detail later.

Lighting Plans - 2

• The Lighting Plan will deal with all the current IDA requirements and set them in context with the UK and Regional / local criteria.

• Summarise the lighting situation within the designated area and look for a minimum of 67% of fittings to be compliant with light control criteria.

• Identify good and bad situations.• Develop & implement strategies, short and long term to overcome or

mitigate problems. This will include the need to achieve a minimum of 90% compliance within 5 years.

• Involve Councils, Local Bodies & Organisations & the Public• Operate in the designated area and be maintained for regular audit by the

Light Management Strategies

• In broad terms, minimising unwanted light will involve the replacement or removal of fittings which do not comply.

• Medium to long-term improvement of the compliant lighting % is a normal requirement of an IDA award.

• Require that all new lighting installed within the designated Core & Buffer Zones is compliant with the Dark Sky plan.

• This will involve • Careful assessment of all new development which included lighting.• Setting Conditions which ensure the Plan is not compromised.• Issue of guidance and advice and / or reference to suitable lighting specialists via links with the Local Authorities etc. for individuals or Developers.

Local Authorities

• The Local County & City / Town / District Councils should have suitable lighting policies and lighting staff who understand and operate them.

• Parish Councils may have street lighting powers & need to be involved, perhaps with guidance from the County Authority.

• Planning Departments in Councils, National Park Authorities etc., will also need staff who can understand the nature of lighting problems or have suitable professional contacts available to provide guidance.

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd. – www.LCADS.comLighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd. – www.LCADS.com

• Light Nuisance and Planning Applications

James H PatersonJames H Paterson

Malcolm MacknessMalcolm Mackness

Design Practice Directors Design Practice Directors

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services LtdLighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd

Clean Neighbourhoods and Environmental Act 2005Clean Neighbourhoods and Environmental Act 2005

• Section 102 – “Artificial light emitted from premises so as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance”

• Could keep people awake – causing depression or causing accidents

• Must involve interference with the use of property or highway

• NO SIMPLE ANSWER regardless of IDA award status

The PLANNERS viewpointThe PLANNERS viewpoint

• 1 Sky Glow / Aura1 Sky Glow / Aura• 2 Glare from Source 2 Glare from Source (caused (caused

by poor by poor light control)light control)• 3 How do you recognise 3 How do you recognise

warning signs in planning warning signs in planning applications containing technical applications containing technical lighting data ? + lighting data ? + WHAT is WHAT is MISSING?MISSING?

Just a piece of stone sculpture?Just a piece of stone sculpture?

• Receptor 1’s LocationReceptor 1’s Location

2 People with Opposing Views?2 People with Opposing Views?

• Receptor 2’s Receptor 2’s • LocationLocation

Triangles or Diamonds ?Triangles or Diamonds ?

• Receptor 3’sReceptor 3’s• LocationLocation

Or Just a Star in the SkyOr Just a Star in the Sky

• Receptor 4’s Receptor 4’s • LocationLocation

The “star” now shown in its correct environmental settingThe “star” now shown in its correct environmental setting

Principal Receptor Viewpoint

Designed to convey message of “man’s” differing perspectives at time of conflict

CASE STUDYCASE STUDY

?? WHERE IS ?? WHERE IS

THE PROBLEM ??THE PROBLEM ??

CASE STUDY CASE STUDY

• Old RAF Bomb StoreOld RAF Bomb Store• Road Network between BunkersRoad Network between Bunkers• Lighting columns with old sodium Lighting columns with old sodium

lanternslanterns• Developer changed them to 80w Developer changed them to 80w

mercury area floodlights and mercury area floodlights and local planning needed local planning needed precondition reportprecondition report

Holiday Home Site Excluded

CLASIC LACK of UNDERSTANDINGCLASIC LACK of UNDERSTANDING

• 1 Critical Receptor location 1 Critical Receptor location not identified not identified

• 2 AONB not declared until 2 AONB not declared until after initial report was after initial report was written. written.

• 3 Client chose to listen to 3 Client chose to listen to othersothers

AONB RE-VISIT 2001AONB RE-VISIT 2001

SITE ILLUMINATED SITE LIGHTING EXTINGUISHED

LIGHT DISTRIBUTIONLIGHT DISTRIBUTION

• Screen round floodlight concentrated light in downward direction

• Internal surface of screen and road surface act as a reflector

• The angle of light reflected off a surface is equal to the incident angle

RECEPTOR VIEWPOINTRECEPTOR VIEWPOINT

Upward viewpoints are likely to see greater source intensity than a horizontal view point

Dark backgrounds make light sources appear brighter

LIGHT DISTRIBUTIONLIGHT DISTRIBUTION

Road lighting lanterns recommended to replace the area floodlights.

