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8/7/2019 LING-23 Dialectology Terminology (Rev.4/10/2010)
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DialectologyDialectology
Refers to the study of a particularRefers to the study of a particular
variety of language within avariety of language within alanguagelanguage
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English is not a uniform orEnglish is not a uniform or
monolithic languagemonolithic languageMany national varieties existMany national varieties exist
AmericanAmericanAustralianAustralian
BritishBritish
CanadianCanadian IrishIrish
New ZealandNew Zealand
South AfricanSouth African
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English VariesEnglish Varies
From country to countryFrom country to country
Also varies within each countryAlso varies within each country People refer to people in another part ofPeople refer to people in another part of
the country as speaking with anthe country as speaking with an accentaccentdifferent from their owndifferent from their own
To a linguist everybody has a dialectTo a linguist everybody has a dialect
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DialectDialect
We could define dialect as a mutuallyWe could define dialect as a mutuallyintelligible form of a language thatintelligible form of a language thatdiffers in systematic ways from anotherdiffers in systematic ways from anotherformform
We could define dialect as aWe could define dialect as a varietyvariety ofof
language spoken by the members of alanguage spoken by the members of aparticular region or social communityparticular region or social community
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Region
al DialectRegion
al Dialect
Refers to a set of linguisticRefers to a set of linguistic
features spread over a specificfeatures spread over a specificgeographic areageographic area
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ocial DialectSocial Dialect
Refers to linguistic features sharedRefers to linguistic features shared
by speakers of a social groupingby speakers of a social grouping
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Dialect differencesDialect differences
We distinguish a one dialect fromWe distinguish a one dialect fromanother through (regional or social)another through (regional or social)differences in:differences in:
PronunciationPronunciation
VocabularyVocabulary
GrammarGrammar
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Pronunciation DifferencesPronunciation Differences
Regional DifferencesRegional Differences
North /North /grisigrisi//
South /South /grizigrizi//
Inland North /ayInland North /ay layklayk fraydfrayd kknn//
SouthM
idland /aSouthM
idland /a laklak fradfrad kk
nn//
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Vocabulary DifferencesVocabulary Differences
Inland NorthInland North Bean fieldBean field
SouthMidlandSouthMidland Pea patchPea patch
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Grammatical DifferencesGrammatical Differences
Black EnglishBlack English
I haveI have livelive three years in Atlantathree years in Atlanta(deletion of past tense morpheme)(deletion of past tense morpheme)
HeHe bebe fooling around (Progressive formfooling around (Progressive formis different from the standard regionalis different from the standard regional
dialect)dialect)
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IdiolectIdiolect
Refers to the peculiarity orRefers to the peculiarity orcharacteristics of an individuals speechcharacteristics of an individuals speechpatterns pronunciation, grammar, orpatterns pronunciation, grammar, orvocabularyvocabulary
My wife Julie pronouncesMy wife Julie pronounces vailvail as /as /vvll//
sail as /sail as / ssll/ and mail as // and mail as /mmll//
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DialectologistDialectologist
We define dialectologist as a scholarWe define dialectologist as a scholarwho studies varieties of languagewho studies varieties of language-- bothboth
regional and social aspectsregional and social aspects
Regional Dialects (Inland North, SouthRegional Dialects (Inland North, SouthMidland, etc.Midland, etc.
Social Class (Upper class, workingSocial Class (Upper class, workingclass, male,female differencesclass, male,female differences
Ethnic differences (Black ,HispanicEthnic differences (Black ,Hispanic
Yiddish,etc.)Yiddish,etc.)
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InformantInformant
We define informant as a representativeWe define informant as a representativespeaker (specimen or guinea pigspeaker (specimen or guinea pig
metaphorically) used for dialectmetaphorically) used for dialectinformationinformation
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IsoglossIsogloss
We define an isogloss as a line drawnWe define an isogloss as a line drawnon a map to show the outeron a map to show the outer --limits of alimits of a
particular linguistic featureparticular linguistic feature-- or where aor where aspeech feature is foundspeech feature is found
We should not think of an isogloss as aWe should not think of an isogloss as a
dividing line between two usages, butdividing line between two usages, butrather the approximate outer limits of arather the approximate outer limits of acertain featurecertain feature
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Total PatternTotal Pattern
We refer to a feature which isWe refer to a feature which isapparently distributed throughout theapparently distributed throughout the
entire vocabularyentire vocabulary-- such as the loss ofsuch as the loss ofthe r in word medial and finalthe r in word medial and finalposition in New England dialectposition in New England dialect
Neighbor /Neighbor / nebneb //
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Partial PatternPartial Pattern
Refers to the behavior of a speaker whoRefers to the behavior of a speaker whouses a variation in pronunciation whichuses a variation in pronunciation which
is not consistent throughout the entireis not consistent throughout the entiredialect.dialect.
TheMidland speaker who inserts an rTheMidland speaker who inserts an r
as inas in worshworsh forfor washwash will not carry thiswill not carry thisfeature into other analogous wordsfeature into other analogous words
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JargonJargon
We refer to words used in a profession,We refer to words used in a profession,trade, or occupationtrade, or occupation-- likelike morpheme,morpheme,
allophone, syntactic category,allophone, syntactic category, oror bibi--labial fricativelabial fricative in Linguisticsin Linguistics
Interface, boot up, format, downInterface, boot up, format, down--loadload
in computer talkin computer talk Identifies the user as a student orIdentifies the user as a student or
practitioner in that fieldpractitioner in that field
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ArgotArgot
Refers to a variety of language used byRefers to a variety of language used bymembers of a socially marginal groupmembers of a socially marginal group
Narcotics dealers refers to :Narcotics dealers refers to :
HashHash forfor HashishHashish
MainlineMainline for injecting directly into thefor injecting directly into thebloodstreambloodstream
UppersUppers amphetaminesamphetamines
DownersDowners barbituatesbarbituates
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EuphemismEuphemism
Refers to a less offensive or more politeRefers to a less offensive or more politeword or phrase which replaces a tabooword or phrase which replaces a taboo
wordword
To pass awayTo pass away forfor diedie
Powder roomPowder roomforfor toilettoilet
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IdiomIdiom
An idiom is a fixed phrase orAn idiom is a fixed phrase orexpression consisting of more than oneexpression consisting of more than one
word whose meaning cannot beword whose meaning cannot beinferred by knowing the meaning ofinferred by knowing the meaning ofeach individual wordeach individual word
Set her straightSet her straightBe here in nothing flatBe here in nothing flat
By and largeBy and large
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