Front light limiting screen on units pointing downhill into open valley

Carry Forward TermsCarry Forward Terms

• Environmental ZonesEnvironmental Zones

• Viewed IntensityViewed Intensity

• Light DistributionLight Distribution

Luminaires

Road Lighting

LED Street Lights

Bollards

Symmetric Floodlights

Double Asymmetric Floodlights

LED Floodlights

Asymmetric Floodlights

• ILP Obtrusive light guidelines ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES

• E0 Protected Darkness beyond property E0 Protected Darkness beyond property D.S.P Core D.S.P Core ZonesZones

• E1E1 Intrinsic Darkness Intrinsic Darkness • National Parks, AONB, Dark Sky Park / ReserveNational Parks, AONB, Dark Sky Park / Reserve

• E2E2 Low District Brightness Low District Brightness • Dark Sky Town / CommunityDark Sky Town / Community

• E3 E3 Medium District Brightness Medium District Brightness• E4 High District BrightnessE4 High District Brightness• Set to suit the Local Development PlanSet to suit the Local Development Plan

• ILP Obtrusive Light Guidelines Download :2011

www.theilp.org.uk

• VIEWED INTENSITY LIMITS• VIEWED INTENSITY LIMITS

• PREPRE POST Curfew (Switch Off)POST Curfew (Switch Off)

• E0E0 00 00 (typical of Core)(typical of Core)• E1E1 2,5002,500 0 (Buffer & AONB)0 (Buffer & AONB)• E2E2 7,500 5007,500 500• E3E3 10,000 1,00010,000 1,000• E4E4 25,000 2,50025,000 2,500

• Values in Candelas do not diminish with distance from Values in Candelas do not diminish with distance from sourcesource

• WINDOW INTRUSION CONTROL

• Values are measured vertically on window glassValues are measured vertically on window glass• If window is illuminated with other sources should be If window is illuminated with other sources should be

measured before and after installation date to measured before and after installation date to determine additional valuedetermine additional value

• Values (next slide) do not relate to task illuminance Values (next slide) do not relate to task illuminance recommendations recommendations

• ILP LIGHT INTRUSION LIMITS• ILP LIGHT INTRUSION LIMITS

Intrusion Control E0 E1 E2

Pre 10pm (lux) 0 2

Post 10pm (lux) 0 0 1

• Lighting Quality Terms• Lighting Quality Terms

• Candela – Candela – Intensity of light from a Intensity of light from a luminaire in one directionluminaire in one direction

• Lux – Lux – Illumination on a surface Illumination on a surface • (lumens per square metre)(lumens per square metre)

• Lumens –Lumens – Output of light source / lamp Output of light source / lamp

• ILP GRAPHICS warning• ILP GRAPHICS warning

• Graphics not suitable for Dark Sky Place since Graphics not suitable for Dark Sky Place since luminaire MUST be horizontal if lumens > 500 in Park luminaire MUST be horizontal if lumens > 500 in Park or Reserve or Reserve

Sport & Work Lighting

• Both sports pitches and outside working areas will have recommendations for appropriate levels set by Governing Bodies, ILP & CIBSE reports.

• Some working environments have light levels set out in legislation e.g Docks Regulations.

• It is important to check current recommended values.

Sports lighting levels

• Target light levels for sports pitches need to be appropriate to the level of general play.

• Premier (especially) & Football League pitches present the greatest problems due to high lighting demands for HD TV coverage.

• Local club & practice pitches sometimes have high illuminance levels specified if they are used by larger clubs for training / practice purposes.

Athens Olympic Stadium

Football & Tennis!

Tennis Pitches

Typical Lighting Layouts

General Area Lighting

• Area floodlighting is generally more straightforward than for sports, with fewer constraints.

• Designs are usually based on horizontal illuminance with suitable uniformities.

• Required illuminances are generally lower.• Greater mounting heights actually give better opportunities for

minimising upward light.

Switching

• Lighting systems using conventional discharge lamps need a run-up time of several minutes before they reach full output.

• If switched off, they will not re-strike until cool.• They cannot be used with Passive Infra-red (PIR) switches for

security purposes.

Security / Occupancy Switching

• Tungsten & tungsten halogen lamps and now LEDs have instant light output at full power.

• They re-strike immediately.• The are therefore suitable for security switching needs

and occupancy-switching, reducing unnecessary operation & running costs.

Light, Lighting Plans & Luminaires Malcolm Mackness BA(Hons) I Eng Associate ILP LCADS Ltd...

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